Digital_Repository/Misc/Mass downloads/UTas/1201.html at f408dc826a33e17e0301fe6081775e77ab9692a0

nigel.stanger / Digital_Repository
Find file
Newer
Older
Digital_Repository / Misc / Mass downloads / UTas / 1201.html
Nigel Stanger on 7 May 2013 50 KB - Imported Misc directory.
Raw Blame History
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html>
  <head>
    <title>UTas ePrints - Spatially and temporally predictable fish communities on coral reefs</title>
    <script type="text/javascript" src="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/javascript/auto.js"><!-- padder --></script>
    <style type="text/css" media="screen">@import url(http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/auto.css);</style>
    <style type="text/css" media="print">@import url(http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/print.css);</style>
    <link rel="icon" href="/images/eprints/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" />
    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/images/eprints/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" />
    <link rel="Top" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/" />
    <link rel="Search" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/search" />
    <meta content="Ault, Timothy R." name="eprints.creators_name" />
<meta content="Johnson, Craig R." name="eprints.creators_name" />
<meta name="eprints.creators_id" />
<meta content="Craig.Johnson@utas.edu.au" name="eprints.creators_id" />
<meta content="article" name="eprints.type" />
<meta content="2007-06-21" name="eprints.datestamp" />
<meta content="2008-02-04T06:06:53Z" name="eprints.lastmod" />
<meta content="show" name="eprints.metadata_visibility" />
<meta content="Spatially and temporally predictable fish communities on coral reefs" name="eprints.title" />
<meta content="pub" name="eprints.ispublished" />
<meta content="270702" name="eprints.subjects" />
<meta content="restricted" name="eprints.full_text_status" />
<meta content="community structure; contiguous reef; coral reef fish; habitat structure; ordination; patch reef; population density; recruitment; recruitment limitation; reef connectivity" name="eprints.keywords" />
<meta content="Copyright by the Ecological Society of America." name="eprints.note" />
<meta content="Spatial and temporal variation in the distribution and abundance of site-attached
fish species inhabiting small, isolated patches of coral reef has been attributed to variability in
larval recruitment. However, the relative importance of settlement and postsettlement processes
in determining the structure of fish communities in general, i.e., including non-site-attached
species inhabiting large sections of contiguous reef, remains to be determined. Here, we examine
the degree of spatial and temporal variation in community structure and population density of
fish inhabiting sections of coral reef varying in size and connectivity.
To investigate spatial variability in fish community structure and population density, we
surveyed 36 sites on contiguous reef and 39 patch-reef sites varying in size and isolation from
neighboring patches. Ordination and regression analyses indicated that the structure of fish
assemblages inhabiting contiguous reef varied predictably along habitat gradients. In contrast,
intrinsic habitat characteristics, such as the shelter availability and the composition of the
substratum, were apparently unrelated to the structure of fish assemblages on patch reefs. For
sites on contiguous reef, multiple regression models explained a significant proportion of spatial
variation in the population density of 10 site-attached and vagile species (including 90% of
variation in the density of Pomacentrus moluccensis, a site-attached damselfish). For patch-reef
sites, models of spatial variation in population density were significant for six species, five of
which were not site attached. The overall pattern across most species was that patch-reef models
were characterized by a reduced r2 relative to corresponding models of contiguous-reef populations,
but the reduction was substantially less for vagile species than for site-attached species.
Ordination analysis of temporal variability in community structure over two years suggested
that none of the fish communities at the sites examined was in a consistent state of community
succession. For most sites, community structure varied randomly over time, although at some
sites, the structure of resident fish communities tended towards a stable position in multivariate
community space. Across all sites, temporal change in community structure was significantly
higher during periods of recruitment than at other times of the year, although there was little
evidence to suggest that recruitment was the sole source of temporal variation. At most sites,
the structure of fish assemblages fluctuated considerably during nonrecruitment periods. Patterns
of temporal variation in the population density of four site-attached species indicated that
population increases corresponding with pulses of recruitment were modified by postsettlement
processes. For site-attached and moderately vagile species, overall temporal variability in assemblage
structure increased significantly as sites became smaller and more isolated. Temporal
variability in assemblages of highly vagile species was unrelated to survey area and connectivity.
Overall, the results of the analyses of spatial and temporal variability in fish community
structure suggest that species' vagility and reef connectivity strongly influence the relative
importance of recruitment and postrecruitment processes in determining local population density.
Individuals of highly vagile species are able to move among isolated patches in response to
habitat preferences or resource availability. Conversely, the continuous shelter provided by
contiguous reef may allow sedentary species to migrate to more favorable areas. We suggest
that for many fish species, including vagile species on patchy reef and site-attached species on
contiguous reef, patterns in distribution and abundance established at recruitment are modified
by postsettlement migration, which enhances the relationship between population density and
habitat structure. Thus, while recruitment patterns may explain much of the spatial and temporal
variation in populations of site-attached fish on small, isolated patch reefs, this result cannot
necessarily be extrapolated to fish communities inhabiting large sections of contiguous reef.
