<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<title>UTas ePrints - Giant Porphyry Deposits: Characteristics, Distribution, and Tectonic Controls</title>
<script type="text/javascript" src="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/javascript/auto.js"><!-- padder --></script>
<style type="text/css" media="screen">@import url(http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/auto.css);</style>
<style type="text/css" media="print">@import url(http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/print.css);</style>
<link rel="icon" href="/images/eprints/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" />
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="/images/eprints/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" />
<link rel="Top" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/" />
<link rel="Search" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/search" />
<meta content="Cooke, D.R." name="eprints.creators_name" />
<meta content="Hollings, P." name="eprints.creators_name" />
<meta content="Walshe, J.L." name="eprints.creators_name" />
<meta content="David.Cooke@utas.edu.au" name="eprints.creators_id" />
<meta name="eprints.creators_id" />
<meta name="eprints.creators_id" />
<meta content="article" name="eprints.type" />
<meta content="2007-09-14" name="eprints.datestamp" />
<meta content="2008-01-29T09:34:27Z" name="eprints.lastmod" />
<meta content="show" name="eprints.metadata_visibility" />
<meta content="Giant Porphyry Deposits: Characteristics, Distribution, and Tectonic Controls" name="eprints.title" />
<meta content="pub" name="eprints.ispublished" />
<meta content="260100" name="eprints.subjects" />
<meta content="restricted" name="eprints.full_text_status" />
<meta content="porphyry, copper, ridge, subduction, geodynamics, genesis" name="eprints.keywords" />
<meta content="More than half of the 25 largest known porphyry copper deposits, defined in terms of contained copper
metal, formed during three time periods: the Paleocene to Eocene, Eocene to Oligocene, and middle Miocene
to Pliocene. These giant deposits are clustered within three provinces, central Chile, northern Chile, and
southwest Arizona-northern Mexico. Other giant deposits occur in Montana, Utah, Panama, Peru, Argentina,
Irian Jaya, Mongolia, and Iran. Compressive tectonic environments, thickened continental crust, and active uplift
and erosion were associated with the formation of many of these deposits. Calc-alkalic magmas are most favorable
for the formation of giant porphyry copper deposits, although several of the largest systems are associated
with high K calc-alkalic intrusions.
The 25 largest gold-rich porphyry deposits are concentrated in the southwest Pacific and South America,
with other occurrences in Eurasia, British Columbia, Alaska, and New South Wales. Many of the deposits
formed in the last 13 m.y. The largest of the deposits are associated with high K calc-alkalic intrusions. Many
calc-alkalic porphyritic intrusions have also produced giant gold-rich porphyries.
In the last 20 m.y., the formation of giant porphyry copper-molybdenum and copper-gold deposits in the circum-Pacific region has been closely associated with subduction of aseismic ridges, seamount chains, and
oceanic plateaus beneath oceanic island and continental arcs. In several examples, these tectonic perturbations
have promoted flat-slab subduction, crustal thickening, uplift and erosion, and adakitic magmatism coeval with
the formation of well-endowed porphyry and/or epithermal mineral provinces. Similar tectonic features are inferred
to be associated with the giant porphyry copper-molybdenum provinces of northern Chile (Eocene-Oligocene) and southwest United States (Cretaceous-Paleocene).
Topographic and thermal anomalies on the downgoing slab appear to act as tectonic triggers for porphyry
ore formation. Other factors, such as sutures in the overriding plate, permeability architecture of the upper
crust, efficient processes of ore transport and deposition, and, in some cases, formation and preservation of supergene
enrichment blankets are also vital for the development of high-grade giant ore deposits. A low-grade
geochemical anomaly may be the final product of mineralization, if ore-forming processes do not operate efficiently, even in the most favorable geodynamic settings." name="eprints.abstract" />
<meta content="2005" name="eprints.date" />
<meta content="published" name="eprints.date_type" />
<meta content="Economic Geology" name="eprints.publication" />
<meta content="100" name="eprints.volume" />
<meta content="5" name="eprints.number" />
<meta content="801-818" name="eprints.pagerange" />
<meta content="10.2113/100.5.801" name="eprints.id_number" />
<meta content="UNSPECIFIED" name="eprints.thesis_type" />
<meta content="TRUE" name="eprints.refereed" />
<meta content="0361-0128" name="eprints.issn" />
<meta content="http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/100.5.801" name="eprints.official_url" />
<meta content="Abratis, M., 1998, Geochemical variations in magmatic rocks from southern Costa Rica as a consequence of Cocos Ridge subduction and uplift of the Cordillera de Talamanca: Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Gottingen, Germany,
Universitat zu Gottingen, 243 p.
Barr, D.A., Fox, P.E., Northcote, K.E., and Preto V. A., 1976, The alkaline suite porphyry deposits-a summary: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Special Volume 15, p. 359-367.
Bouse, R.M., Ruiz, J., Titley, S.R., Tosdal, R.M., and Wooden, J.L., 1999, Lead isotope compositions of Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary igneous rocks and sulfide minerals in Arizona: Implications for the sources of plutons
and metals in porphyry copper deposits: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 94, p.211-244.
Brimhall, G.H, Jr., 1977, Early fracture-controlled disseminated mineralization at Butte, Montana: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 72, p. 37-59.
