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<title>UTas ePrints - Numerical Heat and Fluid-Flow Modeling of the Panorama Volcanic-Hosted Massive Sulfide District, Western Australia</title>
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<meta content="Schardt, C." name="eprints.creators_name" />
<meta content="Yang, J." name="eprints.creators_name" />
<meta content="Large, R.R." name="eprints.creators_name" />
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<meta content="Numerical Heat and Fluid-Flow Modeling of the Panorama Volcanic-Hosted Massive Sulfide District, Western Australia" name="eprints.title" />
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<meta content="VHMS, ore genesis, ore fluids, sea floor ore deposits, VMS, Cu-Pb-Zn" name="eprints.keywords" />
<meta content="Exceptional exposure of the Archean Pilbara block in Western Australia reveals a cross section through an
Archean massive sulfide-hosting volcanic succession with underlying subvolcanic intrusion in the Panorama
district. A numerical model based on available detailed geologic information has been constructed to simulate
heat and fluid flow in the Panorama district. The modeling provides insight into the evolution of the hydrothermal
system and evaluates key geologic parameters and their influence on fluid-flow, hydrothermal circulation,
and the genesis of massive sulfide orebodies. The model simulates important aspects of the Panorama
massive sulfide district, such as temperature distribution, relative alteration zonation, and the size and distribution
of orebodies. Predicted temperatures ranging from 150ºC at the top of the volcanic pile to ~400ºC at the
andesite-diorite interface are comparable to temperature estimates based on previously published oxygen isotope
mapping. Modeled fluid discharge temperatures are highest for the Sulphur Springs deposit (300º–400ºC)
and lower for the Kangaroo Caves and other deposits (250º–350ºC). The most favorable conditions to reproduce
the orebodies and their related alteration zonation occur at anisotropic rock permeabilities comparable
to the upper oceanic crust (10–15–10–14 m2) and higher fault permeabilities (10–14–10–13 m2) with a specific fault
arrangement similar to that mapped in the field. The 4.6 million metric tons (Mt) Sulphur Springs orebody is
predicted to form in less than 5,000 yr, assuming a hydrothermal fluid with seawater salinity, 10 ppm base metal
concentration, and a low deposition efficiency (≤10%); other deposits form above the faults under similar conditions.
A large range of base metal concentrations in the fluids can account for the known orebodies, but high
temperatures (≥250ºC) and high-flow velocities (>10–7 m/s) are necessary to produce the observed alteration
patterns and distribution of ore deposits. Results indicate that the establishment of a significant hydrothermal
system capable of forming economic massive sulfide deposits is favored in fresh volcanic rock packages that
have not been affected by earlier compaction or alteration. Under these conditions, economic massive sulfide
orebodies (>5 Mt of 10% Zn + Cu) may form in a few thousand years, although the overall lifespan of the hydrothermal
system may be between 30,000 and ~200,000 yr, depending on the variations in rock and fault permeability
with time.
" name="eprints.abstract" />
<meta content="2005-05" name="eprints.date" />
<meta content="published" name="eprints.date_type" />
<meta content="Economic Geology" name="eprints.publication" />
<meta content="100" name="eprints.volume" />
<meta content="3" name="eprints.number" />
<meta content="547-566" name="eprints.pagerange" />
<meta content="10.2113/100.3.547" name="eprints.id_number" />
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<meta content="http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/100.3.547" name="eprints.official_url" />
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449–466." name="eprints.referencetext" />
<meta content="Schardt, C. and Yang, J. and Large, R.R. (2005) Numerical Heat and Fluid-Flow Modeling of the Panorama Volcanic-Hosted Massive Sulfide District, Western Australia. Economic Geology, 100 (3). pp. 547-566. ISSN 0361-0128" name="eprints.citation" />
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<meta content="Numerical Heat and Fluid-Flow Modeling of the Panorama Volcanic-Hosted Massive Sulfide District, Western Australia" name="DC.title" />
<meta content="Schardt, C." name="DC.creator" />
<meta content="Yang, J." name="DC.creator" />
<meta content="Large, R.R." name="DC.creator" />
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<meta content="Exceptional exposure of the Archean Pilbara block in Western Australia reveals a cross section through an
Archean massive sulfide-hosting volcanic succession with underlying subvolcanic intrusion in the Panorama
district. A numerical model based on available detailed geologic information has been constructed to simulate
heat and fluid flow in the Panorama district. The modeling provides insight into the evolution of the hydrothermal
system and evaluates key geologic parameters and their influence on fluid-flow, hydrothermal circulation,
and the genesis of massive sulfide orebodies. The model simulates important aspects of the Panorama
massive sulfide district, such as temperature distribution, relative alteration zonation, and the size and distribution
of orebodies. Predicted temperatures ranging from 150ºC at the top of the volcanic pile to ~400ºC at the
andesite-diorite interface are comparable to temperature estimates based on previously published oxygen isotope
mapping. Modeled fluid discharge temperatures are highest for the Sulphur Springs deposit (300º–400ºC)
and lower for the Kangaroo Caves and other deposits (250º–350ºC). The most favorable conditions to reproduce
the orebodies and their related alteration zonation occur at anisotropic rock permeabilities comparable
to the upper oceanic crust (10–15–10–14 m2) and higher fault permeabilities (10–14–10–13 m2) with a specific fault
arrangement similar to that mapped in the field. The 4.6 million metric tons (Mt) Sulphur Springs orebody is
predicted to form in less than 5,000 yr, assuming a hydrothermal fluid with seawater salinity, 10 ppm base metal
concentration, and a low deposition efficiency (≤10%); other deposits form above the faults under similar conditions.