" name="eprints.abstract" />
<meta content="1998" name="eprints.date" />
<meta content="published" name="eprints.date_type" />
<meta content="Ecological Monographs" name="eprints.publication" />
<meta content="68" name="eprints.volume" />
<meta content="1" name="eprints.number" />
<meta content="25-50" name="eprints.pagerange" />
<meta content="10.1890/0012-9615(1998)068[0025:SATPFO]2.0.CO;2" name="eprints.id_number" />
<meta content="UNSPECIFIED" name="eprints.thesis_type" />
<meta content="TRUE" name="eprints.refereed" />
<meta content="0012-9615" name="eprints.issn" />
<meta content="http://www.esajournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-toc&amp;issn=0012-9615&amp;volume=68&amp;issue=1" name="eprints.official_url" />
<meta content="Anderson, G. R. V., A. H. Ehrlich, P. R. Ehrlich, J. D. Roughgarden,
B. C. Russel, and F. H. Talbot. 1981. The community
structure of coral reef fishes. American Naturalist
117:476-495.
Bardach, J. E. 1958. On the movements of certain Bermuda
reef fishes. Ecology 39: 139-146.
Booth, D. J. 1992. Larval settlement patterns and preferences by domino damselfish Duscy/l~~nslbise/la Gill. Journal of
Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 155:85-104.
Booth, D. J., and D. M. Brosnan. 1995. The role of recruitment
dynamics in rocky shore and coral reef communities.
Advances in Ecological Research 26:309-385.
Brothers, E. B., D. McB. Williams, and P. F. Sale. 1983.
Length of larval life in twelve families of fishes at 'One
Tree Lagoon', Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Marine Biology
76:3 19-324.
Carr, M. H., and M. A. Hixon. 1995. Predation effects on
early post-settlement survivorship of coral reef fishes. Marine
Ecology Progress Series 124:31-42.
Clarke, K. R. 1993. Non-parametric multivariate analyses of
changes in community structure. Australian Journal of
Ecology 18: 1 17-143.
Clarke, R. D. 1988. Chance and order in determining fishspecies
composition on small coral patches. Journal of Experimental
Marine Biology and Ecology 115:197-212.
Doherty, P. J. 1981. Coral reef fishes: recruitment limited
assemblages? Proceedings of the Fourth International Coral
Reef Symposium (Manila) 2:465-470.
, 1982. Some effects of density on the juveniles of
two species of tropical, territorial damselfishes. Journal of
Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 65:249-261.
. 1983. Tropical territorial damselfishes: is density
limited by aggression or recruitment? Ecology 64: 176-190.
. 1987. The replenishment of populations of coral reef
fishes, recruitment surveys, and the problems of variability
manifest on multiple scales. Bulletin of Marine Science 41:
41 1-422.
. 1991. Spatial and temporal patterns in recruitment.
Pages 261-293 in P. F. Sale, editor. The ecology of fishes
on coral reefs. Academic Press, San Diego, California,
USA.
Doherty, P. J., and A. Fowler. 19940. An empirical test of
recruitment limitation in a coral reef fish. Science 263:935-
939.
Doherty, P. J., and A. Fowler. 1994)). Demographic consequences
of variable recruitment to coral reef fish populations:
a congeneric comparison of two damselfishes. Bulletin
of Marine Science 54:297-3 13.
Doherty, P. J., and D. McB. Williams. 1988. The replenishment
of coral reef fish populations. Oceanography and Marine
Biology Annual Reviews 26:487-55 1.
Eckert, G. J. 1984. Annual and spatial variation in recruitment
of labroid fishes among seven reefs in the Capricorn/
Bunker Groups, Great Barrier Reef. Marine Biology 78:
123-127.
Faith, D. P., l? R. Minchin, and L. Belbin. 1987. Compositional
dissimilarity as a robust measure of ecological distance.
Vegetatio 69:57-68.
Fogarty, M. J., M. P. Sissenwine, and E. B. Cohen. 1991.
Recruitment variability and the dynamics of exploited marine
populations. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 6:241-
246.
Forrester, G. E. 1990. Factors influencing the juvenile demography
of a coral reef fish. Ecology 71:1666-1681.
. 1995. Strong density-dependent survival and recruitment
regulate the abundance of a coral reef fish. Oecologia
103:275-282.
Fowler, A. J., P. J. Doherty, and D. McB. Williams. 1992.
Multi-scale analysis of recruitment of a coral reef fish on
the Great Barrier Reef. Marine Ecology Progress Series 82:
131-141.
Gladfelter, W. B., and E. H. Gladfelter. 1978. Fish community
structure as a function of habitat structure on West
Indian patch reefs. Revista de Biologia Tropical 26:65-84.
Gladfelter, W. B., J. C. Ogden, and E. H. Gladfelter. 1980.
Similarity and diversity among coral reef fish communities:
a comparison between tropical western Atlantic (Virgin Islands) and tropical central Pacific (Marshall Islands) patch
reefs. Ecology 61:1156-1168.
Hamner, W. M., M. S. Jones, J. H. Carleton, I. R. Hauri, and
D. McB. Williams. 1988. Zooplankton, planktivorous fish,
and water currents on a windward reef face: Great Barrier
Reef, Australia. Bulletin of Marine Science 42:459-479.
Harrison, S. 199 1. Local extinction in a metapopulation context:
an empirical evaluation. Biological Journal of the Linnean
Society 42:73-88.
Hiatt, R. W., and D. W. Strasburg. 1960. Ecological relationships
of the fish fauna on coral reefs of the Marshall
Islands. Ecological Monographs 30:65-127.
Hixon, M. A. 1991. Predation as a process structure coral
reef fish communities. Pages 475-508 in P. F. Sale, editor.
The ecology of fishes on coral reefs. Academic Press, San
Diego, California, USA.
Hixon, M. A,, and J. P. Beets. 1993. Predation, prey refuges,
and the structure of coral reef fish assemblages. Ecological
Monographs 63:77-101.
