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<meta content=" Juvenal (Decimus Iunius Iuvenalis), The Satires of Juvenal, trans. R. Humphries, (Bloomington & London: Indiana University Press, 1958), Satire III, 35.
Bruno Latour, We Have Never Been Modern (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993).
See Latour, 'Morality and Technology: The End of the Means,' trans. C. Venn, Theory, Culture & Society, 19, nos 5-6 (2002), 247-260, 255. For a definition of 'pluriverse' see the glossary of his Politics of Nature: How to bring the sciences into democracy (Cambridge, MA & London: Harvard university Press, 2004).
Tony Fry's polite disappointment with Latour's Politics of Nature in Design Philosophy Papers #02/2004 is instructive as to the extent of this difference.
Fry takes up the challenge articulated by (postwar) Martin Heidegger. Heidegger named this patterning metaphysics. In his genealogy of Western truthlessness, metaphysics, the ontological will-to-explain gaining early expression with Plato, draws language and technology into its orbit, denying them their authentic role in the witness of reality and setting them to the task of wrapping humanity in worlds built of mirrors. See Heidegger, The Question Concerning Technology and Other Essays, trans. and ed. W. Lovitt (New York: Harper & Row, 1977) & The Principle of Reason, trans. R. Lilly (Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1991).
I draw here upon the explanation of 'ontological design' provided by Fry's collaborator Anne-Marie Willis in 'Ontological Designing,' paper presented to Design Cultures: Conference of the European Academy of Design (Sheffield Hallam University, 1999), available www.teamdes.com.au/pdf_files/Ontolog%20Design.pdf. There is nothing unprecedented about such transfer of design agency fluidly in time and space between human and non-human entities (including technologies). To be human is to be formed within and through (conceived, gestated and birthed by) historical worlds that are themselves thoroughly designed by cultural, ecological and cosmological realities and, simultaneously, are thoroughly un/re/designing of these realities. To be human is to enter into these dynamics of ontological design with consciousness, intentionality and will. In modern technology, however, humanity slips into unconsciousness, participating in ontological design without self-awareness or memory of its willful intentions.
Tony Fry, 'From Urbocentrism to Hyperurbanism,' Design Philosophy Papers (this issue). Page numbers from a hard-copy draft (August, 2004).
See Lewis Mumford's history of the megamachine (those vast, tightly coordinated, single-minded human collectives resulting from the engineering of social relations) from its ancient forms in the East to its re-incarnation in modern Europe in The Myth of the Machine: Technics and Human Development (Volume I) & The Pentagon of Power (Volume II) (London: Secker & Warburg, 1967, 1970). Mumford observes that while the ancient city 'favoured the many-tongued human dialogue against the tongue-tying monologue ' of the megamachine, the modern city becomes the archetype of megamachine. Technics and Human Development, 231.
Fry, From Urbocentrism to Hyperurbanism, 4.
Albert Borgmann, 'Cosmopolitanism and Provincialism: On Heidegger's errors and insights,' Philosophy Today 36, no. 2 (1992): 131-145, 139.
Manuel Castells, The Information Age - Economy, Society and Culture: The Rise of the Network Society (Volume I), 2nd edition (Oxford & Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2000); Peter Hall, Cities in Civilization: Culture, innovation, and urban order (London: Phoenix, 1998); Mumford, The Myth of the Machine, Vols I & II.
The epistemologies and technologies of the Occident and those of the Orient have long inflected each other. See Augustin Berque, 'The Idea of Disurbanity,' Design Philosophy Papers: Collection One, ed. A-M Willis (Ravensbourne, Australia: Team D/E/S Publications, 2004), 22-32, originally published in Design Philosophy Papers, #1/2003.
I do not wish to imply here that there is anything like a unitary, directional or transcultural 'evolution' of technology that finds its apotheosis in globalised capitalism. While I accept that technology emerges out of the ecological conditions of human being, and thus that human technology is at some point continuous with the technological capacities of many other beings, I do not accept-as many historians of technology are inclined to do: see George Basalla, The Evolution of Technology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988)'that there are 'laws' of technological development that transcend cultural specificities.