Bushnell, S.E., 1988, Mineralization at Cananea, Sonora, Mexico, and the paragenesis and zoning of breccia pipes in quartzofeldspathic rock: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 83, p. 1760-1781.
Caira, N.M., Findlay, A., DeLong, C., and Rebagliati, C.M., 1995, Fish Lake porphyry copper-gold deposit, central British Columbia: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Special Volume 46, 327-342.
Camus, F., 2002, The Andean porphyry systems: University of Tasmania, Centre for Ore Deposit Research Special Publication 4, p. 5-22.
-2003, Geologia de los sistemas porfiricos en los Andes de Chile: Santiago,Servicio Nacional de GeologiÂa y MineriÂa, 267 p.
-2005, The Andean porphyry systems, in Porter, T.M., ed., Super porphyry copper and gold deposits: A global perspective: Linden Park, South Australia, Porter GeoConsultancy Publishing, in press.
Cannell, J.C., Cooke, D.R., Hollings, P., and Stein, H., 2005, Geology, mineralization, alteration, and structural evolution of the El Teniente porphyry Cu-Mo deposit: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 100, p. 979-1003.
Carman, G.D., 2003, Geology, mineralization and hydrothermal evolution of the Ladolam gold deposit, Lihir Island, Papua New Guinea: Society of Economic
Geologists Special Publication 10, p. 247-284.
Clark, A.H., 1993, Are outsize porphyry copper deposits either anatomically or environmentally distinctive?: Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication 2, p. 213-282.
-1995, Giant ore deposits. II. Controls on the scale of orogenic magmatic-hydrothermal mineralization: Department of Geological Sciences, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, 753 p.
Clark, A.H., Farrar, E., and Kents, P., 1977, Potassium-argon age of the Cerro Colorado porphyry copper deposit, Panama: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v.72, p. 1154-1158.
Clark, A.H., Tosdal, R.M., Farrar, E., and Plazolles, A. V., 1990, Geomorphological environment and age of supergene enrichment of the Cuajone,Quellaveco, and Toquepala porphyry copper deposits, southeastern Peru: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 85, p. 1604-1628.
Cooke, D.R. and Bloom, M.S., 1990, Epithermal and subjacent porphyry mineralization, Acupan, Baguio district, Philippines: A fluid-inclusion and paragenetic study: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 35, p. 297-340.
Cooke, D.R., and Simmons, S.F., 2000, Characteristics and genesis of epithermal gold deposits: Reviews in Economic Geology, v. 13, p. 221-244.
Cooke, D.R., Frikken, P.H., Cannell, J., Hollings, P., Walshe, J.L., Camus, F., and Skarmeta, J., 2003, The porphyry copper-molybdenum deposits of central Chile, in Eliopoulos, D. et al., Mineral exploration and sustainable development proceedings of the Seventh Biennial SGA Meeting: Rotterdam, Millpress, v. 1, p. 223-226.
Cooke D.R., Wilson, A. J., and Davies, A.G.S., 2004, Characteristics and genesis of porphyry copper-gold deposits: University of Tasmania, Centre for Ore Deposit Research Special Publication 5, p. 17-34.
Cuadra, P., and Camus, F., 1998, The Radomiro Tomic porphyry copper deposit, northern Chile, in Porter, T.M., ed., Porphyry and hydrothermal copper and gold deposits: A global perspective, Perth, 1998, Conference Proceedings:
Glenside, South Australia, Australian Mineral Foundation, p.
99-109.
Davidson, P., Kamenetsky, V.S., Cooke, D.R., Frikken, P., Hollings, P., Ryan, C, Van Achterbergh, E., Mernagh, T., Skarmeta, J., Serrano, L., and Vargas, R, 2005, Magmatic precursors of hydrothermal fluids at the RiÂo Blanco Cu-
Mo deposit, Chile: Links to silicate magmas and metal transport: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 100, p. 963-978.
Deckart, K., Clark, A.H., Aquilar, C., and Vargas, R., 2005, Magmatic and hydrothermal chronology of the supergiant Rio Blanco porphyry copper deposit,
central Chile: Implications of an integrated U-Pb and 40Ar-39Ar database: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 100, p. 905-934.
Frikken, P.H., Cooke, D.R., Walshe, J.L., Skarmeta, J., Serrano, L., and Vargas, R., 2005, Sulfur isotope and mineral zonation in the Sur-Sur breccia complex, RiÂo Blanco copper-molybdenum deposit, Chile: Implications for
ore genesis: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 100, p. 935-961.
Garwin, S., 2002, The geological setting of intrusion-related hydrothermal systems near the Batu Hijau porphyry copper-gold deposit, Sumbawa, Indonesia: Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication 9, p.
333-366.
Gemmell, J.B., Sharpe, R., Jonasson, I.R., and Herzig, P.M., 2004, Sulfur isotope evidence for magmatic contributions to submarine and subaerial gold
mineralization: Conical Seamount and the Ladolam gold deposit, Papua New Guinea: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 99, p. 1711-1725.
Gow, P., and Walshe, J.L., 2005, The role of preexisting geologic architecture in the formation of giant porphyry-related Cu plus or minus Au deposits: Examples
from New Guinea and Chile: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 100, p. 819-833.
