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<title>UTas ePrints - Fatigue Test and Design of Welded T-Connections in Thin Cold- Formed Square Hollow Sections Under In-plane Bending</title>
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<meta content="Zhao, X.L." name="eprints.creators_name" />
<meta content="Grundy, P." name="eprints.creators_name" />
<meta content="Fidelis.Mashiri@utas.edu.au" name="eprints.creators_id" />
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<meta content="Fatigue Test and Design of Welded T-Connections in Thin Cold- Formed Square Hollow Sections Under In-plane Bending
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<meta content="There is an increased use of thin-walled (t<4mm) hollow sections in the manufacture of lighting poles, traffic sign supports,swing-ploughs, linkage graders, trailers and haymakers. These structures are subjected to fatigue loading. A review of current fatigue design guidelines showed that there is a lack of design rules for nodal joints made up of thin-walled (t<4mm) hollow sections. This paper describes the tests carried out on welded thin-walled (t<4mm) tube-to-tube T-connections made up of square hollow sections under cyclic in-plane bending. Different failure modes were obtained during fatigue testing. The experimental stress concentration factors determined in this investigation were found to be significantly lower than the stress concentration factors from the existing parametric equations from the International Institute of Welding. The design Sr.hs-N curves have been determined for the hot spot stress method from Sr.hs-N data based on both experimental and parametric equation stress concentration factors. Design Sr.hs-N curves have been derived from the fatigue data using least-squares method. The design Sr.hs-N curves derived from the experimental fatigue data are lower than the expected design curve resulting from the current trend for design Sr.hs-N curves for different thicknesses from the International Institute of Welding (IIW) and the International Committee for the Development and Study of Tubular Construction (CIDECT). Three design approaches are proposed for welded T-connections in thin cold-formed square hollow sections under cyclic in-plane bending." name="eprints.abstract" />
<meta content="2002" name="eprints.date" />
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<meta content="Journal of Structural Engineering - ASCE" name="eprints.publication" />
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<meta content="API 1991, “Recommended practice for planning, designing and constructing fixed offshore platforms”, American Petroleum
Institute (API) Recommended Practice 2A (RP 2A), Nineteenth Edition, August 1991, Washington, USA
ASTM 1991, “Standard Practice for Statistical Analysis of Linear or Linearized Stress-Life (S-N) and Strain-Life (ε-N)
Fatigue Data”, ASTM Designation E739-91, ASTM Committee E-8 on Fatigue and Fracture, American Society for Testing
and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, pp. 129-137.
ASTM 2001: Standard Specification for Cold-Formed Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel Structural Tubing in Rounds and
Shapes-Specification A500-01, American Society for Testing and materials, West Conshohocken, PA, USA
AWS 1998, Structural Welding Code-Steel, ANSI/AWS D1.1-98, American Welding Society, Miami, USA.
CEN 1997, “Cold formed welded structural hollow sections of non-alloy and fine grain steels-Part 2: Tolerances, dimensions
and sectional properties”, EN10219-2: 1997, Committee for European Standardization (CEN), Brussels, Belgium.
de Back J., van Delft D.R.V., and Noordhoek C. 1989, “The effect of plate thickness on fatigue life of welded tubular joints
and flat specimens”, Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, Vol.
III, The Hague, The Netherlands, March 19-23, 1989, pp 31-37
Department of Energy, 1990, “Offshore Installations: Guidance on design, construction and certification”, Fourth Edition,
London, HMSO, UK.
EC3 1992, Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures-Part 1.1: General Rules and Rules for Buildings, ENV 1993-1-1, European
Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium.
Hancock G.J. 1999, “Recent research and design developments in cold-formed open section and tubular members”, Advances
in Steel Structures Vol. I, Proceedings of The Second International Conference on Advances in Steel Structures, ICASS’99,
Editors Chan S.L. and Teng G.J., Elsevier Science Ltd, Hong Kong, 15-17 December 1999, pp. 25-37
IIW 2000: Fatigue Design Procedures for Welded Hollow Section Joints, IIW Doc. XIII-1804-99, IIW Doc. XV-1035-99,
Recommendations for IIW Subcommission XV-E, Edited by X.L. Zhao and J.A. Packer, Abington Publishing, Cambridge,
UK.
Maddox S.J. 1991: Fatigue strength of welded structures. Second Edition, 1991, Abington Publishing, Cambridge, UK.