Johnson, C. R., and K. H. Mann. 1988. Diversity, patterns
of adaptation, and stability of Nova Scotia kelp beds. Ecological
Monographs 58: 129-154.
Jones, G. P. 1986. Food availability affects growth in a coral
reef fish. Oecologia (Berlin) 70: 136-139.
. 1987a. Competitive interactions among adults and
juveniles in a coral reef fish. Ecology 68:1534-1547.
. 1987b. Some interactions between residents and recruits
in two coral reef fishes. Journal of Experimental Marine
Biology and Ecology 114:169-182.
. 1988. Experimental evaluation of the effects of habitat
structure and competitive interactions on the juveniles
of two coral reef fishes. Journal of Experimental Marine
Biology and Ecology 123: 115-126.
. 1990. The importance of recruitment to the dynamics
of a coral reef fish population. Ecology 71:1691-1698
. 1991. Postrecruitment processes in the ecology of
coral reef fish populations: a multifactorial perspective.
Pages 294-328 in P. F. Sale, editor. The ecology of fishes
on coral reefs. Academic Press, San Diego, California,
USA.
Kruskal, J. B. 1964a. Multidimensional scaling by optimizing
goodness-of-fit to a non-metric hypothesis. Psychometrika
29: 1-27.
. 1964b. Non-metric multidimensional scaling: a numerical
method. Psychometrika 29: 115-129.
Leis, J. M. 1981. Distribution of fish larvae around Lizard
Island, Great Barrier Reef. Proceedings of the Fourth International
Coral Reef Symposium (Manila) 2:471-477.
Lewin, R. 1986. Supply-side ecology. Science 234:25-27.
Luckhurst, B. E., and K. Luckhurst. 1978. Analysis of the
influence of substrate variables on coral reef fish communities.
Marine Biology 49:317-323.
MacArthur, R. H., and E. 0 . Wilson. 1967. The theory of
island biogeography. Princeton University Press, Princeton,
New Jersey, USA.
Manly, B. F. 1991. Randomization and Monte Carlo methods
in biology. Chapman and Hall, London, UK.
Mapstone, B. D., and A. J. Fowler. 1988. Recruitment and
the structure of assemblages of fish on coral reefs. Trends
in Ecology and Evolution 3:72-77.
Milicich, M. J., and P. J. Doherty. 1994. Larval supply of
coral reef fish populations: magnitude and synchrony of
replenishment to Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef. Marine
Ecology Progress Series 110: 121-134.
Minchin, P. R. 1987. An evaluation of the relative robustness
of techniques for ecological ordination. Vegetatio 69:89-
107.
Molles, M. C. 1978. Fish species diversity on model and
natural reef patches: experimental insular biogeography.
Ecological Monographs 48:289-305.
Odum, H. T., and E. P. Odum. 1955. Trophic structure and
productivity of a windward coral reef community at Eniwetok
Atoll. Ecological Monographs 25:291-320.
Partridge, B. L. 1982. The structure and function of fish
schools. Scientific American 246:90-99.
Pitcher, T. J. 1973. The three-dimensional structure of
schools in the minnow, Phoxinus phoxinus L. Animal Behavior
21:673-686.
Potvin, C., and D. A. Roff. 1993. Distribution-free and robust
statistical methods: viable alternatives to parametric statistics?
Ecology 74: 1617-1628.
Power, M. E. 1984. Depth distributions of armored catfish:
predator-induced resource avoidance. Ecology 65:523-
528.
Reese, E. S. 1989. Orientation behaviour of butterflyfishes
(family Chaetodontidae) on coral reefs: spatial learning of
route specific landmarks and cognitive maps. Environmental
Biology of Fishes 25:79-86.
Rencher, A. C., and F. C. Pun. 1980. Inflation of R-squared
in best subset regression. Technometrics 22:49-54.
Richards, W. J., and K. C. Lindeman. 1987. Recruitment
dynamics of reef fishes: planktonic, settlement and demersal
ecologies, and fishery analysis. Bulletin of Marine Science
41:392-410.
Risk, M. J. 1972. Fish diversity on a coral reef in the Virgin
Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin 153: 1-6.
Roberts, C. M., A. R. Dawson Shepherd, and R. F. G. Ormond.
1992. Large-scale variation in assemblage structure of Red
Sea butterflyfishes and angelfishes. Journal of Biogeography
19:239-250.
Robertson, D. R. 1988a. Abundances of surgeonfishes on
patch-reefs in Caribbean Panama: Due to settlement, or
post-settlement events? Marine Biology 97:495-501.
. 1988b. Settlement and population dynamics of Abudefduf
saxatilis on patch reefs in Caribbean Panama. Proceedings
of the Sixth International Coral Reef Symposium,
Townsville, Australia 2:839-844.
. 1996. Interspecific competition controls abundance
and habitat use of territorial Caribbean damselfishes. Ecology
77:885-899.
Robertson, D. R., U. M. Schober, and J. D. Brawn. 1993.
Comparative variation in spawning output and juvenile recruitment
of some Caribbean reef fishes. Marine Ecology
Progress Series 94: 105-1 13.
Robertson, D. R., H. P. A. Sweatman, E. A. Fletcher, and M.
G. Cleland. 1976. Schooling as a mechanism for circumventing
the territoriality of competitors. Ecology 57: 1208-
1220.
Roughgarden, J., S. D. Gaines, and S. W. Pacala. 1986. Supply
side ecology: the role of physical transport processes.
Pages 491-518 in J. H. R. Gee and P. S. Giller, editors.
