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    <title>UTas ePrints - Hardly a Relict: Freezing and the Evolution of Vesselless Wood in Winteraceae</title>
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    <meta content="Feild, Taylor S." name="eprints.creators_name" />
<meta content="Brodribb, Tim J." name="eprints.creators_name" />
<meta content="Holbrook, N. M." name="eprints.creators_name" />
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<meta content="Timothy.Brodribb@utas.edu.au" name="eprints.creators_id" />
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<meta content="Hardly a Relict: Freezing and the Evolution of Vesselless Wood in Winteraceae" name="eprints.title" />
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<meta content="Angiosperm evolution, Canellaceae, Drimys, freezing stress, Winteraceae, xylem evolution." name="eprints.keywords" />
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<meta content="The Winteraceae are traditionally regarded as the least-specialized descendents of the first flowering plants,
based largely on their lack of xylem vessels. Since vessels have been viewed as a key innovation for angiosperm
diversification, Winteraceae have been portrayed as declining relicts, limited to wet forest habitats where their tracheidbased
wood does not impose a significant hydraulic constraints. In contrast, phylogenetic analyses place Winteraceae
among angiosperm clades with vessels, indicating that their vesselless wood is derived rather than primitive, whereas
extension of the Winteraceae fossil record into the Early Cretaceous suggests a more complex ecological history than
has been deduced from their current distribution. However, the selective regime and ecological events underlying the
possible loss of vessels in Winteraceae have remained enigmatic. Here we examine the hypothesis that vessels were
lost as an adaptation to freezing-prone environments in Winteraceae by measuring the responses of xylem water
transport to freezing for a diverse group of Winteraceae taxa as compared to Canella winterana (Canellaceae, a close
relative with vessels) and sympatric conifer taxa. We found that mean percent loss of xylem water transport capacity
following freeze-thaw varied from 0% to 6% for Winteraceae species from freezing-prone temperate climates and
approximately 20% in those taxa from tropical (nonfreezing) climates. Similarly, conifers exhibit almost no decrease
in xylem hydraulic conductivity following freezing. In contrast, water transport in Canella stems is nearly 85% blocked
after freeze-thaw. Although vessel-bearing wood of Canella possesses considerably greaterhydraulic capacity than
Winteraceae, nearly 20% of xylem hydraulic conductance remains, a value that is comparable to the hydraulic capacity
of vesselless Winteraceae xylem, if the proportion of hydraulic flow through vessels (modeled as ideal capillaries) is
removed. Thus, the evolutionary removal of vessels may not necessarily require a deleterious shift to an ineffective
vascular system. By integrating Winteraceae’s phylogenetic relationships and fossil history with physiological and
ecological observations, we suggest that, as ancestors of modern Winteraceae passed through temperate conditions
present in Southern Gondwana during the Early Cretaceous, they were exposed to selective pressures against vesselpossession
and returned to a vascular system relying on tracheids. These results suggest that the vesselless condition
is advantageous in freezing-prone areas, which is supported by the strong bias in the ecological abundance of Winteraceae
to wet temperate and tropical alpine habitats, rather than a retained feature from the first vesselless angiosperms.
