Digital_Repository/Misc/Mass downloads/UTas/2040.html at f408dc826a33e17e0301fe6081775e77ab9692a0

nigel.stanger / Digital_Repository
Find file
Newer
Older
Digital_Repository / Misc / Mass downloads / UTas / 2040.html
Nigel Stanger on 7 May 2013 44 KB - Imported Misc directory.
Raw Blame History
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html>
  <head>
    <title>UTas ePrints - Numerical Heat and Fluid-Flow Modeling of the Panorama Volcanic-Hosted Massive Sulfide District, Western Australia</title>
    <script type="text/javascript" src="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/javascript/auto.js"><!-- padder --></script>
    <style type="text/css" media="screen">@import url(http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/auto.css);</style>
    <style type="text/css" media="print">@import url(http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/print.css);</style>
    <link rel="icon" href="/images/eprints/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" />
    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/images/eprints/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" />
    <link rel="Top" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/" />
    <link rel="Search" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/search" />
    <meta content="Schardt, C." name="eprints.creators_name" />
<meta content="Yang, J." name="eprints.creators_name" />
<meta content="Large, R.R." name="eprints.creators_name" />
<meta content="" name="eprints.creators_id" />
<meta content="" name="eprints.creators_id" />
<meta content="Ross.Large@utas.edu.au" name="eprints.creators_id" />
<meta content="article" name="eprints.type" />
<meta content="2007-10-04 05:58:49" name="eprints.datestamp" />
<meta content="2008-01-08 15:30:00" name="eprints.lastmod" />
<meta content="show" name="eprints.metadata_visibility" />
<meta content="Numerical Heat and Fluid-Flow Modeling of the Panorama Volcanic-Hosted Massive Sulfide District, Western Australia" name="eprints.title" />
<meta content="pub" name="eprints.ispublished" />
<meta content="260100" name="eprints.subjects" />
<meta content="restricted" name="eprints.full_text_status" />
<meta content="VHMS, ore genesis, ore fluids, sea floor ore deposits, VMS, Cu-Pb-Zn" name="eprints.keywords" />
<meta content="Exceptional exposure of the Archean Pilbara block in Western Australia reveals a cross section through an
Archean massive sulfide-hosting volcanic succession with underlying subvolcanic intrusion in the Panorama
district. A numerical model based on available detailed geologic information has been constructed to simulate
heat and fluid flow in the Panorama district. The modeling provides insight into the evolution of the hydrothermal
system and evaluates key geologic parameters and their influence on fluid-flow, hydrothermal circulation,
and the genesis of massive sulfide orebodies. The model simulates important aspects of the Panorama
massive sulfide district, such as temperature distribution, relative alteration zonation, and the size and distribution
of orebodies. Predicted temperatures ranging from 150ºC at the top of the volcanic pile to ~400ºC at the
andesite-diorite interface are comparable to temperature estimates based on previously published oxygen isotope
mapping. Modeled fluid discharge temperatures are highest for the Sulphur Springs deposit (300º–400ºC)
and lower for the Kangaroo Caves and other deposits (250º–350ºC). The most favorable conditions to reproduce
the orebodies and their related alteration zonation occur at anisotropic rock permeabilities comparable
to the upper oceanic crust (10–15–10–14 m2) and higher fault permeabilities (10–14–10–13 m2) with a specific fault
arrangement similar to that mapped in the field. The 4.6 million metric tons (Mt) Sulphur Springs orebody is
predicted to form in less than 5,000 yr, assuming a hydrothermal fluid with seawater salinity, 10 ppm base metal
concentration, and a low deposition efficiency (≤10%); other deposits form above the faults under similar conditions.
A large range of base metal concentrations in the fluids can account for the known orebodies, but high
temperatures (≥250ºC) and high-flow velocities (>10–7 m/s) are necessary to produce the observed alteration
patterns and distribution of ore deposits. Results indicate that the establishment of a significant hydrothermal
system capable of forming economic massive sulfide deposits is favored in fresh volcanic rock packages that
have not been affected by earlier compaction or alteration. Under these conditions, economic massive sulfide
orebodies (>5 Mt of 10% Zn + Cu) may form in a few thousand years, although the overall lifespan of the hydrothermal
system may be between 30,000 and ~200,000 yr, depending on the variations in rock and fault permeability
with time.