Organization of communities: past and present. Blackwell
Scientific Publications, Oxford, UK.
Sale, P. F. 1980. The ecology of fishes on coral reefs. Oceanography
and Marine Biology Annual Reviews 18:367-42 1.
. 1984. The structure of communities of fish on coral
reefs and the merit of a hypothesis-testing, manipulative
approach to ecology. Pages 478-490 in D. R. Strong, D.
Simberloff, L. G. Abele, and A. B. Thistle, editors. Ecological
communities: conceptual issues and the evidence.
Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
. 1990. Recruitment of marine species: Is the bandwagon
rolling in the right direction? Trends in Ecology and
Evolution 5:25-27.
. 1991. Reef fish communities: open nonequilibrial
systems. Pages 565-598 in P. F. Sale, editor. The ecology
of fishes on coral reefs. Academic Press, San Diego, California,
USA.
Sale, P. F., P. J. Doherty, G. J. Eckert, W. A. Douglas, and D.
J. Ferrell. 1984b. Large scale spatial and temporal variation in recruitment to fish populations on coral reefs. Oecologia
(Berlin) 64: 191-198.
Sale, P. E, and W. A. Douglas. 1984. Temporal variability
in the community structure of fish on coral patch reefs and
the relation of community structure to reef structure. Ecology
65:409-422.
Sale, P. F., W. A. Douglas, and P. J. Doherty. 1984a. Choice
of microhabitats by coral reef fishes at settlement. Coral
Reefs 3:91-99.
Sale, I? F., and R. Dybdahl. 1975. Determinants of community
structure for coral reef fishes in an experimental
environment. Ecology 56: 1342-1355.
Sale, P. F., and R. Dybdahl. 1978. Determinants of community
structure for coral reef fishes in isolated coral heads
at lagoonal and reef slope sites. Oecologia (Berlin) 34:57-
- &quot;
14.
Sale, P. E, and J. A. Guy. 1992. Persistence of community
structure: what happens when you change taxonomic scale.
Coral Reefs 11: 147-154.
Sale, P. F., J. A. Guy, and W. J. Steel. 1994. Ecological
structure of assemblages of coral reef fishes on isolated
patch reefs. Oecologia 98:83-99.
Sale, P. F., and W. J. Steel. 1986. Random placement and the
distribution of fishes among coral patch reefs. Marine Ecology
Progress Series 28: 165-174.
Sale, P. F., and W. J. Steel. 1989. Temporal variability in
patterns of association among fish species on coral patch
reefs. Marine Ecology Progress Series 51:35-47.
Shulman, M. J. 1984. Resource limitation and recruitment
patterns in a coral reef fish assemblage. Journal of Experimental
Marine Biology and Ecology 74:85-109.
. 1985. Recruitment of coral reef fishes: effects of
distribution of predators and shelter. Ecology 66:1056-
1066.
Shulman, M. J., J. C. Ogden, J. P. Ebersole, W. N. McFarland,
S. L. Miller, and N. G. Wolf. 1983. Priority effects in the
recruitment of juvenile coral reef fishes. Ecology 64: 1508-
1513.
Simberloff, D. 1976. Experimental zoogeography of islands:
effects of island size. Ecology 57:629-648.
Smith, C. L. 1975. Analysis of a coral reef community: size
and relative abundance. Hydro-lab Journal 3:3 1-38.
. 1978. Coral reef fish communities: a compromise
view. Environmental Biology of Fishes 3:109-128.
Smith, C. L., and J. C. Tyler. 1972. Space resource sharing
in a coral reef fish community. Pages 125-170 in B. B.
Collette and S. A. Earle, editors. Results of the Tektite
program: ecology of coral reef fishes. Natural History Museum
of Los Angeles County Science Bulletin 14.
Smith, C. L., and J. C. Tyler. 1973. Direct observations of
resource sharing in coral reef fish. Helgolander Wissenschaflicher
Meeresuntersuchungen 24:264-275.
Sokal, R. R., and F. J. Rohlf. 1995. Biometry. W. H. Freeman,
New York, New York, USA.
Sweatman, H. I? A. 1983. Influence of conspecifics on choice
of settlement sites by larvae of two pomacentrid fishes
(Dnsc)llur aruanur and D. reticulntus) on coral reefs. Marine
Biology 75:225-229.
. 1985. The influence of adults of some coral reef
fishes on larval recruitment. Ecological Monographs 55:
469-485.
Tabachnick, B. G., and L. S. Fidell. 1989. Using multivariate
statistics. Harper and Row, New York, New York, USA.
Talbot, F. H., B. C. Russell, and G. R. V. Anderson. 1978.
Coral reef fish communities: unstable high-diversity systems?
Ecological Monographs 49:425-440.
Thresher, R. E. 1983a. Habitat effects on reproductive success
in the coral reef fish, Acntlthochron~is polyncanthus
(Pomacentridae). Ecology 64: 1184-1 199.
. 1983b. Environmental correlates of the distribution
of planktivorous fishes in the One Tree Reef Lagoon. Marine
Ecology Progress Series 10:137-145.
. 1984. Reproduction in reef fishes. TFH Publications,
Neptune City, New Jersey, USA.
Tolimieri, N. 1995. Effects of microhabitat characteristics
on the settlement and recruitment of a coral reef fish at two
spatial scales. Oecologia 102:52-63.
Underwood, A. J., and E. J. Denley. 1984. Paradigms, explanations
and generalizations in models for the structure
of intertidal communities on rocky shores. Pages 151-180
in D. R. Strong, D. Simberloff, L. G. Abele, and A. B.
