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  5.     <title>UTas ePrints - Geographic and annual variation in reproductive cycles in the Tasmanian spotted snow skink, Niveoscincus ocellatus (Squamata : Scincidae)</title>
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  13.     <meta content="Wapstra, Erik" name="eprints.creators_name" />
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  25. <meta content="Geographic and annual variation in reproductive 
  26. cycles in the Tasmanian spotted snow skink, 
  27. Niveoscincus ocellatus (Squamata : Scincidae)" name="eprints.title" />
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  29. <meta content="270706" name="eprints.subjects" />
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  31. <meta content="Copyright 1999 CSIRO. http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/90.htm" name="eprints.note" />
  32. <meta content="We studied the reproductive cycle of two populations of the spotted snow skink,  Niveoscincus ocellatus,
  33. over a three-year period. This species is widespread in Tasmania and its distribution overlaps those of other
  34. species in the genus that show two distinct reproductive strategies: annual reproduction that is completed
  35. within one season, and biennial reproduction in which females carry advanced embryos throughout winter
  36. hibernation. We chose populations representative of the climatic extremes of the species' distribution,
  37. within these areas of overlap. Niveoscincus ocellatus maintains the same basic reproductive strategy in both
  38. populations: summer gestation, primary autumn mating with obligate sperm storage by females, secondary
  39. mating in spring, and predominantly spring vitellogenesis and ovulation. In both populations all females
  40. reproduce annually, suggesting that reproductive frequency is not constrained by availability of energy.
  41. However, we found distinct differences in the timing of ovulation and parturition. Females from our
  42. subalpine site ovulated approximately one month later than those from our warmer, lowland site; parturition
  43. was delayed by the same period so gestation length was unchanged. The delay in ovulation results in
  44. gestation proceeding over the warmest months at the cold site. The annual reproductive cycle of this species
  45. appears to constrain its distribution to the lower altitudinal/climatic range of alpine  Niveoscincus  species.
  46. There were minor annual differences in the timing of reproductive events at each site, which we attribute to
  47. variation in thermal conditions and the amount of precipitation.
  48. " name="eprints.abstract" />
  49. <meta content="1999" name="eprints.date" />
  50. <meta content="published" name="eprints.date_type" />
  51. <meta content="Australian Journal of Zoology" name="eprints.publication" />
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  58. <meta content="http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ZO99038" name="eprints.official_url" />
  59. <meta content="Avery, R. A. (1971). Estimates of food consumption by the lizard  Lacerta vivipara Jacquin.  Journal of
  60. Animal Ecology 40, 351-365.
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  62. B. Huey, E. R. Pianka and T. W. Schoener.) pp. 241-260. (Harvard University Press: Cambridge.)
  63. Ballinger, R. E., and Condon, J. D. (1981). Population ecology and the life history strategy of a montane
  64. lizard (Sceloporus scalaris) in southeastern Arizona. Journal of Natural History 15, 213-222.
  65. Beuchat, C. A. (1986). Reproductive influences on the thermoregulatory behaviour of a live-bearing lizard.
  66. Copeia 1986, 971-979.
  67. Beuchat, C. A. (1988). Temperature effects during gestation in a viviparous lizard.  Journal of Thermal
  68. Biology 13, 135-142.
  69. Beuchat, C. A. (1989). Patterns of frequency of activity in a high altitude population of the iguanid lizard,
  70. Sceloporus jarrovi. Journal of Herpetology 23, 152-158.
  71. Cogger, H. G. (1992). 'Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia.' (Reed Books: Sydney.) 
  72. Cree, A., and Guillette, L. J. (1995). Biennial reproduction with a fourteen-month pregnancy in the gecko
  73. Hoplodactylus maculatus from southern New Zealand. Journal of Herpetology 29, 163-173.
  74. Doughty, P., and Shine, R. (1998). Reproductive energy allocation and long-term energy stores in a
  75. viviparous lizard (Eulamprus tympanum). Ecology 79, 1073-1083.
  76. Duvall, D., Guillette, L. J., and Jones, R. E. (1982). Environmental control of reptilian reproductive cycles.
  77. In 'Biology of the Reptilia'. (Eds C. Gans and F. H. Pough.) pp. 210-231. (Academic Press: New York.)
  78. Flemming, A. F. (1993). The male reproductive cycle of the lizard Pseudocordylus m. melanotus (Sauria :
  79. Cordylidae). Journal of Herpetology 27, 473-478.
  80. Goldberg, S. R. (1974). Reproduction in mountain and lowland populations of the lizard  Sceloporus
  81. occidentalis. Copeia 1974, 176-182.