Gutscher, M.-A., Olivet, J.-L., Aslanian, D., Maury, R., and Eissen, J.-P., 1999, The lost Inca plateau: Cause of flat subduction beneath Peru?:Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 171, p. 335-41.
Gutscher, M.-A., Maury, R., Eissen, J.,-P., and Bourdon, E., 2000, Can slab melting be caused by flat subduction?: Geology, v. 28, p. 535-538.
Harris, A.C., Golding, S.D., and White, N.C., 2005, Bajo de la Alumbrera Cu-Au: Stable isotope evidence for a porphyry-related hydrothermal system dominated by magmatic aqueous fluids: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 100, p. 863-886.
Haschke, M., and Ben-Avraham, Z, 2001, Adakites along ocean transforms? [abs.]: EOS, Transactions American Geophysical Union, Supplementary Abstract, 82 (47), (http://www.agu.org/meetings/waisfm01.html).
Hedenquist, J.W., and Richards, J.P., 1998, The influence of geochemical techniques on the development of genetic models for porphyry deposits: Reviews in Economic Geology, v. 10, p. 235-256.
Hedenquist, J.W., Matsuhisa, Y., Izawa, E., White, N.C., Giggenbach, W.F., and Aoki, M., 1994, Geology, geochemistry, and origin of high-sulfidation
Cu-Au mineralization in the Nansatsu district, Japan: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 89, p. 1-30.
Hedenquist, J.W., Arribas, A., Jr., and Reynolds, T.J., 1998, Evolution of an intrusion-centered hydrothermal system: Far Southeast-Lepanto porphyry and epithermal Cu-Au deposits, Philippines: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 93, p. 373-404.
Hollings, P., Cooke, D.R., and Clark, A., 2005, Regional geochemistry of Tertiary igneous rocks in central Chile: Implications for the geodynamic environment of giant porphyry copper and epithermal gold mineralization:
ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 100, p. 887-904.
Ivanhoe Mines, 2004, The Oyu Tolgoi copper and gold deposits, south Gobi, Mongolia: University of Tasmania, Centre for Ore Deposit Research Special Publication 5, p. 35-40.
Izawa, E., Urashima, Y., Ibaraki, K., Suzuki, R., Yokoyama, T., Kawasaki, K., Koga, A., and Taguchi, S., 1990, The Hishikari gold deposit: high grade epithermal
veins in Quaternary volcanics of southern Kyushu, Japan: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 36, p. 1-56.
James, D., and Sacks, I.S., 1999, Cenozoic formation of the central Andes: A geophysical perspective: Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication 7, p. 1-25.
Jordan, T., Isacks, B., Allmendinger, R., Brewer, V., Ramos, V., and Ando, C., 1983, Andean tectonics related to geometry of subducted Nazca plate: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 94, p. 341-361.
Kay, S.M., Mpodozis, C., and Coira, B., 1999, Neogene magmatism, tectonism and mineral deposits of the central Andes: Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication 7, p. 27-59.
Kerrich, R., Goldfarb, R., Groves, D., and Garwin, S., 2000, The geodynamics of world-class gold deposits: Characteristics, space-time distributions, and origins: Reviews in Economic Geology, v. 13, p. 501-551.
Kesler, S.E., Sutter, J.F., Issigonis, M.J., Jones, L.M., and Walker, R.L., 1977, Evolution of porphyry copper mineralization in an oceanic island arc, Panama: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 72, p. 1142-1153.
Kirkham, R.V., and Dunne, K.P.E., 2000, World distribution of porphyry, porphyry-associated skarn, and bulk-tonnage epithermal deposits and occurrences: Geological Survey of Canada Open File 3792a, 26 p.
Landtwing, M.R., Dillenbeck, E.D., Leake, M.H., and Heinrich, C.A., 2002, Evolution of the breccia-hosted porphyry Cu-Mo-Au deposit at Agua Rica, Argentina: Progressive unroofing of a magmatic-hydrothermal system:
ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 97, p. 1273-1292.
Langton, J.M., and Williams, S.A., 1981, Structural, petrological and mineralogical controls for the Dos Pobres orebody, Lone Star mining district, Graham County, Arizona, in Titley, S.R., ed., Advances in geology of the porphyry copper deposits southwestern North America: Tuscon, Arizona, University of Arizona Press, p. 335-352.
Leaman, P., and Staude, J.M, 2002, Metallogenic evolution of the western Tethys of Turkey and Iran [abs.]: Mineral Potential of Asia Conference, Vancouver, Canada, 2002, Proceedings: Tokyo, Metal Mining Agency of Japan, p. 15-16.
Losada-Calderon, A.J., McBride, S.L., and McPhail, D.C., 1994, The geology and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of magmatic activity and related mineralization in the Nevados Famatina mining district, La Rioja province, Argentina: Journal of South American Earth Sciences, v. 7, p. 9-24.
Maksaev, V., Munizaga, F., McWilliams, M., Fanning, M., Mathur, R., Ruiz, J., and Zentilli, M., 2004, New chronology for El Teniente, Chilean Andes, from U-Pb, 40Ar/39Ar, Re-Os, and fission-track dating: Implications for the evolution of a supergiant porphyry Cu-Mo deposit: Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication 11, p. 15-54.