Fry, From Urbocentrism to Hyperurbanism, 1, 5.
William Cronon, Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York & London: W.W.Norton & Company, 1991).
In From Urbocentrism to Hyperurbanism Fry observes overlap between his notion of hyperurbanism and Castell's influential analysis of 'network society'. He claims that Castell restricts the agency of urban flows to information technologies thereby failing to properly observe the emerging hyperurban order. I find, however, Castell's description of an 'information technology paradigm' adequate to encompass the material-semiotic flows Fry wishes to include in his notion of the hyperurban. Furthermore, Castells does recognise that 'the space of flows and timeless time,' the space of 'the urban', does fracture, subordinate and relocate 'the multiple space of places,' the space of the lifeworld, The Rise of the Network Society, 509. Similarly, recent sociological and geographical analysis provides support for the notion of a 'meta-urban ecology'. Ash Amin and Nigel Thrift, for instance, observe 'the city has no completeness, no centre, no fixed parts. Instead it is an amalgam of often disjointed processes and social heterogeneity, a place of near and far connections, a concatenation of rhythms; always edging in new directions'. Cities: Reimagining the urban (Cambridge: Polity, 2002), 8. For recent examples of research by urban geographers analysing second-tier (i.e., non-'world') cities and rural areas in the context of the global reach of urbocentric power see Eugene McCann, 'Urban Political Economy Beyond the 'Global City', Urban Studies 41, no. 12 (2004): 2315-2333 & Eric Thompson, 'Rural Villages as Socially Urban Spaces in Malaysia,' Urban Studies 41, no. 12 (2004): 2357-2376.
Fry, From Urbocentrism to Hyperurbanism, 1
Fry, 'The Sustainment and its Dialectic,' Design Philosophy Papers: Collection One, ed. A-M Willis (Ravensbourne, Australia, Team D/E/S Publications, 2004), 33-45, 44. Originally published as 'The Voice of Sustainment' & 'The Dialectic of Sustainment,' Design Philosophy Papers, #1 & 5/2003.
A claim developed in Aidan Davison Technology and the Contested Meanings of Sustainability (Albany, NY, State University of New York Press), 11-89.
E.g., David Noble, The Religion of Technology (Middlesex: Penguin, 1996) & Borgmann, Holding on to Reality: the nature of information at the turn of the millennium (Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press, 1999).
Max Horkheimer and Theodore W. Adorno, Dialectic of Enlightenment, trans. J. Cumming (New York: Continuum, 1972), xi, 9.
I discuss this paradox in 'Rapt in Technology,' Design Philosophy Papers: Collection One, ed. A-M Willis (Ravensbourne, Australia: Team D/E/S Publications, 2004), 48-56, originally published in Design Philosophy Papers #4/2003.
Yi-Fu Tuan, Topophilia: A Study of Environmental Perception, Attitudes, and Values (Englewood Cliffs, CA: Prentice-Hall, 1974), 112.
Berque suggests that historical predicates from both 'East' and 'West' 'have converged into the paradigm of the American suburb. These predicates make our world. They motivate modern disurbanity.' The Idea of Disurbanity, 25.
Ibid., 6. Contemporary anti-suburbanism, including that of environmentalists, is firmly but often unreflectively lodged with traditions of anti-suburbanism, especially those deriving from aesthetic critique, almost as old as that of modern suburbs themselves. Alan Gilbert, 'The Roots of Anti-Suburbanism in Australia,' in S. L. Goldberg and F. B. Smith (eds) Australian Cultural History (Cambridge & Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 33-49; Brett Hawkins and Stephen Percy, 'On Anti-Suburban Orthodoxy,' Social Science Quarterly, 72, no. 3 (1991), 478-490.