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  83. of Herpetology 9, 187-189.
  84. Guillette, L. J., and Casas-Andreu, G. (1980). Fall reproductive activity in the high altitude Mexican lizard,
  85. Sceloporus grammicus microlepidotus. Journal of Herpetology 14, 143-147.
  86. Guillette, L. J., and Casas-Andreu, G. (1987). The reproductive biology of the high elevation Mexican lizard
  87. Barisia imbricata. Herpetologica 43, 29-38.
  88. Guillette, L. J., and Méndez-de la Cruz, F. R. (1993). The reproductive cycle of the viviparous Mexican
  89. lizard Sceloporus torquatus. Journal of Herpetology 27, 168-174.
  90. Heatwole, H., and Taylor, J. (1987). 'Ecology of Reptiles.' (Surrey Beatty &amp; Sons: Sydney.) 
  91. Hutchinson, M. N., and Schwaner, T. D. (1991). Genetic relationships among the Tasmanian scincid lizards
  92. of the genus Niveoscincus. Journal of Herpetology 25, 49-58.
  93. Hutchinson, M. N., Robertson, P., and Rawlinson, P. A. (1989). Redescription and ecology of the endemic
  94. Tasmanian scincid lizards Leiolopisma microlepidotum and L. pretiosum. Papers and Proceedings of the
  95. Royal Society of Tasmania 123, 257-273.
  96. Hutchinson, M. N., Donnellan, S. C., Baverstock, P. R., Krieg, M., Simms, S., and Burgin, S. (1990).
  97. Immunological relationships and generic revision of the Australian lizards assigned to the genus
  98. Leiolopisma (Scincidae : Lygosominae). Australian Journal of Zoology 38, 535-554.
  99. James, C. D. (1991). Annual variation in reproductive cycles of scincid lizards (Ctenotus) in central
  100. Australia. Copeia 3, 744-760.
  101. James, C., and Shine, R. (1985). The seasonal timing of reproduction: a tropical-temperate comparison in
  102. Australian lizards. Oecologia 67, 464-474.
  103. Jones, S. M., and Ballinger, R. E. (1987). Comparative life histories of Holbrookia maculata and Sceloporus
  104. undulatus in Western Nebraska. Ecology 68, 1828-1838.
  105. Jones, S. M., and Swain, R. (1996). Annual reproductive cycle and annual cycles of reproductive hormones
  106. in plasma of female  Niveoscincus metallicus (Scincidae) from Tasmania.  Journal of Herpetology 30,
  107. 140-146.
  108. Jones, S. M., Wapstra, E., and Swain, R. (1997). Asynchronous male and female gonadal and plasma steroid
  109. concentrations in a viviparous lizard, Niveoscincus ocellatus (Scincidae), from Tasmania. General and
  110. Comparative Endocrinology 108, 271-281.
  111. Lee, J. C., Clayton, D., Eisenstein, S., and Perez, I. (1989). The reproductive cycle of  Anolis sagrei in
  112. southern Florida. Copeia 1989, 930-937.
  113. Mathies, T., and Andrews, R. M. (1995). Thermal and reproductive biology of high and low elevation
  114. populations of the lizard  Sceloporus scalaris: implications for the evolution of viviparity.  Oecologica
  115. 104, 101-111.
  116. Melville, J., and Swain, R. (1998). Evolutionary relationships within the snow skinks (Squamata : Scincidae :
  117. Niveoscincus) of Tasmania. Australian Biologist 11, 22-25.
  118. Melville, J., and Swain, R. (2000). Mitochondrial DNA-sequence based phylogeny and biogeography of the
  119. snow skinks (Squamata : Scincidae : Niveoscincus) of Tasmania. Herpetologica in press.
  120. Méndez-de la Cruz, F. R., Guillette, L. J., Villigrán santa Cruz, M., and Casas-Andreu, G. (1988).
  121. Reproductive and fat body cycles of the viviparous lizard  Sceloporus mucronatus (Sauria : Iguanidae).
  122. Journal of Herpetology 22, 1-12.
  123. Olsson, M., and Shine, R. (1999a). Timing of parturition as a maternal care tactic in an alpine lizard species.
  124. Evolution 52, 1861-1864.
  125. Olsson, M., and Shine, R. (1999b). Plasticity in frequency of reproduction in an alpine lizard, Niveoscincus
  126. microlepidotus. Copeia 99, 794-796.