A large range of base metal concentrations in the fluids can account for the known orebodies, but high
temperatures (≥250ºC) and high-flow velocities (>10–7 m/s) are necessary to produce the observed alteration
patterns and distribution of ore deposits. Results indicate that the establishment of a significant hydrothermal
system capable of forming economic massive sulfide deposits is favored in fresh volcanic rock packages that
have not been affected by earlier compaction or alteration. Under these conditions, economic massive sulfide
orebodies (>5 Mt of 10% Zn + Cu) may form in a few thousand years, although the overall lifespan of the hydrothermal
system may be between 30,000 and ~200,000 yr, depending on the variations in rock and fault permeability
with time.
" name="DC.description" />
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<meta content="PeerReviewed" name="DC.type" />
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<h1 class="ep_tm_pagetitle">Numerical Heat and Fluid-Flow Modeling of the Panorama Volcanic-Hosted Massive Sulfide District, Western Australia</h1>
<p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><span class="person_name">Schardt, C.</span> and <span class="person_name">Yang, J.</span> and <span class="person_name">Large, R.R.</span> (2005) <xhtml:em>Numerical Heat and Fluid-Flow Modeling of the Panorama Volcanic-Hosted Massive Sulfide District, Western Australia.</xhtml:em> Economic Geology, 100 (3). pp. 547-566. ISSN 0361-0128</p><p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"></p><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><tr><td valign="top" style="text-align:center"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2040/3/Schardt.Yang.Large.ECONGEOL.2005.pdf"><img alt="[img]" src="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/images/fileicons/application_pdf.png" class="ep_doc_icon" border="0" /></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2040/3/Schardt.Yang.Large.ECONGEOL.2005.pdf"><span class="ep_document_citation">PDF</span></a> - Full text restricted - Requires a PDF viewer<br />949Kb</td><td><form method="get" accept-charset="utf-8" action="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/request_doc"><input accept-charset="utf-8" value="2574" name="docid" type="hidden" /><div class=""><input value="Request a copy" name="_action_null" class="ep_form_action_button" onclick="return EPJS_button_pushed( '_action_null' )" type="submit" /> </div></form></td></tr></table><p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block">Official URL: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/100.3.547">http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/100.3.547</a></p><div class="not_ep_block"><h2>Abstract</h2><p style="padding-bottom: 16px; text-align: left; margin: 1em auto 0em auto">Exceptional exposure of the Archean Pilbara block in Western Australia reveals a cross section through an
Archean massive sulfide-hosting volcanic succession with underlying subvolcanic intrusion in the Panorama
district. A numerical model based on available detailed geologic information has been constructed to simulate
heat and fluid flow in the Panorama district. The modeling provides insight into the evolution of the hydrothermal
system and evaluates key geologic parameters and their influence on fluid-flow, hydrothermal circulation,
and the genesis of massive sulfide orebodies. The model simulates important aspects of the Panorama
massive sulfide district, such as temperature distribution, relative alteration zonation, and the size and distribution
of orebodies. Predicted temperatures ranging from 150ºC at the top of the volcanic pile to ~400ºC at the
andesite-diorite interface are comparable to temperature estimates based on previously published oxygen isotope
mapping. Modeled fluid discharge temperatures are highest for the Sulphur Springs deposit (300º–400ºC)
and lower for the Kangaroo Caves and other deposits (250º–350ºC). The most favorable conditions to reproduce
the orebodies and their related alteration zonation occur at anisotropic rock permeabilities comparable
to the upper oceanic crust (10–15–10–14 m2) and higher fault permeabilities (10–14–10–13 m2) with a specific fault
arrangement similar to that mapped in the field. The 4.6 million metric tons (Mt) Sulphur Springs orebody is
predicted to form in less than 5,000 yr, assuming a hydrothermal fluid with seawater salinity, 10 ppm base metal
concentration, and a low deposition efficiency (≤10%); other deposits form above the faults under similar conditions.
A large range of base metal concentrations in the fluids can account for the known orebodies, but high
temperatures (≥250ºC) and high-flow velocities (>10–7 m/s) are necessary to produce the observed alteration
patterns and distribution of ore deposits. Results indicate that the establishment of a significant hydrothermal
system capable of forming economic massive sulfide deposits is favored in fresh volcanic rock packages that
have not been affected by earlier compaction or alteration. Under these conditions, economic massive sulfide
orebodies (>5 Mt of 10% Zn + Cu) may form in a few thousand years, although the overall lifespan of the hydrothermal
system may be between 30,000 and ~200,000 yr, depending on the variations in rock and fault permeability
with time.
</p></div><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" cellpadding="3" class="not_ep_block" border="0"><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Item Type:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">Article</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Keywords:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">VHMS, ore genesis, ore fluids, sea floor ore deposits, VMS, Cu-Pb-Zn</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Subjects:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/view/subjects/260100.html">260000 Earth Sciences > 260100 Geology</a></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ID Code:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">2040</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited By:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><span class="ep_name_citation"><span class="person_name">Mrs Katrina Keep</span></span></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited On:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">04 Oct 2007 15:58</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Last Modified:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">09 Jan 2008 02:30</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ePrint Statistics:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a target="ePrintStats" href="/es/index.php?action=show_detail_eprint;id=2040;">View statistics for this ePrint</a></td></tr></table><p align="right">Repository Staff Only: <a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/users/home?screen=EPrint::View&eprintid=2040">item control page</a></p>
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