Thistle, editors. Ecological communities: conceptual issues
and the evidence. Princeton University Press, Princeton,
New Jersey, USA.
Underwood, A. J., and P. G. Fairweather. 1989. Supply-side
ecology and benthic marine assemblages. Trends in Ecology
and Evolution 4: 16-20.
Victor, B. C. 1982. Daily otolith increments and recruitment
in two coral-reef wrasses, Thalasso~iltbr ifilsciat~itila nd HuIichoeres
bivittatus. Marine Biology 71:203-208.
. 1983. Recruitment and population dynamics of a
coral reef fish. Science 219:419-420.
. 1986. Larval settlement and juvenile mortality in a
recruitment-limited coral reef fish population. Ecological
Monographs 56: 145-160.
Walsh, W. J. 1985. Reef fish community dynamics on small
artificial reefs: the influence of isolation, habitat structure,
and biogeography. Bulletin of Marine Science 36:357-376.
Wellington, G. M. 1992. Habitat selection and juvenile persistence
control the distribution of two closely related Caribbean
damselfishes. Oecologia 90:500-508.
Werner, E. E., J. F. Gilliam, D. J. Hall, and G. G. Mittelbach.
1983. An experimental test of the effects of predation risk
on habitat use in fish. Ecology 64:1540-1548.
Wilkonson, L. 1979. Tests of significance in stepwise regression.
Psychological Bulletin 86: 168174.
Williams, D. McB. 1980. Dynamics of the pomacentrid community
on small patch reefs in One Tree Lagoon (Great
Barrier Reef). Bulletin of Marine Science 30: 159-170.
. 1983. Daily, monthly and yearly variability in recruitment
of a guild of coral reef fishes. Marine Ecology
Progress Series 10:23 1-237.
Williams, D. McB., S. English, and M. J. Milicich. 1994.
Annual recruitment surveys of coral reef fishes are good
indicators of patterns of settlement. Bulletin of Marine Science
54:314-331.
Williams, D. McB., and I? F. Sale. 198 1. Spatial and temporal
patterns of recruitment of juvenile coral reef fishes to coral
habitats within &quot;One Tree Lagoon&quot;, Great Barrier Reef.
Marine Biology 65:245-253.
Wolda, H. 1981. Similarity indices, sample size and diversity.
Oecologia (Berlin) 50:296-302.
 
" name="eprints.referencetext" />
<meta content="Ault, Timothy R. and Johnson, Craig R. (1998) Spatially and temporally predictable fish communities on coral reefs. Ecological Monographs, 68 (1). pp. 25-50. ISSN 0012-9615" name="eprints.citation" />
<meta content="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/1201/1/Ault_and_Johnson_1998a.pdf" name="eprints.document_url" />
<link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/" />
<meta content="Spatially and temporally predictable fish communities on coral reefs" name="DC.title" />
<meta content="Ault, Timothy R." name="DC.creator" />
<meta content="Johnson, Craig R." name="DC.creator" />
<meta content="270702 Marine and Estuarine Ecology (incl. Marine Ichthyology)" name="DC.subject" />
<meta content="Spatial and temporal variation in the distribution and abundance of site-attached
fish species inhabiting small, isolated patches of coral reef has been attributed to variability in
larval recruitment. However, the relative importance of settlement and postsettlement processes
in determining the structure of fish communities in general, i.e., including non-site-attached
species inhabiting large sections of contiguous reef, remains to be determined. Here, we examine
the degree of spatial and temporal variation in community structure and population density of
fish inhabiting sections of coral reef varying in size and connectivity.
To investigate spatial variability in fish community structure and population density, we
surveyed 36 sites on contiguous reef and 39 patch-reef sites varying in size and isolation from
neighboring patches. Ordination and regression analyses indicated that the structure of fish
assemblages inhabiting contiguous reef varied predictably along habitat gradients. In contrast,
intrinsic habitat characteristics, such as the shelter availability and the composition of the
substratum, were apparently unrelated to the structure of fish assemblages on patch reefs. For
sites on contiguous reef, multiple regression models explained a significant proportion of spatial
variation in the population density of 10 site-attached and vagile species (including 90% of
variation in the density of Pomacentrus moluccensis, a site-attached damselfish). For patch-reef
sites, models of spatial variation in population density were significant for six species, five of
which were not site attached. The overall pattern across most species was that patch-reef models
were characterized by a reduced r2 relative to corresponding models of contiguous-reef populations,
but the reduction was substantially less for vagile species than for site-attached species.
Ordination analysis of temporal variability in community structure over two years suggested
that none of the fish communities at the sites examined was in a consistent state of community
succession. For most sites, community structure varied randomly over time, although at some
sites, the structure of resident fish communities tended towards a stable position in multivariate
community space. Across all sites, temporal change in community structure was significantly
higher during periods of recruitment than at other times of the year, although there was little
evidence to suggest that recruitment was the sole source of temporal variation. At most sites,
the structure of fish assemblages fluctuated considerably during nonrecruitment periods. Patterns
of temporal variation in the population density of four site-attached species indicated that
population increases corresponding with pulses of recruitment were modified by postsettlement
processes. For site-attached and moderately vagile species, overall temporal variability in assemblage
structure increased significantly as sites became smaller and more isolated. Temporal
variability in assemblages of highly vagile species was unrelated to survey area and connectivity.