  127. Olsson, M., Birkhead, T., and Shine, R. (1999). Can relaxed time constraints on sperm production eliminate
  128. protandry in an ectotherm. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 66, 159-170.
  129. Qualls, C. P. (1997). Effects of reproductive mode and climate on success in the Australian lizard, Lerista
  130. bougainvillii. Journal of Herpetology 31, 60-65.
  131. Rawlinson, P. A. (1974). Biogeography and ecology of the reptiles of Tasmania and the Bass Strait area. In
  132. 'Biogeography and Ecology in Tasmania'. (Ed. W. D. Williams.) pp. 291-338. (Dr W. Junk: The
  133. Hague.)
  134. Rawlinson, P. A. (1975). Two new lizard species from the genus Leiolopisma (Scincidae : Lygosominae) in
  135. southeastern Australia and Tasmania. Memoirs of the National History Museum of Victoria 36, 1-16.
  136. Rohr, D. H. (1997). Demographic and life-history variation in two proximate populations of a viviparous
  137. skink separated by a steep altitudinal gradient. Journal of Animal Ecology 66, 567-578.
  138. Schwarzkopf,  L.  (1992).  Annual  variation  of  litter  size  and  offspring  size  in  a  viviparous  skink.
  139. Herpetologica 48, 390-395.
  140. Schwarzkopf, L., and Shine, R. (1991). Thermal biology of reproduction in viviparous skinks, Eulamprus
  141. tympanum: why do gravid females bask more? Oecologia 88, 562-569.
  142. Shine, R. (1985). The reproductive biology of Australian reptiles: a search for general patterns. In 'Biology
  143. of Australasian Frogs and Reptiles'. (Eds G. Grigg, R. Shine and H. Ehmann.) pp. 311-318. (Surrey
  144. Beatty &amp; Sons: Sydney.)
  145. Shine, R., and Harlow, P. (1993). Maternal thermoregulation influences offspring viability in a viviparous
  146. lizard. Oecologia 96, 122-127.
  147. Smith, S. A., and Shine, R. (1997). Intraspecific variation in reproductive mode within the scincid lizard
  148. Saiphos equalis. Australian Journal of Zoology 45, 435-445.
  149. Swain, R. (1972). The fauna of south-western Tasmania. In 'The Tasmanian Year Book'. pp. 59-64.
  150. (Government Printer: Hobart.)
  151. Swain, R., and Jones, S. M. (1994). Annual cycle of plasma testosterone and other reproductive parameters
  152. in the Tasmanian skink, Niveoscincus metallicus. Herpetologica 50, 502-509.
  153. Taylor, J. A. (1985). Reproductive biology of the Australian lizard Ctenotus taeniolatus. Herpetologica 41,
  154. 408-418.
  155. Van Damme, R., Bauwens, D., and Verheyen, R. F. (1991). The thermal dependence of feeding behaviour,
  156. food consuption and gut passage time in the lizard  Lacerta vivipara Jacquin.  Functional Ecology 5,
  157. 507-517.
  158. Waldschmidt, S. R., Jones, S. M., and Porter, W. P. (1986). The effect of body temperature and feeding
  159. regime on activity, passage time, and digestive coefficient in the lizard Uta stansburiana. Physiological
  160. Zoology 59, 376-383.
  161. Wapstra, E. (1998). Life history and reproductive variation in the spotted skink,  Niveoscincus ocellatus.
  162. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Tasmania, Hobart.
  163. Wapstra, E., and Swain, R. (1996). Feeding ecology of the Tasmanian spotted skink, Niveoscincus ocellatus
  164. (Squamata : Scincidae). Australian Journal of Zoology 44, 205-213." name="eprints.referencetext" />
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  178. species in the genus that show two distinct reproductive strategies: annual reproduction that is completed
  179. within one season, and biennial reproduction in which females carry advanced embryos throughout winter
  180. hibernation. We chose populations representative of the climatic extremes of the species' distribution,
  181. within these areas of overlap. Niveoscincus ocellatus maintains the same basic reproductive strategy in both
  182. populations: summer gestation, primary autumn mating with obligate sperm storage by females, secondary
  183. mating in spring, and predominantly spring vitellogenesis and ovulation. In both populations all females
  184. reproduce annually, suggesting that reproductive frequency is not constrained by availability of energy.
  185. However, we found distinct differences in the timing of ovulation and parturition. Females from our
  186. subalpine site ovulated approximately one month later than those from our warmer, lowland site; parturition
  187. was delayed by the same period so gestation length was unchanged. The delay in ovulation results in
  188. gestation proceeding over the warmest months at the cold site. The annual reproductive cycle of this species
  189. appears to constrain its distribution to the lower altitudinal/climatic range of alpine  Niveoscincus  species.