Masterman, G., Berry, R. Cooke, D.R., and Walshe, J.L., 2005, Fluid chemistry, structural setting, and emplacement history of the Rosario Cu-Mo porphyry and Cu-Ag-Au epithermal veins, Collahuasi district, northern
Chile: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 100, p. 835-862.
McClay, K., Skarmeta, J., and Bertens, A., 2002, Structural controls on porphyry copper deposits in northern Chile: New models and implications for Cu-Mo mineralization in subduction orogens [abs.]: Australian Institute of
Geosciences Bulletin 36, p. 127.
Meyer, C., Shea, E.P., Goddard, J.R., and Staff, 1968, Ore deposits at Butte, Montana, in Ridge, J.D., ed., Ore deposits of the United States, 1933-1967
(Graton-Sales volume): New York, American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, v. 2, p. 1373-1416.
Middleton, C., Buenavista, A., Rohrlach, B., Gonzales, J., Subang, L., and Moreno, G., 2004, A geological review of the Tampakan copper-gold deposit, southern Mindanao, Philippines: Melbourne, Australian Institute of
Mining and Metallurgy Publication Series 5/2004, p. 173-187.
Murphy, J.B., 2001, Flat slab subduction in the geological record: Consideration of modern analogues [abs.]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 33, no. 6, p. A-208.
Mueller, D. and Groves, D.I., 2000, Potassic igneous rocks and associated gold-copper mineralization [3rd edition]: Berlin, Springer, 252 p.
Mutschler, F.E., Ludington, S., and Bookstrom, A.A., 1999, Giant porphyryrelated metal camps of the world -a database: USGS Open-File Report 99-556, 6 p. (http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/open-file/of99-556/).
Noble, D.C., and McKee, E.H., 1999, The Miocene metallogenic belt of central and northern Peru: Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication 7, p. 155-193.
Perello, J., Cox, D., Garamjav, D., Sanjdori, S., Diakov, S., Schissel, D., Munkhbat, T.O., and Oyun, G., 2001, Oyu Tolgoi, Mongolia: Siluro-Devonian porphyry Cu-Au-(Mo) and high-sulfidation Cu mineralization with a Cretaceous chalcocite blanket: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 96, p.
1407-1428.
Pollard, P.J., Taylor, R.G., and Peters, L., 2005, Ages of intrusion, alteration, and mineralization at the Grasberg Cu-Au deposit, Papua, Indonesia: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 100, p. 1005-1020.
Porter, M., 1998, An overview of the worlds porphyry and other hydrothermal copper and gold deposits and their distribution, in Porter, T.M., ed., Porphyry and hydrothermal copper and gold deposits: A global perspective,
Perth, 1998, Conference Proceedings: Glenside, South Australia, Australian Mineral Foundation, p. 3-17.
Prendergast, K., Clarke, G.W., Pearson, N., and Harris, K., 2005, Late-stage Au-(As-Bi-Te) mineralization superimposed on skarn Cu-Au at the Big Gossan and Wanagon gold deposits, Ertsberg district, West Papua, Indonesia: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 100, p. 1021-1050.
Pubellier, M., Bader, A.G., Rangin, C., Deffontaines, B., and Quebral, R., 1999, Upper plate deformation induced by subduction of a volcanic arc: the Snellius plateau (Molucca Sea, Indonesia and Mindanao, Philippines): Tectonophysics, v. 304, p. 345-368.
Redmond, P.B., Einaudi, M.T., Inan, E.E., Landtwing, M.R., and Heinrich, C.A., 2004, Copper deposition by fluid cooling in intrusion-centered systems: New insights from the Bingham porphyry ore deposit, Utah: Geology, v. 32, p. 217-220.
Richards, J.P., 2000, Lineaments revisited: Society of Economic Geologists Newsletter 40, July 2000, p. 1-20.
-2003, Tectono-magmatic precursors for porphyry Cu-(Mo-Au) deposit formation: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 98, p. 1515-1533.
Rogerson, R., and McKee, C., 1990, Geology, volcanism and mineral deposits of Papua New Guinea, in F.E. Hughes, ed., Geology of the mineral deposits of Australia and Papua New Guinea: Melbourne, Australian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, p. 1689-1701.
Sajona, F.G., and Maury, R.C., 1998, Association of adakites with copper and gold mineralization in the Philippines: Comptes Rendus de lAcademie des
Sciences, Sciences de la Terre et Des Planetes, v. 326, p. 27-34.
Salas, G.P., 1991, Cananea copper deposit, Sonora: Geological Society of America, Geology of North America, v. P-3, p. 199-200.
Samani, B., 1998, Distribution, setting and metallogenesis of copper deposits in Iran, in Porter, T.M., ed., Porphyry and hydrothermal copper and gold deposits: A Global Perspective, Perth, 1998, Conference Proceedings: Glenside, South Australia, Australian Mineral Foundation, p. 135-158.
Sasso, A., and Clark, A., 1998, The Farallon Negro Group, northwest Argentina: Magmatic, hydrothermal, and tectonic evolution and implications for Cu-Au metallogeny in the Andean back-arc: Society of Economic Geologists Newsletter 34, p. 8-18.