Such landscapes, often although not always predominated by detached housing, may lie beyond urban centres or may indeed be alternatives to such centres. Either way, they are integral to the functioning of the urban whole. While suburbs continue to be criticised on the basis of the separation of home and work they institute, contemporary suburbs are now the dominant sites of production and employment in many cities. The demographic complexity of American suburbs is evident in Bruce Katz, B. and Robert Lang, Redefining Urban and Suburban America: Evidence from census 2000 (Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2003). For discussion of the Australian case see Bill Randolph, 'The changing Australian City: an overview and research agenda' & 'Renewing the Middle City: planning for stressed suburbs,' Urban Frontiers Program, Issues Papers No. 16, Dec. 2003 & No. 15, Feb. 2004, University of Western Sydney.
Two of the best studies of the co-evolution of urbanisation and anti-urbanism, rationalism and romanticism, in English literature are Leo Marx's The Machine in the Garden: Technology and the pastoral ideal in America (London, Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press) and Raymond Williams' The Country and the City (London: Chatto & Windus, 1973). Good histories of suburbia can be found in Graeme Davison, The Rise and Fall of Marvellous Melbourne (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1978); Fishman, Bourgeois Utopias; Kenneth Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier: the suburbanization of the United States (New York & Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1985) & Dolores Hayden, Building Suburbia: Green fields and urban growth 1820-2000 (New York: Pantheon Books, 2003).
This schema is an elaboration of that provided by Graeme Davison in 'Australia - the First Suburban Nation,' Journal of Urban History, 22, no. 1 (1995): 40-74 & 'The Great Australian Sprawl,' Historic Environment, 13, no. 1 (1997), 10-17. See also Fishman, Bourgeois Utopias.
Graeme Davison, The Great Australian Sprawl, 12.
In addition to the histories cited ff. 29, see Lenore Davidoff, Jean L'Esperance and Howard Newby, 'Landscape with Figures: home and community in English society,' in J. Mitchell and A. Oakley (eds) The Rights and Wrongs of Women (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin, 1976), 139-175.
Berque, The Idea of Disurbanity, 25
Many of Britain's large number of rural dispossessed, crammed into the urban slums of its early-industrialism, became the (voluntary and involuntary) settlers of the New Worlds. In these new environments, a great many of the working class embraced (and transformed) the suburban experiments of the bourgeoisie as their own as they combated urban imperatives with their own experience of urban injustice and their lost rural origins. For the Australian case see Davison, Australia - the first suburban nation. For that of North America see Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier.
Karl Marx and Friederich Engels, The Communist Manifesto, trans. S. Moore, intro. A. J. P. Taylor (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin, (1967[1888]), 82, 84.
Fishman, Bourgeois Utopias, 71.
Technoburb is Fishman's term. The influence of picturesque ideals of nature in suburban design can be found, for instance, in the publications and designs of landscape gardener John Claudius Loudon of the mid-1800s, and the influential town planning philosophy of Ebenezer Howard, founder of the garden city movement during the late 1800s and early-1900s. Davidoff et al., Landscape with Figures; Fishman, Bourgeois Utopias.
Robert Fishman, Bourgeois Utopias: The rise and fall of suburbia (New York: Basic Books, 1987), 207.
Fishman, Bourgeois Utopias, 207.
Herbert Marcuse, One Dimensional Man: Studies in the ideology of advanced industrial society (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1964).
Adam Rome offers an excellent description of the suburban-industrial complex in The Bulldozer in the Countryside: suburban sprawl and the rise of American environmentalism (Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001). Samuel Hays, Beauty, Health, and Permanence: environmental politics in the United States, 1955-1985 (Cambridge, New York & Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1987) documents the role of the loss of suburban innocence in the formation of postwar environmental politics.
Patrick Mullins, 'Theoretical Perspectives on Australian Urbanisation: I. Material components in the reproduction of Australian labour power,' Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology, 17, no.1 (1981), 65-76. This is not to suggest that Australian and North American suburbs weren't vast and pervaded by centralized technosystems well before the coming of the car. The first Australian suburban boom, for example, took place during the 1880s and saw, by its end, Sydney and Melbourne's populations of 400 and 473 thousand spread over 96 and 164 thousand acres, respectively. Davison, The Rise and Fall of Marvellous Melbourne; John McCarty, 'Australian Capital Cities in the Nineteenth Century,' in C. B. Schedvin and J. W. McCarty (eds) Urbanization in Australia: The nineteenth century (Sydney: Sydney University Press, 1974), 9-39.