" name="eprints.abstract" />
<meta content="2005-05" name="eprints.date" />
<meta content="published" name="eprints.date_type" />
<meta content="Economic Geology" name="eprints.publication" />
<meta content="100" name="eprints.volume" />
<meta content="3" name="eprints.number" />
<meta content="547-566" name="eprints.pagerange" />
<meta content="10.2113/100.3.547" name="eprints.id_number" />
<meta content="TRUE" name="eprints.refereed" />
<meta content="0361-0128" name="eprints.issn" />
<meta content="http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/100.3.547" name="eprints.official_url" />
<meta content="Appold, M.S., and Garven, G., 1999, The hydrology of ore formation in the
Southwest Missouri district: Numerical models of topography-driven fluid
flow during the Ouachita orogeny: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 94, p. 913–936.
Barley, M.E., 1993, Volcanic, sedimentary and tectonostratigraphic environments
of the ~3.46 Ga Warrawoona megasequence: A review: Precambrian
Research, v. 60, p. 47–67.
Barrie, C.T., Cathles, L.M., and Erendi, A., 1999a, Finite element heat and
fluid-flow computer simulations of a deep ultramafic sill model for the
Giant Kidd Creek volcanic-associated massive sulfide deposit, Abititi subprovince,
Canada: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY MONOGRAPH 10, p. 529–540.
Barrie, C.T., Cathles, L.M., Erendi, A., Schwaiger, H., and Murray, C.,
1999b, Heat and fluid flow in volcanic-associated massive sulfide-forming
hydrothermal systems: Reviews in Economic Geology, v. 8, p. 201–219.
Bear, J., 1972, Dynamics of fluids in porous media: New York, Elsevier, 764
p.
Becker, K., 1985, Large-scale electrical resistivity and bulk porosity of the
oceanic crust, Deep Sea Drilling Project hole 504B, Costa Rica Rift: Deep
Sea Drilling Project, v. 83, p. 419–427.
——1990, Measurement of the permeability of the upper oceanic crust at
hole 395A, ODP Leg 109: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Project, Scientific
Results, v. 106-109, p. 213–222.
Brauhart, C.W., 1999, Regional alteration systems associated with Archean
volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits at Panorama, Pilbara, Western Australia:
Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Nedlands, WA, University of Western
Australia, 194 p.
Brauhart, C.W., Groves, D., and Morant, P., 1998, Regional alteration systems
associated with volcanogenic massive sulfide mineralization at
Panorama, Pilbara, Western Australia: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 93, p.
292–303
Brauhart, C.W., Huston, D.L., and Andrew, A.S., 2000, Oxygen isotope mapping
in the Panorama VMS district, Pilbara craton, Western Australia: Applications
to estimating temperatures of alteration and to exploration: Mineralium
Deposita, v. 35, p. 727–740.
Brauhart, C.W., Huston, D.L., Groves, D.I., Mikucki, E.J., and Stephen,
J.G., 2001, Geochemical mass transfer patterns as indicators of the architecture
of a complete volcanogenic massive-sulfide hydrothermal alteration
system in the Panorama district, Pilbara, Western Australia: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY,
v. 96, p. 1263–1278.
Bruns, T.R., and Lavoie, D.L., 1994, Bulk permeability of young backarc
basalt in the Lau basin from a downhole packer experiment: Proceedings
of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, v. 135, p. 805–816.
Cann, J.R., Strens, M.R., and Rice, A., 1985, A simple magma-driven thermal
balance model for the formation of volcanogenic massive sulphides:
Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 76, p. 123–134.
Carr, P.M., Cathles, L.M., Ioannou, S., and Barrie, C.T., 2002, The role of anhydrite
deposition in sub-seafloor sill-driven hydrothermal systems [abs.]:
Geological Society of America Abstracts, v. 34, p. 341.
Carter, L.S., Kelley, S.A., Blackwell, D.D., and Naeser, N.D., 1998, Heat
flow and thermal history of the Anadarko basin, Oklahoma: American Association
of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 82, p. 291–316.
Cas, R.A.F., 1992, Submarine volcanism: Eruption styles, products, and relevance
to understanding the host-rock successions to VHMS deposits:
ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 87, p. 511–541.
Cathles, L.M., 1981, Fluid flow and ore genesis of hydrothermal ore deposits:
ECONOMIC GEOLOGY 75TH ANNIVERSARY VOLUME, p. 424–457.