Overall, the results of the analyses of spatial and temporal variability in fish community
structure suggest that species' vagility and reef connectivity strongly influence the relative
importance of recruitment and postrecruitment processes in determining local population density.
Individuals of highly vagile species are able to move among isolated patches in response to
habitat preferences or resource availability. Conversely, the continuous shelter provided by
contiguous reef may allow sedentary species to migrate to more favorable areas. We suggest
that for many fish species, including vagile species on patchy reef and site-attached species on
contiguous reef, patterns in distribution and abundance established at recruitment are modified
by postsettlement migration, which enhances the relationship between population density and
habitat structure. Thus, while recruitment patterns may explain much of the spatial and temporal
variation in populations of site-attached fish on small, isolated patch reefs, this result cannot
necessarily be extrapolated to fish communities inhabiting large sections of contiguous reef.
" name="DC.description" />
<meta content="1998" name="DC.date" />
<meta content="Article" name="DC.type" />
<meta content="PeerReviewed" name="DC.type" />
<meta content="application/pdf" name="DC.format" />
<meta content="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/1201/1/Ault_and_Johnson_1998a.pdf" name="DC.identifier" />
<meta content="http://www.esajournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-toc&amp;issn=0012-9615&amp;volume=68&amp;issue=1" name="DC.relation" />
<meta content="Ault, Timothy R. and Johnson, Craig R. (1998) Spatially and temporally predictable fish communities on coral reefs. Ecological Monographs, 68 (1). pp. 25-50. ISSN 0012-9615" name="DC.identifier" />
<meta content="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/1201/" name="DC.relation" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/1201/BibTeX/epprod-eprint-1201.bib" title="BibTeX" type="text/plain" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/1201/ContextObject/epprod-eprint-1201.xml" title="OpenURL ContextObject" type="text/xml" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/1201/ContextObject::Dissertation/epprod-eprint-1201.xml" title="OpenURL Dissertation" type="text/xml" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/1201/ContextObject::Journal/epprod-eprint-1201.xml" title="OpenURL Journal" type="text/xml" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/1201/DC/epprod-eprint-1201.txt" title="Dublin Core" type="text/plain" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/1201/DIDL/epprod-eprint-1201.xml" title="DIDL" type="text/xml" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/1201/EndNote/epprod-eprint-1201.enw" title="EndNote" type="text/plain" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/1201/HTML/epprod-eprint-1201.html" title="HTML Citation" type="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/1201/METS/epprod-eprint-1201.xml" title="METS" type="text/xml" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/1201/MODS/epprod-eprint-1201.xml" title="MODS" type="text/xml" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/1201/RIS/epprod-eprint-1201.ris" title="Reference Manager" type="text/plain" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/1201/Refer/epprod-eprint-1201.refer" title="Refer" type="text/plain" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/1201/Simple/epprod-eprint-1201text" title="Simple Metadata" type="text/plain" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/1201/Text/epprod-eprint-1201.txt" title="ASCII Citation" type="text/plain; charset=utf-8" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/1201/XML/epprod-eprint-1201.xml" title="EP3 XML" type="text/xml" />
 
  </head>
  <body bgcolor="#ffffff" text="#000000" onLoad="loadRoutine(); MM_preloadImages('images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c5_f2.gif','images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c7_f2.gif','images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c8_f2.gif','images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c9_f2.gif','images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c10_f2.gif','images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c11_f2.gif','images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r6_c4_f2.gif')">
    
    <div class="ep_noprint"><noscript><style type="text/css">@import url(http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/nojs.css);</style></noscript></div>
 
 
 
 
<table width="795" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
  <tr>
    <td><script language="JavaScript1.2">mmLoadMenus();</script>
      <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="795">
        <!-- fwtable fwsrc="eprints_banner_final2.png" fwbase="ePrints_banner.gif" fwstyle="Dreamweaver" fwdocid = "1249563342" fwnested="0" -->
        <tr>
          <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="32" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="104" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="44" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="105" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="41" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="16" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="68" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="68" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="68" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="82" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="69" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="98" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td colspan="12"><img name="ePrints_banner_r1_c1" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r1_c1.gif" width="795" height="10" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="10" border="0" alt="" /></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td rowspan="6"><img name="ePrints_banner_r2_c1" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r2_c1.gif" width="32" height="118" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td rowspan="5"><a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/"><img name="ePrints_banner_r2_c2" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r2_c2.gif" width="104" height="103" border="0" alt="" /></a></td>
          <td colspan="10"><img name="ePrints_banner_r2_c3" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r2_c3.gif" width="659" height="41" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="41" border="0" alt="" /></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td colspan="3"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/"><img name="ePrints_banner_r3_c3" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r3_c3.gif" width="190" height="31" border="0" alt="" /></a></td>
          <td rowspan="2" colspan="7"><img name="ePrints_banner_r3_c6" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r3_c6.gif" width="469" height="37" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="31" border="0" alt="" /></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td colspan="3"><img name="ePrints_banner_r4_c3" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r4_c3.gif" width="190" height="6" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="6" border="0" alt="" /></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td colspan="2"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c3" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c3.gif" width="149" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/information.html" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0821132634_0,0,25,null,'ePrints_banner_r5_c5');MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r5_c5','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c5_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c5" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c5.gif" width="57" height="25" border="0" alt="About" /></a></td>