We believe that vesselless wood plays an important role in the ecological abundance of Winteraceae in Southern
Hemisphere temperate environments by enabling the retention of leaves and photosynthesis in the face of frequent
freeze-thaw events." name="eprints.abstract" />
<meta content="2002" name="eprints.date" />
<meta content="published" name="eprints.date_type" />
<meta content="Evolution" name="eprints.publication" />
<meta content="56" name="eprints.volume" />
<meta content="3" name="eprints.number" />
<meta content="464-478" name="eprints.pagerange" />
<meta content="10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb01359.x" name="eprints.id_number" />
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<meta content="0014-3820" name="eprints.issn" />
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<meta content="The Winteraceae are traditionally regarded as the least-specialized descendents of the first flowering plants,
based largely on their lack of xylem vessels. Since vessels have been viewed as a key innovation for angiosperm
diversification, Winteraceae have been portrayed as declining relicts, limited to wet forest habitats where their tracheidbased
wood does not impose a significant hydraulic constraints. In contrast, phylogenetic analyses place Winteraceae
among angiosperm clades with vessels, indicating that their vesselless wood is derived rather than primitive, whereas
extension of the Winteraceae fossil record into the Early Cretaceous suggests a more complex ecological history than
has been deduced from their current distribution. However, the selective regime and ecological events underlying the
possible loss of vessels in Winteraceae have remained enigmatic. Here we examine the hypothesis that vessels were
lost as an adaptation to freezing-prone environments in Winteraceae by measuring the responses of xylem water
transport to freezing for a diverse group of Winteraceae taxa as compared to Canella winterana (Canellaceae, a close
relative with vessels) and sympatric conifer taxa. We found that mean percent loss of xylem water transport capacity
following freeze-thaw varied from 0% to 6% for Winteraceae species from freezing-prone temperate climates and
approximately 20% in those taxa from tropical (nonfreezing) climates. Similarly, conifers exhibit almost no decrease
in xylem hydraulic conductivity following freezing. In contrast, water transport in Canella stems is nearly 85% blocked
after freeze-thaw. Although vessel-bearing wood of Canella possesses considerably greaterhydraulic capacity than
Winteraceae, nearly 20% of xylem hydraulic conductance remains, a value that is comparable to the hydraulic capacity
of vesselless Winteraceae xylem, if the proportion of hydraulic flow through vessels (modeled as ideal capillaries) is
removed. Thus, the evolutionary removal of vessels may not necessarily require a deleterious shift to an ineffective
vascular system. By integrating Winteraceae’s phylogenetic relationships and fossil history with physiological and
ecological observations, we suggest that, as ancestors of modern Winteraceae passed through temperate conditions
present in Southern Gondwana during the Early Cretaceous, they were exposed to selective pressures against vesselpossession
and returned to a vascular system relying on tracheids. These results suggest that the vesselless condition
is advantageous in freezing-prone areas, which is supported by the strong bias in the ecological abundance of Winteraceae
to wet temperate and tropical alpine habitats, rather than a retained feature from the first vesselless angiosperms.
We believe that vesselless wood plays an important role in the ecological abundance of Winteraceae in Southern
Hemisphere temperate environments by enabling the retention of leaves and photosynthesis in the face of frequent
freeze-thaw events." name="DC.description" />
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    <h1 class="ep_tm_pagetitle">Hardly a Relict: Freezing and the Evolution of Vesselless Wood in Winteraceae</h1>
    <p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><span class="person_name">Feild, Taylor S.</span> and <span class="person_name">Brodribb, Tim J.</span> and <span class="person_name">Holbrook, N. M.</span> (2002) <xhtml:em>Hardly a Relict: Freezing and the Evolution of Vesselless Wood in Winteraceae.</xhtml:em> Evolution, 56 (3). pp. 464-478. ISSN 0014-3820</p><p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"></p><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><tr><td valign="top" style="text-align:center"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2606/1/FeildBrod_Evolution.pdf"><img alt="[img]" src="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/images/fileicons/application_pdf.png" class="ep_doc_icon" border="0" /></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2606/1/FeildBrod_Evolution.pdf"><span class="ep_document_citation">PDF</span></a> - Full text restricted - Requires a PDF viewer<br />324Kb</td><td><form method="get" accept-charset="utf-8" action="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/request_doc"><input accept-charset="utf-8" value="3414" name="docid" type="hidden" /><div class=""><input value="Request a copy" name="_action_null" class="ep_form_action_button" onclick="return EPJS_button_pushed( '_action_null' )" type="submit" /> </div></form></td></tr></table><p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block">Official URL: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb01359.x">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb01359.x</a></p><div class="not_ep_block"><h2>Abstract</h2><p style="padding-bottom: 16px; text-align: left; margin: 1em auto 0em auto">The Winteraceae are traditionally regarded as the least-specialized descendents of the first flowering plants,&#13;
