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    <title>UTas ePrints - Potential ‘costs of reproduction’ in a skink: Inter- and intrapopulational variation</title>
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<meta content="Reproductive costs are important determinants of reproductive effort in squamate reptiles.
Consequently, differences in costs of reproduction between populations of geographically or climatically widespread
species are likely to result in different patterns of reproductive effort. In the present study, the effect of
pregnancy on sprint speed was examined in a small viviparous skink, Niveoscincus ocellatus (Gray 1845), from two
populations at the climatic extremes of its distribution. Decreased sprint speed has the potential to be an important
cost of reproduction in this species, through a reduced ability to avoid predation and/or decreased foraging
efficiency. Lizards inhabiting the colder site were larger than those from the warmer site and, contrary to predictions
from life history theory, had a higher reproductive effort. In both populations, sprint speed was lower
in pregnant lizards than in either the same individuals after birth or non-pregnant control lizards. Within each
population, sprint speed was unrelated to the level of reproductive effort of the female in terms of either absolute
mass of the reproductive burden or the burden relative to her post-partum body mass. However, within each
population, the mass of the clutch that an individual female was carrying relative to snout–vent length was
an important determinant of her sprint speed while pregnant. Thus, within each population, a relatively high reproductive
burden may potentially increase costs of reproduction in this species. Despite this relationship and predictions
from life history theory suggesting that annual reproductive effort will be lower in populations with a large
body size and delayed maturity, it is suggested that a higher reproductive effort at the cold site is possible because
they have a higher absolute sprint speed because of their larger size and a relatively higher abundance of cover at
the cold site, and differences in predation pressure may alter selective pressures on reproductive investment.
" name="eprints.abstract" />
<meta content="2001" name="eprints.date" />
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<meta content="Austral Ecology" name="eprints.publication" />
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<meta content="Adolph S. C. &amp; Porter W. P. (1993) Temperature, activity, and
lizard life histories. Am. Nat. 142, 273–95.
Adolph S. C. &amp; Porter W. P. (1996) Growth, seasonality, and
lizard life histories: Age and size at maturity. Oikos 77,
267–78.
Bailey R. C. (1992) Why should we stop trying to measure the
cost of reproduction correctly? Oikos 65, 349–53.
Ballinger R. E. (1983) Life history variations. In: Lizard Ecology:
Studies of a Model Organism (eds R. B. Huey, E. R. Pianka
&amp; Schoener T. W.) pp. 241–60. Harvard University Press,
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Vitt L. J. (1981) Lizard reproduction, habitat specificity and constraints
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Wapstra E. (1998) Life history and reproductive variation in the
spotted skink, Niveoscincus ocellatus (Gray 1845). PhD
Thesis, Department of Zoology, University of Tasmania,
Australia.
Wapstra E. (2000) Maternal basking opportunity affects
juvenile phenotype in a viviparous lizard. Funct. Ecol. 14,
345–52.
Wapstra E. &amp; Swain R. (1996) Feeding ecology of the Tasmanian
spotted skink, Niveoscincus ocellatus (Squamata: Scincidae).
Aust. J. Zool. 44, 205–13.
Wapstra E. &amp; Swain R. (in press) Geographic and annual
variation in life history traits in a small Australian skink.
J. Herpetol. (in press).
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the Tasmanian spotted snow skink, Niveoscincus ocellatus
(Squamata: Scincidae). Aust. J. Zool. 47, 539–50.