          <td rowspan="2"><a href="/view/" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0821133021_1,0,25,null,'ePrints_banner_r5_c7');MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r5_c7','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c7_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c7" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c7.gif" width="68" height="25" border="0" alt="Browse" /></a></td>
          <td rowspan="2"><a href="/perl/search/simple" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0821133201_2,0,25,null,'ePrints_banner_r5_c8');MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r5_c8','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c8_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c8" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c8.gif" width="68" height="25" border="0" alt="Search" /></a></td>
          <td rowspan="2"><a href="/perl/register" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout();" onMouseOver="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_1018171924_3,0,25,null,'ePrints_banner_r5_c9');MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r5_c9','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c9_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c9" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c9.gif" width="68" height="25" border="0" alt="register" /></a></td>
          <td rowspan="2"><a href="/perl/users/home" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0821133422_4,0,25,null,'ePrints_banner_r5_c10');MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r5_c10','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c10_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c10" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c10.gif" width="82" height="25" border="0" alt="user area" /></a></td>
          <td rowspan="2"><a href="/help/" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0821133514_5,0,25,null,'ePrints_banner_r5_c11');MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r5_c11','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c11_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c11" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c11.gif" width="69" height="25" border="0" alt="Help" /></a></td>
          <td rowspan="3" colspan="4"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c12" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c12.gif" width="98" height="40" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td rowspan="2"><img name="ePrints_banner_r6_c3" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r6_c3.gif" width="44" height="39" border="0" alt="ePrints home" /></td>
          <td><a href="/" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore()" onMouseOver="MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r6_c4','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r6_c4_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r6_c4" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r6_c4.gif" width="105" height="24" border="0" alt="ePrints home" /></a></td>
          <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="24" border="0" alt="" /></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td><img name="ePrints_banner_r7_c2" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r7_c2.gif" width="104" height="15" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td colspan="8"><img name="ePrints_banner_r7_c4" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r7_c4.gif" width="517" height="15" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="15" border="0" alt="" /></td>
        </tr>
      </table></td>
  </tr>
    <tr><td><table width="100%" style="font-size: 90%; border: solid 1px #ccc; padding: 3px"><tr>
      <td align="left"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/users/home">Login</a> | <a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/register">Create Account</a></td>
      <td align="right" style="white-space: nowrap">
        <form method="get" accept-charset="utf-8" action="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/search" style="display:inline">
          <input class="ep_tm_searchbarbox" size="20" type="text" name="q" />
          <input class="ep_tm_searchbarbutton" value="Search" type="submit" name="_action_search" />
          <input type="hidden" name="_order" value="bytitle" />
          <input type="hidden" name="basic_srchtype" value="ALL" />
          <input type="hidden" name="_satisfyall" value="ALL" />
        </form>
      </td>
    </tr></table></td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="toplinks"><!-- InstanceBeginEditable name="content" -->
 
 
<div align="center">
  
  <table width="720" class="ep_tm_main"><tr><td align="left">
    <h1 class="ep_tm_pagetitle">Spatially and temporally predictable fish communities on coral reefs</h1>
    <p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><span class="person_name">Ault, Timothy R.</span> and <span class="person_name">Johnson, Craig R.</span> (1998) <xhtml:em>Spatially and temporally predictable fish communities on coral reefs.</xhtml:em> Ecological Monographs, 68 (1). pp. 25-50. ISSN 0012-9615</p><p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"></p><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><tr><td valign="top" style="text-align:center"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/1201/1/Ault_and_Johnson_1998a.pdf"><img alt="[img]" src="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/images/fileicons/application_pdf.png" border="0" class="ep_doc_icon" /></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/1201/1/Ault_and_Johnson_1998a.pdf"><span class="ep_document_citation">PDF</span></a> - Full text restricted - Requires a PDF viewer<br />3841Kb</td><td><form method="get" accept-charset="utf-8" action="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/request_doc"><input value="1546" name="docid" accept-charset="utf-8" type="hidden" /><div class=""><input value="Request a copy" name="_action_null" class="ep_form_action_button" onclick="return EPJS_button_pushed( '_action_null' )" type="submit" /> </div></form></td></tr></table><p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block">Official URL: <a href="http://www.esajournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-toc&amp;issn=0012-9615&amp;volume=68&amp;issue=1">http://www.esajournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-toc&amp;issn=0012-9615&amp;volume=68&amp;issue=1</a></p><div class="not_ep_block"><h2>Abstract</h2><p style="padding-bottom: 16px; text-align: left; margin: 1em auto 0em auto">Spatial and temporal variation in the distribution and abundance of site-attached&#13;
fish species inhabiting small, isolated patches of coral reef has been attributed to variability in&#13;
larval recruitment. However, the relative importance of settlement and postsettlement processes&#13;
in determining the structure of fish communities in general, i.e., including non-site-attached&#13;
species inhabiting large sections of contiguous reef, remains to be determined. Here, we examine&#13;
the degree of spatial and temporal variation in community structure and population density of&#13;
fish inhabiting sections of coral reef varying in size and connectivity.&#13;
To investigate spatial variability in fish community structure and population density, we&#13;
surveyed 36 sites on contiguous reef and 39 patch-reef sites varying in size and isolation from&#13;
neighboring patches. Ordination and regression analyses indicated that the structure of fish&#13;
assemblages inhabiting contiguous reef varied predictably along habitat gradients. In contrast,&#13;