Schwartz, M.O., 1982, The porphyry copper deposit at La Granja, Peru: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 77, p. 482-487.
Sillitoe, R.H., 1988, Epochs of intrusion-related copper mineralization in the Andes: Journal of South American Earth Sciences, v. 1, p. 89-108.
-1989, Gold deposits in western Pacific island arcs: The magmatic connection: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY MONOGRAPH 6, p. 266-283.
-1997, Characteristics and controls of the largest porphyry copper-gold and epithermal gold deposits in the circum-Pacific region: Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 44, p. 373-388.
-1998, Major regional factors favoring large size, high hypogene grade, elevated gold content and supergene oxidation and enrichment of porphyry copper deposits, in Porter, T.M., ed., Porphyry and hydrothermal copper
and gold deposits: A Global Perspective, Perth, 1998, Conference Proceedings: Glenside, South Australia, Australian Mineral Foundation, p. 21-34.
-1999, Styles of high-sulfidation gold, silver and copper mineralization in porphyry and epithermal environments: PACRIM Congress 99, Bali, Indonesia, 1999, Conference Proceedings: Melbourne, Australian Institute of
Mining and Metallurgy, p. 29-44.
-2000, Gold-rich porphyry deposits: Descriptive and genetic models and their role in exploration and discovery: Reviews in Economic Geology, v. 13, p. 315-345.
Sillitoe, R.H., and Gappe, I.M., 1984, Philippine porphyry copper deposits: Geologic setting and characteristics: United Nations Development Program, Coordinating Committee for Geosciences Programmes in East and Southeast Asia, Technical Publication 14, 89 p.
Singer, D.A., 1995, World class base and precious metal deposits-a quantitative analysis: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 90, p. 88-104.
Skarmeta, J., McClay, K., and Bertens, A., 2003, Structural controls on porphyry copper deposits in northern Chile: New models and implications for Cu-Mo mineralization in subduction orogens [abs.]: Decimo Congreso Geologico Chileno, Concepcion, 2003, Conference Proceedings:
Departamento Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad de Concepcion, p. 109-110.
Skewes M.A., Arevalo A.G., Floody R., Zuniga, P., and Stern, C.R., 2002, The giant El Teniente breccia deposit: Hypogene copper distribution and emplacement: Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication 9, p.
299-332.
Sokolov, A.L., 1998, The regional and local controls on gold and copper mineralization in Central Asia and Kazakhstan, in Porter, T.M., ed., Porphyry and hydrothermal copper and gold deposits: A global perspective, Perth,
1998, Conference Proceedings: Glenside, South Australia, Australian Mineral Foundation, p. 181-189.
Solomon, M., 1990, Subduction, arc reversal, and the origin of porphyry copper- gold deposits in island arcs: Geology, v. 18, p. 630-633
Tosdal, R.M., and Richards, J.P., 2001, Magmatic and structural controls on the development of porphyry Cu plus or minus Mo plus or minus Au deposits: Reviews in Economic
Geology, v. 14, p. 157-181.
Ulrich, T., and Heinrich, C.A., 2001, Geology and alteration geochemistry of the porphyry Cu-Au deposit at Bajo de la Alumbrera, Argentina: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 96, p. 1719-1742.
Waters, P.J., 2004, Exploration models for giant copper-gold deposits at the district scale: Examples from the SW Pacific: University of Western Australia Centre for Global Metallogeny Publication 33, p. 51-56.
Wilson A.J., Cooke D.R., and Harper B.L., 2003, The Ridgeway gold-copper deposit: A high-grade alkalic porphyry deposit in the Lachlan fold belt, NSW, Australia: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 98, p. 1637-1666.
Wilson, A.J., Cooke D.R., and Richards, T., 2004, Veins, pegmatites and breccias: Examples from the alkalic Cadia Quarry Au-Cu porphyry deposit, NSW, Australia: University of Tasmania, Centre for Ore Deposit Research
Special Publication 5, p. 45-56.
Yang, T.F., Lee, T., Chen, C.H., Cheng, S.N., Knittel, U., Punongbayan, R.S., and Rasdas, A., 1996, A double island arc between Taiwan and Luzon: Consequence of ridge subduction: Tectonophysics, v. 258, p. 85-101." name="eprints.referencetext" />
<meta content="Cooke, D.R. and Hollings, P. and Walshe, J.L. (2005) Giant Porphyry Deposits: Characteristics, Distribution, and Tectonic Controls. Economic Geology, 100 (5). pp. 801-818. ISSN 0361-0128" name="eprints.citation" />
<meta content="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/1783/1/cooke%2C_hollings_2005.pdf" name="eprints.document_url" />
<link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/" />
<meta content="Giant Porphyry Deposits: Characteristics, Distribution, and Tectonic Controls" name="DC.title" />
<meta content="Cooke, D.R." name="DC.creator" />
<meta content="Hollings, P." name="DC.creator" />
<meta content="Walshe, J.L." name="DC.creator" />
<meta content="260100 Geology" name="DC.subject" />
<meta content="More than half of the 25 largest known porphyry copper deposits, defined in terms of contained copper
metal, formed during three time periods: the Paleocene to Eocene, Eocene to Oligocene, and middle Miocene
to Pliocene. These giant deposits are clustered within three provinces, central Chile, northern Chile, and
southwest Arizona-northern Mexico. Other giant deposits occur in Montana, Utah, Panama, Peru, Argentina,
Irian Jaya, Mongolia, and Iran. Compressive tectonic environments, thickened continental crust, and active uplift
and erosion were associated with the formation of many of these deposits. Calc-alkalic magmas are most favorable
for the formation of giant porphyry copper deposits, although several of the largest systems are associated
with high K calc-alkalic intrusions.