——1983, An analysis of the hydrothermal system responsible for massive
sulfide deposition in the Hokuroku basin of Japan: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY
MONOGRAPH 5, p. 439–487.
——1993a, Oxygen isotope alteration in the Noranda mining district, Abitibi
greenstone belt, Quebec: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 88, p. 1483–1511.
——1993b, A capless 350ºC flow zone model to explain megaplumes, salinity
variations, and high-temperature veins in ridge axis hydrothermal systems:
ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 88, p. 1977–1988.
Cathles, L.M., Erendi, A.H.J., and Barrie, T., 1997, How long can a hydrothermal
system be sustained by a single intrusive event?: ECONOMIC
GEOLOGY, v. 92, p. 766–771.
Converse, D.R., Holland, H.D., and Edmond, J.M., 1984, Flow rates in the
axial hot springs of the East Pacific Rise (21ºN): Implications for the heat
budget and the formation of massive sulfide deposits: Earth and Planetary
Science Letters, v. 69, p. 159–175.
Davis, E.E., Chapman, D.S., and Forster, C.B., 1996, Observations concerning
the vigour of hydrothermal circulation in young oceanic crust: Journal
of Geophysical Research, v. 101, p. 2927–2942.
Dickson, P., Schulz, A., and Woods, A., 1995, Preliminary modelling of hydrothermal
circulation within mid-ocean ridge sulphide structures: Geological
Society of London Special Publication, v. 87, p. 145–157.
Feely, R.A., Lewison, M.A., Massoth, G.J., Baldo, G.R., Lavelle, R.H., Byrne,
R.H., Von Damm, K.L., and Curl, Jr.H.C., 1987, Compositions and dissolution
of black smoker particles from active vents on the Juan de Fuca
Ridge: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 92, p. 11,347–11,363.
Fehn, U., and Cathles, L., 1979, Hydrothermal convection at slow-spreading
mid-ocean ridges: Tectonophysics, v. 55, p. 239–260.
Fisher, A.T., and Becker, K., 1991, Heat flow, hydrothermal circulation and
basalt intrusions in the Guaymas basin, Gulf of California: Earth and Planetary
Science Letters, v. 103, p. 84–99.
——1995, Correlation between seafloor heat flow and basement relief: Observational
and numerical examples and implications for upper crustal permeability:
Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 100, p. 12,641–12,657.
Fisher, A.T., and Narasimhan, T.N., 1991, Numerical simulations of hydrothermal
circulation resulting from basalt intrusions in a buried spreading
center: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 103, p. 100–115.
Fisher, A.T., Becker, K., and Narasimhan, T.N., 1994, Off-axis hydrothermal
circulation: Parametric tests of a refined model of processes at Deep Sea
Drilling project/Ocean Drilling Program site 504: Journal of Geophysical
Research, v. 99, p. 3097–3121.
Fisher, A.T., Becker, K., and Davis, E.E., 1997, The permeability of young
oceanic crust east of Juan de Fuca Ridge determined using borehole thermal
measurements: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 24, p. 1311–1314.
Galley, A.G., 1993, Characteristics of semi-conformable alteration zones associated
with volcanogenic massive sulphide districts: Journal of Geochemical
Exploration, v. 48, p. 175–200.
Gamo, T., Okamura, K., Charlou, J.L., Urabe, T., Auzende, J.M., Ishibashi,
J., Shitashima, K., Chiba, H., Binns, R.A., Gena, K., Henry, K., Matsubayashi,
O., Moss, R., Nagaya, Y., Naka, J., and Ruellan, E., 1997, Acidic and
sulfate-rich hydrothermal fluids from the Manus back-arc basin, Papua
New Guinea: Geology, v. 25, p. 139–142.
Ginster, U., Mottl, M.J., and Von Herzen, R.P., 1994, Heat flux from black
smokers on the Endeavor and Cleft segments, Juan de Fuca Ridge: Journal
of Geophysical Research, v. 99, p. 4937–4950.
Hannington, M.D, Jonasson, I.R., Herzig, P.M., and Petersen, S., 1995, Physical
and chemical processes of seafloor mineralization at mid-ocean ridges:
Geophysical Monograph, v. 91, p. 115–157.
Henley, R.W., and Ellis, A.J., 1983, Geothermal systems ancient and modern:
A geochemical review: Earth Science Reviews, v. 19, p. 1–50.