  190. There were minor annual differences in the timing of reproductive events at each site, which we attribute to
  191. variation in thermal conditions and the amount of precipitation.
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  306.     <h1 class="ep_tm_pagetitle">Geographic and annual variation in reproductive cycles in the Tasmanian spotted snow skink, Niveoscincus ocellatus (Squamata : Scincidae)</h1>
  307.     <p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><span class="person_name">Wapstra, Erik</span> and <span class="person_name">Swain, Roy</span> and <span class="person_name">Jones, Susan M.</span> and <span class="person_name">O'Reilly, Julianne</span> (1999) <xhtml:em>Geographic and annual variation in reproductive cycles in the Tasmanian spotted snow skink, Niveoscincus ocellatus (Squamata : Scincidae).</xhtml:em> Australian Journal of Zoology, 47 (6). pp. 539-550. ISSN 0004-959X</p><p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"></p><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><tr><td valign="top" style="text-align:center"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2422/1/1999WapstraetalAustJZool.pdf"><img alt="[img]" src="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/images/fileicons/application_pdf.png" class="ep_doc_icon" border="0" /></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2422/1/1999WapstraetalAustJZool.pdf"><span class="ep_document_citation">PDF</span></a> - Full text restricted - Requires a PDF viewer<br />228Kb</td><td><form method="get" accept-charset="utf-8" action="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/request_doc"><input accept-charset="utf-8" value="3129" name="docid" type="hidden" /><div class=""><input value="Request a copy" name="_action_null" class="ep_form_action_button" onclick="return EPJS_button_pushed( '_action_null' )" type="submit" /> </div></form></td></tr></table><p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block">Official URL: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ZO99038">http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ZO99038</a></p><div class="not_ep_block"><h2>Abstract</h2><p style="padding-bottom: 16px; text-align: left; margin: 1em auto 0em auto">We studied the reproductive cycle of two populations of the spotted snow skink,  Niveoscincus ocellatus,&#13;
  308. over a three-year period. This species is widespread in Tasmania and its distribution overlaps those of other&#13;
  309. species in the genus that show two distinct reproductive strategies: annual reproduction that is completed&#13;
  310. within one season, and biennial reproduction in which females carry advanced embryos throughout winter&#13;
  311. hibernation. We chose populations representative of the climatic extremes of the species' distribution,&#13;
  312. within these areas of overlap. Niveoscincus ocellatus maintains the same basic reproductive strategy in both&#13;
  313. populations: summer gestation, primary autumn mating with obligate sperm storage by females, secondary&#13;
  314. mating in spring, and predominantly spring vitellogenesis and ovulation. In both populations all females&#13;
  315. reproduce annually, suggesting that reproductive frequency is not constrained by availability of energy.&#13;
  316. However, we found distinct differences in the timing of ovulation and parturition. Females from our&#13;
  317. subalpine site ovulated approximately one month later than those from our warmer, lowland site; parturition&#13;
  318. was delayed by the same period so gestation length was unchanged. The delay in ovulation results in&#13;
  319. gestation proceeding over the warmest months at the cold site. The annual reproductive cycle of this species&#13;
  320. appears to constrain its distribution to the lower altitudinal/climatic range of alpine  Niveoscincus  species.&#13;
  321. There were minor annual differences in the timing of reproductive events at each site, which we attribute to&#13;
  322. variation in thermal conditions and the amount of precipitation.&#13;
  323. </p></div><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" cellpadding="3" class="not_ep_block" border="0"><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Item Type:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">Article</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Additional Information:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">Copyright 1999 CSIRO. http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/90.htm</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Subjects:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/view/subjects/270706.html">270000 Biological Sciences &gt; 270700 Ecology and Evolution &gt; 270706 Life Histories (incl. Population Ecology)</a></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ID Code:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">2422</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited By:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><span class="ep_name_citation"><span class="person_name">Dr Erik Wapstra</span></span></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited On:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">15 Nov 2007 13:55</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Last Modified:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">09 Jan 2008 02:30</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ePrint Statistics:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a target="ePrintStats" href="/es/index.php?action=show_detail_eprint;id=2422;">View statistics for this ePrint</a></td></tr></table><p align="right">Repository Staff Only: <a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/users/home?screen=EPrint::View&amp;eprintid=2422">item control page</a></p>
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