Maddox S.J. Wylde J.G. and Yamamoto N. 1995, “Significance of weld profile on fatigue lives of tubular joints”,
International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, OMAE-Vol. III, Material Engineering, American
Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME 1995), Copenhagen, Denmark, pp. 127-134
Mashiri F.R., Zhao X.L., Grundy P. 1998, “Effects of Weld Undercut on the Fatigue Life of Welded Connections in Thin-
Walled Structures”, Structural Integrity and Fracture Proceedings, Australian Fracture Group Inc., September, Melbourne,
Australia, pp. 81-91.
Mashiri F.R., Zhao X.L., Grundy P. 2001a, “Fatigue Tests and Design of Thin Cold-Formed Square Hollow Section-to-Plate
T-connections under Cyclic In-Plane Bending”, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, (Accepted for Publication)
Mashiri F.R., Zhao X.L., Grundy P. 2001b, “Fatigue behaviour of thin-walled tube-to-tube T-joints under in-plane bending”,
Tubular Structures IX, Proceedings of The 9th International Symposium and Euroconference on Tubular Structures,
Düsseldorf, Germany, ISTS9, Editors: Puthli R., Herion S., 3-5 April 2001, pp. 259-268
Mashiri F.R., Zhao X.L., Grundy P. 2001c, “Effect of weld profile and undercut on fatigue crack propagation life of thinwalled
cruciform joint”, Thin-Walled Structures, Vol. 39, Issue 3, March, Elsevier, pp. 261-285.
Nakazawa H. and Kodama S. 1987, “Statistical S-N Testing Method with 14 Specimens: JSME Standard Method for
Determination of S-N Curves”, in Current Japanese Materials Research, Vol. 2, Statistical Research on Fatigue and Fracture,
Editors: Tanaka T., Nishijima S. and Ichikawa M., Elsevier Applied Science, pp. 59-69.
Noordhoek C., Wardenier J. and Dutta D. 1980, “The fatigue behaviour of welded joints in square hollow sections-Part 2,
Analysis”, Stevin Report 6-80-4, TNO-IBBC Report BI-80-10/0063.4.3821, Department of Civil Engineering, Delft
University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Packer J.A. and Henderson J.E. 1997, “Hollow Structural Section Connections and Trusses-A Design Guide”, 2nd Edition,
Canadian Institute of Steel Construction, Ontario, Canada.
Puthli R.S., de Koning C.H.M., van Wingerde A.M., Wardenier J. and Dutta, D. (1989): Fatigue strength of welded
unstiffened RHS joints in lattice structures and vierendeel girders, Final Report Part III: Evaluation for Design Rules, TNOIBBC
Report No. BI-89-097/63.5.3800, Stevin Report No. 25-6-89-36/A1, June, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The
Netherlands.
SAA 1991: Structural Steel Hollow Sections, Australian Standard AS1163-1991, Standards Association of Australia, Sydney,
Australia
SAA 1998: Steel Structures, Australian Standard AS 4100-1998, Standards Association of Australia, Sydney, Australia.
Soh A.K. and Soh C.K. 1990, “A parametric stress analysis of T/Y and K square-to-square tubular joints”, Journal of
Constructional Steel Research, No. 15, pp. 173-190
STI 2001: Hollow Structural Sections-Principal Producers and Capabilities, Steel Tube Institute of North America, Mentor,
Ohio, USA
van Delft D.R.V., Noordhoek C. and de Back J. 1985, “Evaluation of the European fatigue test data on large size welded
tubular joints for offshore structures”, 17th Annual Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, Texas, OTC 4999, pp. 351-
356
van Wingerde A.M. 1992: The fatigue behaviour of T- and X-joints made of Square Hollow Sections, Heron, Vol. 37, No.
2, pp. 1-180.
van Wingerde A.M., van Delft D.R.V., Wardenier J. & Packer J.P., 1997, “Scale Effects on the Fatigue Behaviour of Tubular
Structures”, IIW International Conference on Performance of Dynamically Loaded Welded Structures, July 14-15, San
Francisco, U.S.A, pp. 123-135
Zhao X.L. and Hancock G.J. 1995, “Butt welds and transverse fillet welds in thin-cold-formed RHS members”, Journal of
Structural Engineering, ASCE, 12(11), pp. 1674-1682
Zhao X.L and Hancock G.J. 1998: Recent Research on Cold-Formed Tubular Structures, Journal of Constructional Steel
Research, Vol. 46, Nos. 1-3, Paper 229, pp. 474-475.