See Paul Sutter, Driven Wild: How the fight against automobiles launched the modern wilderness movement (Seattle & London: University of Washington Press, 2002).
E.g., Andrew Light's The Urban Blind Spot in Environmental Ethics, Environmental Politics, 10, no. 1 (2001): 7-35 and Urban Environmental Citizenship, Journal of Social Philosophy, 34 no. 1 (2001): 44-63. See also Gunn, Rethinking Communities: Environmental Ethics in an Urbanized World, Environmental Ethics, 20, no. 4 (1998): 341-60; Roger King, Towards an Ethics of the Domesticated Environment, Philosophy and Geography, 6, no. 1 (2003): 3-14. A welcome, if overly tentative, attempt to draw attention to the anti-suburbanism inherent in this literature can be found in Robert Kirkman's Reasons to Dwell on (if not necessarily in) the Suburbs, Environmental Ethics, 26, no. 2 (2004): 77-95.
For the Australian context see Ian Burnley and Patrick Murphy, Sea Change: Movement from metropolitan to Arcadian Australia (Sydney: UNSW Press, 2004) & Bernard Salt, The Big Shift: Welcome to the third Australian culture (Melbourne: Hardie Grant Books, 2001). The 'exurban' population has been the fastest growing in the USA for some time and is soon set to exceed that of 'urban', 'suburban' and 'rural' areas. See Katz and Lang, Redefining Urban and Suburban America.
E.g., Andres Duany, Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk and Jeff Speck, Suburban Nation: The rise of sprawl and the decline of the American dream (New York: North Point Press, 2000); Robert Riddell, Sustainable Urban Planning: tipping the balance (Malden, MA, Oxford, Melbourne: Blackwell, 2004).
Riddell, Sustainable Urban Planning, 195.
For an overview of this debate see Mike Jenks, Elizabeth Burton and Katie Williams (eds.), The Compact City: A sustainable urban form? (London: E & FN Spon, 1996). For more recent and specific debate see Elizabeth Burton, 'The Compact City: just or just compact? A preliminary analysis,' Urban Studies, 37, no. 11 (2000), 1969-2001 & Patrick Troy, Darren Holloway, Stephen Pullen and Raymond Bunker, 'Embodied and Operational Energy Consumption in the City,' Urban Policy and Research, 21, no.1 (2003), 9-44.
Fry, From Urbocentrism to Hyperurbanism, 2.
I am grateful here to Anne-Marie Willis for helping me avoid any unwitting representation of the ontological significance of design as the exclusive facility of humanity.
Fry, From Urbocentrism to Hyperurbanism, 2, 14.
Ibid.
Ibid., 8, 3.
Ibid., 3. I worry, for instance, that this claim might unwittingly advances the forces of neo-colonisation that continue to actively silence (most recently through the bureaucratic deployment of genetic testing) the many Aboriginal voices of my island home, Tasmania, because official narratives insist that the authentic (full-blood) native no longer exists.
Steve Kinnane's Shadow Lines (Fremantle, Australia: Fremantle Arts Centre Press, 2003) provides a powerful description of these transgressive identities in his biography of his indigenous/European family that moves fluidly from the now drowned indigenous country under Lake Argyle to the metropolis of Perth.
Fry, The Sustainment and its Dialectic, 39.
Fry, From Urbocentrism to Hyperurbanism, 14.
Fry, The Sustainment and its Dialectic, 40, 41.
Fry, From Urbocentrism to Hyperurbanism, 5.