The 25 largest gold-rich porphyry deposits are concentrated in the southwest Pacific and South America,
with other occurrences in Eurasia, British Columbia, Alaska, and New South Wales. Many of the deposits
formed in the last 13 m.y. The largest of the deposits are associated with high K calc-alkalic intrusions. Many
calc-alkalic porphyritic intrusions have also produced giant gold-rich porphyries.
In the last 20 m.y., the formation of giant porphyry copper-molybdenum and copper-gold deposits in the circum-Pacific region has been closely associated with subduction of aseismic ridges, seamount chains, and
oceanic plateaus beneath oceanic island and continental arcs. In several examples, these tectonic perturbations
have promoted flat-slab subduction, crustal thickening, uplift and erosion, and adakitic magmatism coeval with
the formation of well-endowed porphyry and/or epithermal mineral provinces. Similar tectonic features are inferred
to be associated with the giant porphyry copper-molybdenum provinces of northern Chile (Eocene-Oligocene) and southwest United States (Cretaceous-Paleocene).
Topographic and thermal anomalies on the downgoing slab appear to act as tectonic triggers for porphyry
ore formation. Other factors, such as sutures in the overriding plate, permeability architecture of the upper
crust, efficient processes of ore transport and deposition, and, in some cases, formation and preservation of supergene
enrichment blankets are also vital for the development of high-grade giant ore deposits. A low-grade
geochemical anomaly may be the final product of mineralization, if ore-forming processes do not operate efficiently, even in the most favorable geodynamic settings." name="DC.description" />
<meta content="2005" name="DC.date" />
<meta content="Article" name="DC.type" />
<meta content="PeerReviewed" name="DC.type" />
<meta content="application/pdf" name="DC.format" />
<meta content="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/1783/1/cooke%2C_hollings_2005.pdf" name="DC.identifier" />
<meta content="http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/100.5.801" name="DC.relation" />
<meta content="Cooke, D.R. and Hollings, P. and Walshe, J.L. (2005) Giant Porphyry Deposits: Characteristics, Distribution, and Tectonic Controls. Economic Geology, 100 (5). pp. 801-818. ISSN 0361-0128" name="DC.identifier" />
<meta content="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/1783/" name="DC.relation" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/1783/BibTeX/epprod-eprint-1783.bib" title="BibTeX" type="text/plain" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/1783/ContextObject/epprod-eprint-1783.xml" title="OpenURL ContextObject" type="text/xml" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/1783/ContextObject::Dissertation/epprod-eprint-1783.xml" title="OpenURL Dissertation" type="text/xml" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/1783/ContextObject::Journal/epprod-eprint-1783.xml" title="OpenURL Journal" type="text/xml" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/1783/DC/epprod-eprint-1783.txt" title="Dublin Core" type="text/plain" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/1783/DIDL/epprod-eprint-1783.xml" title="DIDL" type="text/xml" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/1783/EndNote/epprod-eprint-1783.enw" title="EndNote" type="text/plain" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/1783/HTML/epprod-eprint-1783.html" title="HTML Citation" type="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/1783/METS/epprod-eprint-1783.xml" title="METS" type="text/xml" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/1783/MODS/epprod-eprint-1783.xml" title="MODS" type="text/xml" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/1783/RIS/epprod-eprint-1783.ris" title="Reference Manager" type="text/plain" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/1783/Refer/epprod-eprint-1783.refer" title="Refer" type="text/plain" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/1783/Simple/epprod-eprint-1783text" title="Simple Metadata" type="text/plain" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/1783/Text/epprod-eprint-1783.txt" title="ASCII Citation" type="text/plain; charset=utf-8" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/1783/XML/epprod-eprint-1783.xml" title="EP3 XML" type="text/xml" />
</head>
<body bgcolor="#ffffff" text="#000000" onLoad="loadRoutine(); MM_preloadImages('images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c5_f2.gif','images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c7_f2.gif','images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c8_f2.gif','images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c9_f2.gif','images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c10_f2.gif','images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c11_f2.gif','images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r6_c4_f2.gif')">
<div class="ep_noprint"><noscript><style type="text/css">@import url(http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/nojs.css);</style></noscript></div>
<table width="795" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td><script language="JavaScript1.2">mmLoadMenus();</script>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="795">
<!-- fwtable fwsrc="eprints_banner_final2.png" fwbase="ePrints_banner.gif" fwstyle="Dreamweaver" fwdocid = "1249563342" fwnested="0" -->
<tr>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="32" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="104" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="44" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="105" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="41" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="16" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="68" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="68" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="68" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="82" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="69" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="98" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="12"><img name="ePrints_banner_r1_c1" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r1_c1.gif" width="795" height="10" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="10" border="0" alt="" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="6"><img name="ePrints_banner_r2_c1" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r2_c1.gif" width="32" height="118" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td rowspan="5"><a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/"><img name="ePrints_banner_r2_c2" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r2_c2.gif" width="104" height="103" border="0" alt="" /></a></td>
<td colspan="10"><img name="ePrints_banner_r2_c3" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r2_c3.gif" width="659" height="41" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="41" border="0" alt="" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/"><img name="ePrints_banner_r3_c3" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r3_c3.gif" width="190" height="31" border="0" alt="" /></a></td>