based largely on their lack of xylem vessels. Since vessels have been viewed as a key innovation for angiosperm&#13;
diversification, Winteraceae have been portrayed as declining relicts, limited to wet forest habitats where their tracheidbased&#13;
wood does not impose a significant hydraulic constraints. In contrast, phylogenetic analyses place Winteraceae&#13;
among angiosperm clades with vessels, indicating that their vesselless wood is derived rather than primitive, whereas&#13;
extension of the Winteraceae fossil record into the Early Cretaceous suggests a more complex ecological history than&#13;
has been deduced from their current distribution. However, the selective regime and ecological events underlying the&#13;
possible loss of vessels in Winteraceae have remained enigmatic. Here we examine the hypothesis that vessels were&#13;
lost as an adaptation to freezing-prone environments in Winteraceae by measuring the responses of xylem water&#13;
transport to freezing for a diverse group of Winteraceae taxa as compared to Canella winterana (Canellaceae, a close&#13;
relative with vessels) and sympatric conifer taxa. We found that mean percent loss of xylem water transport capacity&#13;
following freeze-thaw varied from 0% to 6% for Winteraceae species from freezing-prone temperate climates and&#13;
approximately 20% in those taxa from tropical (nonfreezing) climates. Similarly, conifers exhibit almost no decrease&#13;
in xylem hydraulic conductivity following freezing. In contrast, water transport in Canella stems is nearly 85% blocked&#13;
after freeze-thaw. Although vessel-bearing wood of Canella possesses considerably greaterhydraulic capacity than&#13;
Winteraceae, nearly 20% of xylem hydraulic conductance remains, a value that is comparable to the hydraulic capacity&#13;
of vesselless Winteraceae xylem, if the proportion of hydraulic flow through vessels (modeled as ideal capillaries) is&#13;
removed. Thus, the evolutionary removal of vessels may not necessarily require a deleterious shift to an ineffective&#13;
vascular system. By integrating Winteraceae’s phylogenetic relationships and fossil history with physiological and&#13;
ecological observations, we suggest that, as ancestors of modern Winteraceae passed through temperate conditions&#13;
present in Southern Gondwana during the Early Cretaceous, they were exposed to selective pressures against vesselpossession&#13;
and returned to a vascular system relying on tracheids. These results suggest that the vesselless condition&#13;
is advantageous in freezing-prone areas, which is supported by the strong bias in the ecological abundance of Winteraceae&#13;
to wet temperate and tropical alpine habitats, rather than a retained feature from the first vesselless angiosperms.&#13;
We believe that vesselless wood plays an important role in the ecological abundance of Winteraceae in Southern&#13;
Hemisphere temperate environments by enabling the retention of leaves and photosynthesis in the face of frequent&#13;
freeze-thaw events.</p></div><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" cellpadding="3" class="not_ep_block" border="0"><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Item Type:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">Article</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Additional Information:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">"The definitive version is available at www.blackwell-synergy.com"&#13;
</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Keywords:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">Angiosperm evolution, Canellaceae, Drimys, freezing stress, Winteraceae, xylem evolution.</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Subjects:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/view/subjects/270402.html">270000 Biological Sciences &gt; 270400 Botany &gt; 270402 Plant Physiology</a><br /><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/view/subjects/270400.html">270000 Biological Sciences &gt; 270400 Botany</a></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ID Code:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">2606</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited By:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><span class="ep_name_citation"><span class="person_name">Scholarly Publications Librarian</span></span></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited On:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">03 Dec 2007 13:03</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Last Modified:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">09 Jan 2008 02:30</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ePrint Statistics:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a target="ePrintStats" href="/es/index.php?action=show_detail_eprint;id=2606;">View statistics for this ePrint</a></td></tr></table><p align="right">Repository Staff Only: <a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/users/home?screen=EPrint::View&amp;eprintid=2606">item control page</a></p>
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