intrinsic habitat characteristics, such as the shelter availability and the composition of the&#13;
substratum, were apparently unrelated to the structure of fish assemblages on patch reefs. For&#13;
sites on contiguous reef, multiple regression models explained a significant proportion of spatial&#13;
variation in the population density of 10 site-attached and vagile species (including 90% of&#13;
variation in the density of Pomacentrus moluccensis, a site-attached damselfish). For patch-reef&#13;
sites, models of spatial variation in population density were significant for six species, five of&#13;
which were not site attached. The overall pattern across most species was that patch-reef models&#13;
were characterized by a reduced r2 relative to corresponding models of contiguous-reef populations,&#13;
but the reduction was substantially less for vagile species than for site-attached species.&#13;
Ordination analysis of temporal variability in community structure over two years suggested&#13;
that none of the fish communities at the sites examined was in a consistent state of community&#13;
succession. For most sites, community structure varied randomly over time, although at some&#13;
sites, the structure of resident fish communities tended towards a stable position in multivariate&#13;
community space. Across all sites, temporal change in community structure was significantly&#13;
higher during periods of recruitment than at other times of the year, although there was little&#13;
evidence to suggest that recruitment was the sole source of temporal variation. At most sites,&#13;
the structure of fish assemblages fluctuated considerably during nonrecruitment periods. Patterns&#13;
of temporal variation in the population density of four site-attached species indicated that&#13;
population increases corresponding with pulses of recruitment were modified by postsettlement&#13;
processes. For site-attached and moderately vagile species, overall temporal variability in assemblage&#13;
structure increased significantly as sites became smaller and more isolated. Temporal&#13;
variability in assemblages of highly vagile species was unrelated to survey area and connectivity.&#13;
Overall, the results of the analyses of spatial and temporal variability in fish community&#13;
structure suggest that species' vagility and reef connectivity strongly influence the relative&#13;
importance of recruitment and postrecruitment processes in determining local population density.&#13;
Individuals of highly vagile species are able to move among isolated patches in response to&#13;
habitat preferences or resource availability. Conversely, the continuous shelter provided by&#13;
contiguous reef may allow sedentary species to migrate to more favorable areas. We suggest&#13;
that for many fish species, including vagile species on patchy reef and site-attached species on&#13;
contiguous reef, patterns in distribution and abundance established at recruitment are modified&#13;
by postsettlement migration, which enhances the relationship between population density and&#13;
habitat structure. Thus, while recruitment patterns may explain much of the spatial and temporal&#13;
variation in populations of site-attached fish on small, isolated patch reefs, this result cannot&#13;
necessarily be extrapolated to fish communities inhabiting large sections of contiguous reef.&#13;
</p></div><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" border="0" cellpadding="3" class="not_ep_block"><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Item Type:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">Article</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Additional Information:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">Copyright by the Ecological Society of America.</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Keywords:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">community structure; contiguous reef; coral reef fish; habitat structure; ordination; patch reef; population density; recruitment; recruitment limitation; reef connectivity</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Subjects:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/view/subjects/270702.html">270000 Biological Sciences &gt; 270700 Ecology and Evolution &gt; 270702 Marine and Estuarine Ecology (incl. Marine Ichthyology)</a></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Collections:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">UNSPECIFIED</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ID Code:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">1201</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited By:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><span class="ep_name_citation"><span class="person_name">Professor Craig R. Johnson</span></span></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited On:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">21 Jun 2007</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Last Modified:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">04 Feb 2008 17:06</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ePrint Statistics:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a target="ePrintStats" href="/es/index.php?action=show_detail_eprint;id=1201;">View statistics for this ePrint</a></td></tr></table><p align="right">Repository Staff Only: <a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/users/home?screen=EPrint::View&amp;eprintid=1201">item control page</a></p>
  </td></tr></table>
</div>
 
 
 
    <!-- InstanceEndEditable --></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><!-- #BeginLibraryItem "/Library/footer_eprints.lbi" -->
    <table width="795" border="0" align="left" cellpadding="0" class="footer">
  <tr valign="top">
<td colspan="2"><div align="center"><a href="http://www.utas.edu.au">UTAS home</a> | <a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/library/">Library home</a> | <a href="/">ePrints home</a> | <a href="/contact.html">contact</a> | <a href="/information.html">about</a> | <a href="/view/">browse</a> | <a href="/perl/search/simple">search</a> | <a href="/perl/register">register</a> | <a href="/perl/users/home">user area</a> | <a href="/help/">help</a></div><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"><p><img src="/images/eprints/footerline.gif" width="100%" height="4" /></p></td></tr>
      <tr valign="top">
        <td width="68%" class="footer">Authorised by the University Librarian<br />
© University of Tasmania ABN 30 764 374 782<br />
      <a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/cricos/">CRICOS Provider Code 00586B</a> | <a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/copyright/copyright_disclaimers.html">Copyright &amp; Disclaimers</a> | <a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/accessibility/index.html">Accessibility</a> | <a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/feedback/">Site Feedback</a>  </td>
        <td width="32%"><div align="right">
            <p align="right" class="NoPrint"><a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/"><img src="http://www.utas.edu.au/shared/logos/unioftasstrip.gif" alt="University of Tasmania Home Page" width="260" height="16" border="0" align="right" /></a></p>
            <p align="right" class="NoPrint"><a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/"><br />
            </a></p>
        </div></td>
      </tr>
      <tr valign="top">
        <td><p>  </p></td>
        <td><div align="right"><span class="NoPrint"><a href="http://www.eprints.org/software/"><img src="/images/eprintslogo.gif" alt="ePrints logo" width="77" height="29" border="0" align="bottom" /></a></span></div></td>
      </tr>
    </table>
    <!-- #EndLibraryItem -->
    <div align="center"></div></td>
  </tr>
</table>
 
  </body>
</html>