<td rowspan="2" colspan="7"><img name="ePrints_banner_r3_c6" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r3_c6.gif" width="469" height="37" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="31" border="0" alt="" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3"><img name="ePrints_banner_r4_c3" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r4_c3.gif" width="190" height="6" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="6" border="0" alt="" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c3" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c3.gif" width="149" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/information.html" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0821132634_0,0,25,null,'ePrints_banner_r5_c5');MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r5_c5','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c5_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c5" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c5.gif" width="57" height="25" border="0" alt="About" /></a></td>
<td rowspan="2"><a href="/view/" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0821133021_1,0,25,null,'ePrints_banner_r5_c7');MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r5_c7','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c7_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c7" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c7.gif" width="68" height="25" border="0" alt="Browse" /></a></td>
<td rowspan="2"><a href="/perl/search/simple" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0821133201_2,0,25,null,'ePrints_banner_r5_c8');MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r5_c8','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c8_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c8" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c8.gif" width="68" height="25" border="0" alt="Search" /></a></td>
<td rowspan="2"><a href="/perl/register" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout();" onMouseOver="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_1018171924_3,0,25,null,'ePrints_banner_r5_c9');MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r5_c9','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c9_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c9" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c9.gif" width="68" height="25" border="0" alt="register" /></a></td>
<td rowspan="2"><a href="/perl/users/home" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0821133422_4,0,25,null,'ePrints_banner_r5_c10');MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r5_c10','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c10_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c10" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c10.gif" width="82" height="25" border="0" alt="user area" /></a></td>
<td rowspan="2"><a href="/help/" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0821133514_5,0,25,null,'ePrints_banner_r5_c11');MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r5_c11','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c11_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c11" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c11.gif" width="69" height="25" border="0" alt="Help" /></a></td>
<td rowspan="3" colspan="4"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c12" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c12.gif" width="98" height="40" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2"><img name="ePrints_banner_r6_c3" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r6_c3.gif" width="44" height="39" border="0" alt="ePrints home" /></td>
<td><a href="/" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore()" onMouseOver="MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r6_c4','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r6_c4_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r6_c4" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r6_c4.gif" width="105" height="24" border="0" alt="ePrints home" /></a></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="24" border="0" alt="" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><img name="ePrints_banner_r7_c2" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r7_c2.gif" width="104" height="15" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td colspan="8"><img name="ePrints_banner_r7_c4" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r7_c4.gif" width="517" height="15" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="15" border="0" alt="" /></td>
</tr>
</table></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><table width="100%" style="font-size: 90%; border: solid 1px #ccc; padding: 3px"><tr>
<td align="left"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/users/home">Login</a> | <a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/register">Create Account</a></td>
<td align="right" style="white-space: nowrap">
<form method="get" accept-charset="utf-8" action="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/search" style="display:inline">
<input class="ep_tm_searchbarbox" size="20" type="text" name="q" />
<input class="ep_tm_searchbarbutton" value="Search" type="submit" name="_action_search" />
<input type="hidden" name="_order" value="bytitle" />
<input type="hidden" name="basic_srchtype" value="ALL" />
<input type="hidden" name="_satisfyall" value="ALL" />
</form>
</td>
</tr></table></td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="toplinks"><!-- InstanceBeginEditable name="content" -->
<div align="center">
<table width="720" class="ep_tm_main"><tr><td align="left">
<h1 class="ep_tm_pagetitle">Giant Porphyry Deposits: Characteristics, Distribution, and Tectonic Controls</h1>
<p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><span class="person_name">Cooke, D.R.</span> and <span class="person_name">Hollings, P.</span> and <span class="person_name">Walshe, J.L.</span> (2005) <xhtml:em>Giant Porphyry Deposits: Characteristics, Distribution, and Tectonic Controls.</xhtml:em> Economic Geology, 100 (5). pp. 801-818. ISSN 0361-0128</p><p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"></p><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><tr><td valign="top" style="text-align:center"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/1783/1/cooke%2C_hollings_2005.pdf"><img alt="[img]" src="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/images/fileicons/application_pdf.png" class="ep_doc_icon" border="0" /></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/1783/1/cooke%2C_hollings_2005.pdf"><span class="ep_document_citation">PDF</span></a> - Full text restricted - Requires a PDF viewer<br />2009Kb</td><td><form method="get" accept-charset="utf-8" action="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/request_doc"><input accept-charset="utf-8" value="2261" name="docid" type="hidden" /><div class=""><input value="Request a copy" name="_action_null" class="ep_form_action_button" onclick="return EPJS_button_pushed( '_action_null' )" type="submit" /> </div></form></td></tr></table><p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block">Official URL: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/100.5.801">http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/100.5.801</a></p><div class="not_ep_block"><h2>Abstract</h2><p style="padding-bottom: 16px; text-align: left; margin: 1em auto 0em auto">More than half of the 25 largest known porphyry copper deposits, defined in terms of contained copper
metal, formed during three time periods: the Paleocene to Eocene, Eocene to Oligocene, and middle Miocene
to Pliocene. These giant deposits are clustered within three provinces, central Chile, northern Chile, and
southwest Arizona-northern Mexico. Other giant deposits occur in Montana, Utah, Panama, Peru, Argentina,
Irian Jaya, Mongolia, and Iran. Compressive tectonic environments, thickened continental crust, and active uplift
and erosion were associated with the formation of many of these deposits. Calc-alkalic magmas are most favorable
for the formation of giant porphyry copper deposits, although several of the largest systems are associated
with high K calc-alkalic intrusions.