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687–92." name="eprints.referencetext" />
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pregnancy on sprint speed was examined in a small viviparous skink, Niveoscincus ocellatus (Gray 1845), from two
populations at the climatic extremes of its distribution. Decreased sprint speed has the potential to be an important
cost of reproduction in this species, through a reduced ability to avoid predation and/or decreased foraging
efficiency. Lizards inhabiting the colder site were larger than those from the warmer site and, contrary to predictions
from life history theory, had a higher reproductive effort. In both populations, sprint speed was lower
in pregnant lizards than in either the same individuals after birth or non-pregnant control lizards. Within each
population, sprint speed was unrelated to the level of reproductive effort of the female in terms of either absolute
mass of the reproductive burden or the burden relative to her post-partum body mass. However, within each
population, the mass of the clutch that an individual female was carrying relative to snout–vent length was
an important determinant of her sprint speed while pregnant. Thus, within each population, a relatively high reproductive
burden may potentially increase costs of reproduction in this species. Despite this relationship and predictions
from life history theory suggesting that annual reproductive effort will be lower in populations with a large
body size and delayed maturity, it is suggested that a higher reproductive effort at the cold site is possible because
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    <h1 class="ep_tm_pagetitle">Potential ‘costs of reproduction’ in a skink: Inter- and intrapopulational variation</h1>
    <p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><span class="person_name">Wapstra, Erik</span> and <span class="person_name">O'Reilly, Julianne</span> (2001) <xhtml:em>Potential ‘costs of reproduction’ in a skink: Inter- and intrapopulational variation.</xhtml:em> Austral Ecology, 26 . pp. 179-186. ISSN 1442-9985</p><p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"></p><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><tr><td valign="top" style="text-align:center"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2339/1/2001WapstraandOReillyAustralEcol.pdf"><img alt="[img]" src="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/images/fileicons/application_pdf.png" class="ep_doc_icon" border="0" /></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2339/1/2001WapstraandOReillyAustralEcol.pdf"><span class="ep_document_citation">PDF</span></a> - Full text restricted - Requires a PDF viewer<br />166Kb</td><td><form method="get" accept-charset="utf-8" action="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/request_doc"><input accept-charset="utf-8" value="2996" name="docid" type="hidden" /><div class=""><input value="Request a copy" name="_action_null" class="ep_form_action_button" onclick="return EPJS_button_pushed( '_action_null' )" type="submit" /> </div></form></td></tr></table><p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block">Official URL: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.2001.01104.x">http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.2001.01104.x</a></p><div class="not_ep_block"><h2>Abstract</h2><p style="padding-bottom: 16px; text-align: left; margin: 1em auto 0em auto">Reproductive costs are important determinants of reproductive effort in squamate reptiles.&#13;
Consequently, differences in costs of reproduction between populations of geographically or climatically widespread&#13;
species are likely to result in different patterns of reproductive effort. In the present study, the effect of&#13;
pregnancy on sprint speed was examined in a small viviparous skink, Niveoscincus ocellatus (Gray 1845), from two&#13;
populations at the climatic extremes of its distribution. Decreased sprint speed has the potential to be an important&#13;
cost of reproduction in this species, through a reduced ability to avoid predation and/or decreased foraging&#13;
efficiency. Lizards inhabiting the colder site were larger than those from the warmer site and, contrary to predictions&#13;
from life history theory, had a higher reproductive effort. In both populations, sprint speed was lower&#13;
in pregnant lizards than in either the same individuals after birth or non-pregnant control lizards. Within each&#13;
population, sprint speed was unrelated to the level of reproductive effort of the female in terms of either absolute&#13;
mass of the reproductive burden or the burden relative to her post-partum body mass. However, within each&#13;
population, the mass of the clutch that an individual female was carrying relative to snout–vent length was&#13;
an important determinant of her sprint speed while pregnant. Thus, within each population, a relatively high reproductive&#13;
burden may potentially increase costs of reproduction in this species. Despite this relationship and predictions&#13;
from life history theory suggesting that annual reproductive effort will be lower in populations with a large&#13;
body size and delayed maturity, it is suggested that a higher reproductive effort at the cold site is possible because&#13;
they have a higher absolute sprint speed because of their larger size and a relatively higher abundance of cover at&#13;
the cold site, and differences in predation pressure may alter selective pressures on reproductive investment.&#13;
</p></div><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" cellpadding="3" class="not_ep_block" border="0"><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Item Type:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">Article</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Additional Information:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">The definitive version is available at www.blackwell-synergy.com&#13;
</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Keywords:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">costs of reproduction, geographical variation, life history evolution, Niveoscincus ocellatus, relative clutch&#13;
mass, reproductive effort, sprint speed</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Subjects:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/view/subjects/270706.html">270000 Biological Sciences &gt; 270700 Ecology and Evolution &gt; 270706 Life Histories (incl. Population Ecology)</a></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ID Code:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">2339</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited By:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><span class="ep_name_citation"><span class="person_name">Dr Erik Wapstra</span></span></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited On:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">30 Oct 2007 11:51</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Last Modified:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">09 Jan 2008 02:30</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ePrint Statistics:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a target="ePrintStats" href="/es/index.php?action=show_detail_eprint;id=2339;">View statistics for this ePrint</a></td></tr></table><p align="right">Repository Staff Only: <a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/users/home?screen=EPrint::View&amp;eprintid=2339">item control page</a></p>
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