Zhao X.L., Herion S., Packer J.A., Puthli R., Sedlacek G., Wardenier J., Weynand K., van Wingerde A., and Yeomans N.
2000, “Design Guide for Circular and Rectangular Hollow Section Joints under Fatigue Loading”, Verlag TÜV Rheinland,
Köln, Germany.
API 1991, “Recommended practice for planning, designing and constructing fixed offshore platforms”, American Petroleum
Institute (API) Recommended Practice 2A (RP 2A), Nineteenth Edition, August 1991, Washington, USA
ASTM 1991, “Standard Practice for Statistical Analysis of Linear or Linearized Stress-Life (S-N) and Strain-Life (ε-N)
Fatigue Data”, ASTM Designation E739-91, ASTM Committee E-8 on Fatigue and Fracture, American Society for Testing
and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, pp. 129-137.
ASTM 2001: Standard Specification for Cold-Formed Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel Structural Tubing in Rounds and
Shapes-Specification A500-01, American Society for Testing and materials, West Conshohocken, PA, USA
AWS 1998, Structural Welding Code-Steel, ANSI/AWS D1.1-98, American Welding Society, Miami, USA.
CEN 1997, “Cold formed welded structural hollow sections of non-alloy and fine grain steels-Part 2: Tolerances, dimensions
and sectional properties”, EN10219-2: 1997, Committee for European Standardization (CEN), Brussels, Belgium.
de Back J., van Delft D.R.V., and Noordhoek C. 1989, “The effect of plate thickness on fatigue life of welded tubular joints
and flat specimens”, Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, Vol.
III, The Hague, The Netherlands, March 19-23, 1989, pp 31-37
Department of Energy, 1990, “Offshore Installations: Guidance on design, construction and certification”, Fourth Edition,
London, HMSO, UK.
EC3 1992, Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures-Part 1.1: General Rules and Rules for Buildings, ENV 1993-1-1, European
Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium.
Hancock G.J. 1999, “Recent research and design developments in cold-formed open section and tubular members”, Advances
in Steel Structures Vol. I, Proceedings of The Second International Conference on Advances in Steel Structures, ICASS’99,
Editors Chan S.L. and Teng G.J., Elsevier Science Ltd, Hong Kong, 15-17 December 1999, pp. 25-37
IIW 2000: Fatigue Design Procedures for Welded Hollow Section Joints, IIW Doc. XIII-1804-99, IIW Doc. XV-1035-99,
Recommendations for IIW Subcommission XV-E, Edited by X.L. Zhao and J.A. Packer, Abington Publishing, Cambridge,
UK.
Maddox S.J. 1991: Fatigue strength of welded structures. Second Edition, 1991, Abington Publishing, Cambridge, UK.
Maddox S.J. Wylde J.G. and Yamamoto N. 1995, “Significance of weld profile on fatigue lives of tubular joints”,
International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, OMAE-Vol. III, Material Engineering, American
Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME 1995), Copenhagen, Denmark, pp. 127-134
Mashiri F.R., Zhao X.L., Grundy P. 1998, “Effects of Weld Undercut on the Fatigue Life of Welded Connections in Thin-
Walled Structures”, Structural Integrity and Fracture Proceedings, Australian Fracture Group Inc., September, Melbourne,
Australia, pp. 81-91.
Mashiri F.R., Zhao X.L., Grundy P. 2001a, “Fatigue Tests and Design of Thin Cold-Formed Square Hollow Section-to-Plate
T-connections under Cyclic In-Plane Bending”, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, (Accepted for Publication)
Mashiri F.R., Zhao X.L., Grundy P. 2001b, “Fatigue behaviour of thin-walled tube-to-tube T-joints under in-plane bending”,
Tubular Structures IX, Proceedings of The 9th International Symposium and Euroconference on Tubular Structures,
Düsseldorf, Germany, ISTS9, Editors: Puthli R., Herion S., 3-5 April 2001, pp. 259-268
Mashiri F.R., Zhao X.L., Grundy P. 2001c, “Effect of weld profile and undercut on fatigue crack propagation life of thinwalled
cruciform joint”, Thin-Walled Structures, Vol. 39, Issue 3, March, Elsevier, pp. 261-285.