Hickman, A.H., 1983, Geology of the Pilbara block and its environs: Western
Australia Geological Survey Bulletin, v. 127, 128 p.
Hoy, L.D., 1993, Regional evolution of hydrothermal fluids in the Noranda
district, Quebec: Evidence from δ18O values from volcanogenic massive
sulfide deposits: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 88, p. 1526–1541.
Holzbecher, E., 1998, Modeling density-driven flow in porous media: Berlin,
Springer, 286 p.
Huston, D.L., and Large, R.R., 1987, Genetic and exploration significance of
the zinc ratio (100 Zn/(Zn + Pb)) in massive sulfide systems: ECONOMIC
GEOLOGY, v. 82, p. 1521–1539.
Huston, D.L., Taylor, B.E., Bleeker, W., and Watanabe, D.H., 1996, Productivity
of volcanic-hosted massive sulfide districts: New constraints from the
δ18O of quartz phenocrysts in cogenetic felsic rocks: Geology, v. 24, p.
459–462.
Huston, D.L., Brauhart, C.W., Wellman, and Andrew, A.S., 1998, Gammaray
spectrometric and oxygen-isotope mapping of regional alteration halos
in massive sulphide districts: An example from Panorama, central Pilbara
craton: Australian Geological Survey Organisation Research Newsletter 29,
p. 14–16.
Kranz, R.L., Frankel, A.D., Engelder, T., and Scholz, C.H., 1979, The permeability
of whole and jointed Barre granite: International Journal of Rock
Mechanics, Mining Science and Geomechanical Abstracts, v. 16, p.
225–234.
Krapez, B., 1993, Sequence stratigraphy of the Archean supracrustal belts of
the Pilbara block, Western Australia: Precambrian Research, v. 60, p. 1–45.
Lapwood, E.R., 1948, Convection of fluid in a porous medium: Cambridge
Philosophical Society Proceedings, v. 44, p. 508–521.
Large, R.R., Doyle, M., Raymond, O.L., Cooke, D., Jones, A., and Heasman,
L., 1996, Evaluation of the role of Cambrian granites in the genesis of
world class VHMS deposits in Tasmania: Ore Geology Reviews, v. 10, p.
215–230.
Lister, C.R.B., 1974, On the penetration of water into hot rock: Geophysical
Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, v. 39, p. 465–509.
Lowell, R.P., and Burnell, D.K., 1991, Mathematical modeling of conductive
heat transfer from a freezing, convecting magma chamber to a single-pass
hydrothermal system: Implications for seafloor black smokers: Earth and
Planetary Science Letters, v. 104, p. 59–69.
Lowell, R.P., and Rona, P.A., 1985, Hydrothermal models for the generation
of massive sulfide ore deposits: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 90, p.
8,769–8,783.
Martin, J.T., and Lowell, R.P., 1997, On thermoelasticity and silica precipitation
in hydrothermal systems: Numerical modeling of laboratory experiments:
Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 102, p. 12,095–12,107.
McPhie, J., Doyle, M., and Allen, R., 1993, Volcanic textures—a guide to the
interpretation of textures in volcanic rocks: Hobart, Centre for Ore Deposits
Research, University of Tasmania, 196 p.
Miller, C., Halley, S., Green, G., and Jones, M., 2001, Discovery of the West
45 volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposit using oxygen isotopes and REE
geochemistry: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 96, p. 1227–1237.
Miyashiro, A., 1994, Metamorphic petrology: London, UCL Press, 404 p.
Morant, P., 1995, The Panorama Zn-Cu VMS deposits, Western Australia:
Australian Institute of Geologist Bulletin, v. 16, p. 75–84.
Morrow, C.A., and Byerlee, J.D., 1992, Permeability of core samples from
Cajon Pass scientific drill hole: results from 2100 to 3500 m depth: Journal
of Geophysical Research, v. 97, p. 5145–5151.
Morrow, C., Moore, D., and Lockner, D., 1997, Permeability reduction in
granite under hydrothermal conditions: EOS, v. 78, p. 711.
Munha, J., Barriga, F.J.A.S., and Kerrich, R., 1986, High 18O ore-forming fluids
in volcanic-hosted base metal massive sulfide deposits: Geologic,
18O/16O, and D/H evidence from the Iberian Pyrite Belt; Crandon, Wisconsin,
and Blue Hill, Maine: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 81, p. 530–552.