I have in mind here the emerging discourse of 'culturenatures' of which prominent recent examples, in addition to Latour's Politics of Nature, include Donna Haraway, The Companion Species Manifesto: dogs, people and significant otherness (Chicago, ILL: Prickly Paradigm Press, 2003); Stephan Harrison, Steve Pile and Nigel Thrift (eds.), Patterned Ground: Entanglements of nature and culture (London: Reaktion Books, 2004); Bronislaw Szerszynski, Wallace Heim and Claire Waterton (eds.), Nature Performed: Environment, culture and performance (Oxford and Malden, MA: Blackwell/The Sociological Review, 2003).
Anne-Marie Willis, 'Chimeral Cities: book review', Design Philosophy Papers #4/2003. I do not, however, by any means consider that all 'culturenature' theorists, and especially those cited above, ff. 64, display this failure of nerve, although this must be the topic for another forum.
Anne-Marie Willis and Tony Fry, 'Better Homes and Gardens,' Australian Financial Review: Review, 19 December, 2003.
Ibid. Tim Low is one of the first Australian biologists to take this idea seriously and to document examples of wild ecological processes inside the technological citadel, in such spaces as sewerage works and contaminated sites. The New Nature: Winners and losers in wild Australia (Camberwell, Vic: Penguin Books Australia, 2002).
Ibid.
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<h1 class="ep_tm_pagetitle">Street lights at the end of the universe? (navigating sub-urban space)</h1>
<p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><span class="person_name">Davison, Aidan</span> (2004) <xhtml:em>Street lights at the end of the universe? (navigating sub-urban space).</xhtml:em> Design Philosophy Papers, 2 (4). ISSN 1448-7136</p><p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"></p><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><tr><td valign="top" style="text-align:center"><a onmouseover="EPJS_ShowPreview( event, 'doc_preview_1952' );" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/1521/1/DPP_2004.pdf" onmouseout="EPJS_HidePreview( event, 'doc_preview_1952' );"><img alt="[img]" src="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/images/fileicons/application_pdf.png" class="ep_doc_icon" border="0" /></a><div class="ep_preview" id="doc_preview_1952"><table><tr><td><img alt="" src="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/1521/thumbnails/1/preview.png" class="ep_preview_image" border="0" /><div class="ep_preview_title">Preview</div></td></tr></table></div></td><td valign="top"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/1521/1/DPP_2004.pdf"><span class="ep_document_citation">PDF</span></a> - Requires a PDF viewer<br />145Kb</td></tr></table><p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block">Official URL: <a href="http://www.desphilosophy.com/">http://www.desphilosophy.com/</a></p><div class="not_ep_block"><h2>Abstract</h2><p style="padding-bottom: 16px; text-align: left; margin: 1em auto 0em auto">[Opening paragraph] What a help it would be if good, apparently sober words like urban and rural, society and environment, culture and nature, technology and ecology, made sense of the chimerical space in which we now (must) find ourselves. How confusing it is that their apparently once-stable referents are dissolving in floods of technological possibility. How frustrating it is that such signs are no longer simply unreliable but often positively mischievous.</p></div><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" cellpadding="3" class="not_ep_block" border="0"><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Item Type:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">Article</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Keywords:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">urban nature, suburban history, urban design, modernity</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Subjects:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/view/subjects/370101.html">370000 Studies in Human Society > 370100 Sociology > 370101 Social Theory</a><br /><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/view/subjects/370402.html">370000 Studies in Human Society > 370400 Human Geography > 370402 Social and Cultural Geography</a><br /><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/view/subjects/440104.html">440000 Philosophy and Religion > 440100 Philosophy > 440104 Applied Ethics (incl. Bioethics and Environmental Ethics)</a></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ID Code:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">1521</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited By:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><span class="ep_name_citation"><span class="person_name">Dr Aidan Davison</span></span></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited On:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">10 Aug 2007</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Last Modified:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">09 Jan 2008 02:30</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ePrint Statistics:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a target="ePrintStats" href="/es/index.php?action=show_detail_eprint;id=1521;">View statistics for this ePrint</a></td></tr></table><p align="right">Repository Staff Only: <a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/users/home?screen=EPrint::View&eprintid=1521">item control page</a></p>
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