Nakazawa H. and Kodama S. 1987, “Statistical S-N Testing Method with 14 Specimens: JSME Standard Method for
Determination of S-N Curves”, in Current Japanese Materials Research, Vol. 2, Statistical Research on Fatigue and Fracture,
Editors: Tanaka T., Nishijima S. and Ichikawa M., Elsevier Applied Science, pp. 59-69.
Noordhoek C., Wardenier J. and Dutta D. 1980, “The fatigue behaviour of welded joints in square hollow sections-Part 2,
Analysis”, Stevin Report 6-80-4, TNO-IBBC Report BI-80-10/0063.4.3821, Department of Civil Engineering, Delft
University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Packer J.A. and Henderson J.E. 1997, “Hollow Structural Section Connections and Trusses-A Design Guide”, 2nd Edition,
Canadian Institute of Steel Construction, Ontario, Canada.
Puthli R.S., de Koning C.H.M., van Wingerde A.M., Wardenier J. and Dutta, D. (1989): Fatigue strength of welded
unstiffened RHS joints in lattice structures and vierendeel girders, Final Report Part III: Evaluation for Design Rules, TNOIBBC
Report No. BI-89-097/63.5.3800, Stevin Report No. 25-6-89-36/A1, June, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The
Netherlands.
SAA 1991: Structural Steel Hollow Sections, Australian Standard AS1163-1991, Standards Association of Australia, Sydney,
Australia
SAA 1998: Steel Structures, Australian Standard AS 4100-1998, Standards Association of Australia, Sydney, Australia.
Soh A.K. and Soh C.K. 1990, “A parametric stress analysis of T/Y and K square-to-square tubular joints”, Journal of
Constructional Steel Research, No. 15, pp. 173-190
STI 2001: Hollow Structural Sections-Principal Producers and Capabilities, Steel Tube Institute of North America, Mentor,
Ohio, USA
van Delft D.R.V., Noordhoek C. and de Back J. 1985, “Evaluation of the European fatigue test data on large size welded
tubular joints for offshore structures”, 17th Annual Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, Texas, OTC 4999, pp. 351-
356
van Wingerde A.M. 1992: The fatigue behaviour of T- and X-joints made of Square Hollow Sections, Heron, Vol. 37, No.
2, pp. 1-180.
van Wingerde A.M., van Delft D.R.V., Wardenier J. & Packer J.P., 1997, “Scale Effects on the Fatigue Behaviour of Tubular
Structures”, IIW International Conference on Performance of Dynamically Loaded Welded Structures, July 14-15, San
Francisco, U.S.A, pp. 123-135
Zhao X.L. and Hancock G.J. 1995, “Butt welds and transverse fillet welds in thin-cold-formed RHS members”, Journal of
Structural Engineering, ASCE, 12(11), pp. 1674-1682
Zhao X.L and Hancock G.J. 1998: Recent Research on Cold-Formed Tubular Structures, Journal of Constructional Steel
Research, Vol. 46, Nos. 1-3, Paper 229, pp. 474-475.
Zhao X.L., Herion S., Packer J.A., Puthli R., Sedlacek G., Wardenier J., Weynand K., van Wingerde A., and Yeomans N.