Norton, D., and Knapp, R., 1977, Transport phenomena in hydrothermal systems:
The nature of porosity: American Journal of Science, v. 277, p.
913–936.
Ohmoto, H., Mizukami, M., Drummond, S.E., Eldridge, C.S., Pisutha-
Arnond, V., and Lenagh, T.C., 1983, Chemical processes of kuroko formation:
ECONOMIC GEOLOGY MONOGRAPH 5, p. 570–604.
Paradis, S., Taylor, B.E., Watkinson, D. H., and Jonasson, I. R., 1993, Oxygen
isotope zonation and alteration in the northern Noranda district, Quebec:
Evidence for hydrothermal fluid flow: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 88, p.
1512–1525.
Rosenberg, N.D., Spera, F.J., and Haymon, R.M., 1993, The relationship between
flow and permeability field in seafloor hydrothermal systems: Earth
and Planetary Science Letters, v. 116, p. 135–153.
Russell, J.K., and Stasiuk, M.V., 1997, Characterization of volcanic deposits
with ground-penetrating radar: Bulletin Volcanologique, v. 58, p. 515–527.
Rust, A.C., Russell, J.K., and Knight, R.J., 1999, Dielectric constant as a predictor
of porosity in dry volcanic rocks: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal
Research, v. 91, p. 79–96.
Sanford, W.E., and Ingebritsen, S.E., 1998, Groundwater in geological
processes: Cambridge, University of Cambridge Press, 341 p.
Schiffman, P., and Smith, B. M., 1988, Petrology and oxygen isotope geochemistry
of a fossil seawater hydrothermal system within the Solea graben,
northern Troodos Ophiolite, Cyprus: Journal of Geophysical Research, v.
93, p. 4612–4624.
Schultz, A., Delaney, J.R., and McDuff, R.E., 1992, On the partitioning of
heat flux between diffuse and point source seafloor venting: Journal of
Geophysical Research, v. 97, p. 12,229–12,314.
SIPA Resources International NL, 2001, Annual Report: West Perth, Australia
<http://www.sipa.com. au/anreps.html>.
Sleep, N.H., 1991, Hydrothermal circulation, anhydrite precipitation, and
thermal structure at ridge axes: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 96, p.
2375–2387.
Snelgrove, S.H., and Forster, C.B., 1996, Impact of seafloor sediment permeability
and thickness on off-axis hydrothermal circulation: Juan de Fuca
Ridge eastern flank: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 101, p. 2915–2925.
Solomon, M., Walshe, J.L., and Eastoe, C.J., 1987, Experiments on convection
and their relevance to the genesis of massive sulphide deposits: Australian
Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 34, p. 311–323.
Stanton, R.L., 1985, Stratiform ores and geological processes: Journal and
Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, v. 118, p. 77–100.
——1994, Ore elements in arc lavas: Oxford Monograph on Geology and
Geophysics 29, 391 p.
Stevenson, R.J., Briggs, R.M., and Hodder, A.P.W., 1993, Emplacement history
of a low-viscosity, fountain-fed pantelleritic lava flow: Journal of Volcanology
and Geothermal Research, v. 57, p. 39–56.
——1994, Physical volcanology and emplacement history of the Ben
Lomond rhyolite lava flow, Taupo volcanic centre, New Zealand: New
Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, v. 37, p. 345–358.
Strens, M.R., and Cann, J.R., 1986, A fracture-loop thermal balance model
of black smoker circulation: Tectonophysics, v. 122, p. 307–324.
Taylor, B.E., and South, B.C., 1985, Regional stable isotope systematics of
hydrothermal alteration and massive sulfide deposition in the West Shasta
district, California: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 80, p. 2149–2163.
Van Kranendonk, M.J., 1998, Litho-tectonic and structural components of
the North Shaw 1:100 000 sheet, Archean Pilbara craton: Geological Survey
of Western Australia Annual Review 1997-1998, p. 63–70.
Van Kranendonk, M.J., and Morant, P., 1998, Revised Archean stratigraphy
of the North Shaw 1:100 000 sheet, Pilbara Craton: Geological Survey of
Western Australia Annual Review 1997-1998, p. 55–62.
Vearncombe, S., and Kerrich, R., 1999, Geochemistry and geodynamic setting
of volcanic and plutonic rocks associated with early Archean volcanogenic
massive sulphide mineralization, Pilbara craton: Precambrian
Research, v. 98, p. 243–270.