The 25 largest gold-rich porphyry deposits are concentrated in the southwest Pacific and South America,
with other occurrences in Eurasia, British Columbia, Alaska, and New South Wales. Many of the deposits
formed in the last 13 m.y. The largest of the deposits are associated with high K calc-alkalic intrusions. Many
calc-alkalic porphyritic intrusions have also produced giant gold-rich porphyries.
In the last 20 m.y., the formation of giant porphyry copper-molybdenum and copper-gold deposits in the circum-Pacific region has been closely associated with subduction of aseismic ridges, seamount chains, and
oceanic plateaus beneath oceanic island and continental arcs. In several examples, these tectonic perturbations
have promoted flat-slab subduction, crustal thickening, uplift and erosion, and adakitic magmatism coeval with
the formation of well-endowed porphyry and/or epithermal mineral provinces. Similar tectonic features are inferred
to be associated with the giant porphyry copper-molybdenum provinces of northern Chile (Eocene-Oligocene) and southwest United States (Cretaceous-Paleocene).
Topographic and thermal anomalies on the downgoing slab appear to act as tectonic triggers for porphyry
ore formation. Other factors, such as sutures in the overriding plate, permeability architecture of the upper
crust, efficient processes of ore transport and deposition, and, in some cases, formation and preservation of supergene
enrichment blankets are also vital for the development of high-grade giant ore deposits. A low-grade
geochemical anomaly may be the final product of mineralization, if ore-forming processes do not operate efficiently, even in the most favorable geodynamic settings.</p></div><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" cellpadding="3" class="not_ep_block" border="0"><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Item Type:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">Article</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Keywords:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">porphyry, copper, ridge, subduction, geodynamics, genesis</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Subjects:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/view/subjects/260100.html">260000 Earth Sciences > 260100 Geology</a></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Collections:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">UNSPECIFIED</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ID Code:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">1783</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited By:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><span class="ep_name_citation"><span class="person_name">Mrs Katrina Keep</span></span></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited On:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">14 Sep 2007</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Last Modified:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">29 Jan 2008 20:34</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ePrint Statistics:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a target="ePrintStats" href="/es/index.php?action=show_detail_eprint;id=1783;">View statistics for this ePrint</a></td></tr></table><p align="right">Repository Staff Only: <a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/users/home?screen=EPrint::View&eprintid=1783">item control page</a></p>
</td></tr></table>
</div>
<!-- InstanceEndEditable --></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><!-- #BeginLibraryItem "/Library/footer_eprints.lbi" -->
<table width="795" border="0" align="left" cellpadding="0" class="footer">
<tr valign="top">
<td colspan="2"><div align="center"><a href="http://www.utas.edu.au">UTAS home</a> | <a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/library/">Library home</a> | <a href="/">ePrints home</a> | <a href="/contact.html">contact</a> | <a href="/information.html">about</a> | <a href="/view/">browse</a> | <a href="/perl/search/simple">search</a> | <a href="/perl/register">register</a> | <a href="/perl/users/home">user area</a> | <a href="/help/">help</a></div><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"><p><img src="/images/eprints/footerline.gif" width="100%" height="4" /></p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td width="68%" class="footer">Authorised by the University Librarian<br />
© University of Tasmania ABN 30 764 374 782<br />
<a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/cricos/">CRICOS Provider Code 00586B</a> | <a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/copyright/copyright_disclaimers.html">Copyright & Disclaimers</a> | <a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/accessibility/index.html">Accessibility</a> | <a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/feedback/">Site Feedback</a> </td>
<td width="32%"><div align="right">
<p align="right" class="NoPrint"><a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/"><img src="http://www.utas.edu.au/shared/logos/unioftasstrip.gif" alt="University of Tasmania Home Page" width="260" height="16" border="0" align="right" /></a></p>
<p align="right" class="NoPrint"><a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/"><br />
</a></p>
</div></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td><p> </p></td>
<td><div align="right"><span class="NoPrint"><a href="http://www.eprints.org/software/"><img src="/images/eprintslogo.gif" alt="ePrints logo" width="77" height="29" border="0" align="bottom" /></a></span></div></td>
</tr>
</table>
<!-- #EndLibraryItem -->
<div align="center"></div></td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