2000, “Design Guide for Circular and Rectangular Hollow Section Joints under Fatigue Loading”, Verlag TÜV Rheinland,
Köln, Germany." name="eprints.referencetext" />
<meta content="Mashiri, F.R and Zhao, X.L. and Grundy, P. (2002) Fatigue Test and Design of Welded T-Connections in Thin Cold- Formed Square Hollow Sections Under In-plane Bending. Journal of Structural Engineering - ASCE, 128 (11). pp. 1413-1422. ISSN 0733-9445" name="eprints.citation" />
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<meta content="There is an increased use of thin-walled (t<4mm) hollow sections in the manufacture of lighting poles, traffic sign supports,swing-ploughs, linkage graders, trailers and haymakers. These structures are subjected to fatigue loading. A review of current fatigue design guidelines showed that there is a lack of design rules for nodal joints made up of thin-walled (t<4mm) hollow sections. This paper describes the tests carried out on welded thin-walled (t<4mm) tube-to-tube T-connections made up of square hollow sections under cyclic in-plane bending. Different failure modes were obtained during fatigue testing. The experimental stress concentration factors determined in this investigation were found to be significantly lower than the stress concentration factors from the existing parametric equations from the International Institute of Welding. The design Sr.hs-N curves have been determined for the hot spot stress method from Sr.hs-N data based on both experimental and parametric equation stress concentration factors. Design Sr.hs-N curves have been derived from the fatigue data using least-squares method. The design Sr.hs-N curves derived from the experimental fatigue data are lower than the expected design curve resulting from the current trend for design Sr.hs-N curves for different thicknesses from the International Institute of Welding (IIW) and the International Committee for the Development and Study of Tubular Construction (CIDECT). Three design approaches are proposed for welded T-connections in thin cold-formed square hollow sections under cyclic in-plane bending." name="DC.description" />
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<h1 class="ep_tm_pagetitle">Fatigue Test and Design of Welded T-Connections in Thin Cold- Formed Square Hollow Sections Under In-plane Bending</h1>
<p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><span class="person_name">Mashiri, F.R</span> and <span class="person_name">Zhao, X.L.</span> and <span class="person_name">Grundy, P.</span> (2002) <xhtml:em>Fatigue Test and Design of Welded T-Connections in Thin Cold- Formed Square Hollow Sections Under In-plane Bending.</xhtml:em> Journal of Structural Engineering - ASCE, 128 (11). pp. 1413-1422. ISSN 0733-9445</p><p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"></p><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><tr><td valign="top" style="text-align:center"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2602/1/MashiriZhaoGrundy_SHS-SHS_JSE_128-11_2002.pdf"><img alt="[img]" src="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/images/fileicons/application_pdf.png" class="ep_doc_icon" border="0" /></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2602/1/MashiriZhaoGrundy_SHS-SHS_JSE_128-11_2002.pdf"><span class="ep_document_citation">PDF</span></a> - Full text restricted - Requires a PDF viewer<br />236Kb</td><td><form method="get" accept-charset="utf-8" action="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/request_doc"><input accept-charset="utf-8" value="3410" name="docid" type="hidden" /><div class=""><input value="Request a copy" name="_action_null" class="ep_form_action_button" onclick="return EPJS_button_pushed( '_action_null' )" type="submit" /> </div></form></td></tr></table><p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block">Official URL: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2002)128:1(22)">http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2002)128:1(22)</a></p><div class="not_ep_block"><h2>Abstract</h2><p style="padding-bottom: 16px; text-align: left; margin: 1em auto 0em auto">There is an increased use of thin-walled (t<4mm) hollow sections in the manufacture of lighting poles, traffic sign supports,swing-ploughs, linkage graders, trailers and haymakers. These structures are subjected to fatigue loading. A review of current fatigue design guidelines showed that there is a lack of design rules for nodal joints made up of thin-walled (t<4mm) hollow sections. This paper describes the tests carried out on welded thin-walled (t<4mm) tube-to-tube T-connections made up of square hollow sections under cyclic in-plane bending. Different failure modes were obtained during fatigue testing. The experimental stress concentration factors determined in this investigation were found to be significantly lower than the stress concentration factors from the existing parametric equations from the International Institute of Welding. The design Sr.hs-N curves have been determined for the hot spot stress method from Sr.hs-N data based on both experimental and parametric equation stress concentration factors. Design Sr.hs-N curves have been derived from the fatigue data using least-squares method. The design Sr.hs-N curves derived from the experimental fatigue data are lower than the expected design curve resulting from the current trend for design Sr.hs-N curves for different thicknesses from the International Institute of Welding (IIW) and the International Committee for the Development and Study of Tubular Construction (CIDECT). Three design approaches are proposed for welded T-connections in thin cold-formed square hollow sections under cyclic in-plane bending.</p></div><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" cellpadding="3" class="not_ep_block" border="0"><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Item Type:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">Article</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Subjects:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/view/subjects/290801.html">290000 Engineering and Technology > 290800 Civil Engineering > 290801 Structural Engineering</a></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ID Code:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">2602</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited By:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><span class="ep_name_citation"><span class="person_name">Dr Fidelis R. Mashiri</span></span></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited On:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">03 Dec 2007 12:00</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Last Modified:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">09 Jan 2008 02:30</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ePrint Statistics:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a target="ePrintStats" href="/es/index.php?action=show_detail_eprint;id=2602;">View statistics for this ePrint</a></td></tr></table><p align="right">Repository Staff Only: <a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/users/home?screen=EPrint::View&eprintid=2602">item control page</a></p>
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