Vearncombe, S., Barley, M.E., Groves, N.J., McNaughton, Mikucki, E.J., and
Vearncombe, J.R., 1995, 3.26 Ga black smoker-type mineralization in the
Strelley Belt, Pilbara craton, Western Australia: Journal of the Geological
Society of London, v. 152, p. 587–590.
Vearncombe, S., Vearncombe, J.R., and Barley, M.E., 1998, Fault and stratigraphic
controls on volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits in the Strelley
belt, Pilbara craton, Western Australia: Precambrian Research, v. 88, p.
67–82.
Williams, C.F., Narasimhan, T.N., Anderson, R.N., Zoback, M.D., and
Becker, K., 1986, Convection in the oceanic crust: Simulation of observation
from deep-sea drilling project hole, 504B, Costa Rica rift: Journal of
Geophysical Research, v. 91, p. 4877–4889.
Xu, W., andLowell, R.P., 1977, Numerical modeling of two-phase seafloor hydrothermal
systems caused by dike intrusion: EOS Transactions of the
American Geophysical Union, v. 77, p. 46.
Yang, J., 2002, Influence of normal faults and basement topography on ridgeflank
hydrothermal fluid circulation: Geophysical Journal International, v.
51, p. 83–87.
Yang, J., and Large, R., 2001, Computational modelling of hydrothermal oreforming
fluid migration in complex earth structures, in Xie, H., Wang, Y.,
and Jiang, Y., eds., Computer application in the mineral industries: Rotterdam,
A.A. Balkema, p. 115–120.
Yang, J., Edwards, R.N., Molson, J.W., and Sudicky, E.A., 1996, Three-dimensional
numerical simulations of the hydrothermal system within the
TAG-like sulfide mound: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 23, p.
3475–3478.
Yang, J., Latychev, K., and Edwards, R.N., 1998, Numerical computation of
hydrothermal fluid circulation in fractured Earth structures: Geophysical
Journal International, v. 135, p. 627–649.
Zoth, G., and Haenel, R., 1988, Appendix 1: Thermal conductivity, in
Haenel, R., Rybach, L., and Stegena, eds., Handbook of terrestrial heatflow
density determination: Dortrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers, p.
449–466." name="eprints.referencetext" />
<meta content="Schardt, C. and Yang, J. and Large, R.R. (2005) Numerical Heat and Fluid-Flow Modeling of the Panorama Volcanic-Hosted Massive Sulfide District, Western Australia. Economic Geology, 100 (3). pp. 547-566. ISSN 0361-0128" name="eprints.citation" />
<meta content="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2040/3/Schardt.Yang.Large.ECONGEOL.2005.pdf" name="eprints.document_url" />
<link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/" />
<meta content="Numerical Heat and Fluid-Flow Modeling of the Panorama Volcanic-Hosted Massive Sulfide District, Western Australia" name="DC.title" />
<meta content="Schardt, C." name="DC.creator" />
<meta content="Yang, J." name="DC.creator" />
<meta content="Large, R.R." name="DC.creator" />
<meta content="260100 Geology" name="DC.subject" />
<meta content="Exceptional exposure of the Archean Pilbara block in Western Australia reveals a cross section through an
Archean massive sulfide-hosting volcanic succession with underlying subvolcanic intrusion in the Panorama
district. A numerical model based on available detailed geologic information has been constructed to simulate
heat and fluid flow in the Panorama district. The modeling provides insight into the evolution of the hydrothermal
system and evaluates key geologic parameters and their influence on fluid-flow, hydrothermal circulation,
and the genesis of massive sulfide orebodies. The model simulates important aspects of the Panorama
massive sulfide district, such as temperature distribution, relative alteration zonation, and the size and distribution
of orebodies. Predicted temperatures ranging from 150ºC at the top of the volcanic pile to ~400ºC at the
andesite-diorite interface are comparable to temperature estimates based on previously published oxygen isotope
mapping. Modeled fluid discharge temperatures are highest for the Sulphur Springs deposit (300º–400ºC)
and lower for the Kangaroo Caves and other deposits (250º–350ºC). The most favorable conditions to reproduce
the orebodies and their related alteration zonation occur at anisotropic rock permeabilities comparable
to the upper oceanic crust (10–15–10–14 m2) and higher fault permeabilities (10–14–10–13 m2) with a specific fault
arrangement similar to that mapped in the field. The 4.6 million metric tons (Mt) Sulphur Springs orebody is
predicted to form in less than 5,000 yr, assuming a hydrothermal fluid with seawater salinity, 10 ppm base metal
concentration, and a low deposition efficiency (≤10%); other deposits form above the faults under similar conditions.
A large range of base metal concentrations in the fluids can account for the known orebodies, but high
temperatures (≥250ºC) and high-flow velocities (>10–7 m/s) are necessary to produce the observed alteration
patterns and distribution of ore deposits. Results indicate that the establishment of a significant hydrothermal
system capable of forming economic massive sulfide deposits is favored in fresh volcanic rock packages that
have not been affected by earlier compaction or alteration. Under these conditions, economic massive sulfide
orebodies (>5 Mt of 10% Zn + Cu) may form in a few thousand years, although the overall lifespan of the hydrothermal
system may be between 30,000 and ~200,000 yr, depending on the variations in rock and fault permeability
with time.
" name="DC.description" />
<meta content="2005-05" name="DC.date" />
<meta content="Article" name="DC.type" />
<meta content="PeerReviewed" name="DC.type" />
<meta content="application/pdf" name="DC.format" />
<meta content="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2040/3/Schardt.Yang.Large.ECONGEOL.2005.pdf" name="DC.identifier" />
<meta content="http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/100.3.547" name="DC.relation" />
<meta content="Schardt, C. and Yang, J. and Large, R.R. (2005) Numerical Heat and Fluid-Flow Modeling of the Panorama Volcanic-Hosted Massive Sulfide District, Western Australia. Economic Geology, 100 (3). pp. 547-566. ISSN 0361-0128" name="DC.identifier" />
<meta content="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2040/" name="DC.relation" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2040/BibTeX/epprod-eprint-2040.bib" title="BibTeX" type="text/plain" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2040/ContextObject/epprod-eprint-2040.xml" title="OpenURL ContextObject" type="text/xml" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2040/ContextObject::Dissertation/epprod-eprint-2040.xml" title="OpenURL Dissertation" type="text/xml" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2040/ContextObject::Journal/epprod-eprint-2040.xml" title="OpenURL Journal" type="text/xml" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2040/DC/epprod-eprint-2040.txt" title="Dublin Core" type="text/plain" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2040/DIDL/epprod-eprint-2040.xml" title="DIDL" type="text/xml" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2040/EndNote/epprod-eprint-2040.enw" title="EndNote" type="text/plain" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2040/HTML/epprod-eprint-2040.html" title="HTML Citation" type="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2040/METS/epprod-eprint-2040.xml" title="METS" type="text/xml" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2040/MODS/epprod-eprint-2040.xml" title="MODS" type="text/xml" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2040/RIS/epprod-eprint-2040.ris" title="Reference Manager" type="text/plain" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2040/Refer/epprod-eprint-2040.refer" title="Refer" type="text/plain" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2040/Simple/epprod-eprint-2040text" title="Simple Metadata" type="text/plain" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2040/Text/epprod-eprint-2040.txt" title="ASCII Citation" type="text/plain; charset=utf-8" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2040/XML/epprod-eprint-2040.xml" title="EP3 XML" type="text/xml" />
 
  </head>
  <body bgcolor="#ffffff" text="#000000" onLoad="loadRoutine(); MM_preloadImages('images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c5_f2.gif','images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c7_f2.gif','images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c8_f2.gif','images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c9_f2.gif','images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c10_f2.gif','images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c11_f2.gif','images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r6_c4_f2.gif')">
    
    <div class="ep_noprint"><noscript><style type="text/css">@import url(http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/nojs.css);</style></noscript></div>
 
 
 
 
<table width="795" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
  <tr>
    <td><script language="JavaScript1.2">mmLoadMenus();</script>
      <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="795">
        <!-- fwtable fwsrc="eprints_banner_final2.png" fwbase="ePrints_banner.gif" fwstyle="Dreamweaver" fwdocid = "1249563342" fwnested="0" -->
        <tr>
          <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="32" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="104" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="44" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="105" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="41" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="16" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="68" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="68" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="68" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="82" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="69" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="98" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td colspan="12"><img name="ePrints_banner_r1_c1" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r1_c1.gif" width="795" height="10" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="10" border="0" alt="" /></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td rowspan="6"><img name="ePrints_banner_r2_c1" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r2_c1.gif" width="32" height="118" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td rowspan="5"><a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/"><img name="ePrints_banner_r2_c2" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r2_c2.gif" width="104" height="103" border="0" alt="" /></a></td>
          <td colspan="10"><img name="ePrints_banner_r2_c3" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r2_c3.gif" width="659" height="41" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="41" border="0" alt="" /></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td colspan="3"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/"><img name="ePrints_banner_r3_c3" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r3_c3.gif" width="190" height="31" border="0" alt="" /></a></td>
          <td rowspan="2" colspan="7"><img name="ePrints_banner_r3_c6" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r3_c6.gif" width="469" height="37" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="31" border="0" alt="" /></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td colspan="3"><img name="ePrints_banner_r4_c3" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r4_c3.gif" width="190" height="6" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="6" border="0" alt="" /></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td colspan="2"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c3" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c3.gif" width="149" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/information.html" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0821132634_0,0,25,null,'ePrints_banner_r5_c5');MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r5_c5','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c5_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c5" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c5.gif" width="57" height="25" border="0" alt="About" /></a></td>
          <td rowspan="2"><a href="/view/" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0821133021_1,0,25,null,'ePrints_banner_r5_c7');MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r5_c7','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c7_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c7" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c7.gif" width="68" height="25" border="0" alt="Browse" /></a></td>
          <td rowspan="2"><a href="/perl/search/simple" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0821133201_2,0,25,null,'ePrints_banner_r5_c8');MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r5_c8','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c8_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c8" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c8.gif" width="68" height="25" border="0" alt="Search" /></a></td>
          <td rowspan="2"><a href="/perl/register" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout();" onMouseOver="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_1018171924_3,0,25,null,'ePrints_banner_r5_c9');MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r5_c9','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c9_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c9" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c9.gif" width="68" height="25" border="0" alt="register" /></a></td>
          <td rowspan="2"><a href="/perl/users/home" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0821133422_4,0,25,null,'ePrints_banner_r5_c10');MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r5_c10','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c10_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c10" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c10.gif" width="82" height="25" border="0" alt="user area" /></a></td>
          <td rowspan="2"><a href="/help/" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0821133514_5,0,25,null,'ePrints_banner_r5_c11');MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r5_c11','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c11_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c11" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c11.gif" width="69" height="25" border="0" alt="Help" /></a></td>
          <td rowspan="3" colspan="4"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c12" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c12.gif" width="98" height="40" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td rowspan="2"><img name="ePrints_banner_r6_c3" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r6_c3.gif" width="44" height="39" border="0" alt="ePrints home" /></td>
          <td><a href="/" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore()" onMouseOver="MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r6_c4','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r6_c4_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r6_c4" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r6_c4.gif" width="105" height="24" border="0" alt="ePrints home" /></a></td>
          <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="24" border="0" alt="" /></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td><img name="ePrints_banner_r7_c2" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r7_c2.gif" width="104" height="15" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td colspan="8"><img name="ePrints_banner_r7_c4" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r7_c4.gif" width="517" height="15" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="15" border="0" alt="" /></td>
        </tr>
      </table></td>
  </tr>
    <tr><td><table width="100%" style="font-size: 90%; border: solid 1px #ccc; padding: 3px"><tr>
      <td align="left"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/users/home">Login</a> | <a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/register">Create Account</a></td>
      <td align="right" style="white-space: nowrap">
        <form method="get" accept-charset="utf-8" action="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/search" style="display:inline">
          <input class="ep_tm_searchbarbox" size="20" type="text" name="q" />
          <input class="ep_tm_searchbarbutton" value="Search" type="submit" name="_action_search" />
          <input type="hidden" name="_order" value="bytitle" />
          <input type="hidden" name="basic_srchtype" value="ALL" />
          <input type="hidden" name="_satisfyall" value="ALL" />
        </form>
      </td>
    </tr></table></td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="toplinks"><!-- InstanceBeginEditable name="content" -->
 
 
<div align="center">
  
  <table width="720" class="ep_tm_main"><tr><td align="left">
    <h1 class="ep_tm_pagetitle">Numerical Heat and Fluid-Flow Modeling of the Panorama Volcanic-Hosted Massive Sulfide District, Western Australia</h1>
    <p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><span class="person_name">Schardt, C.</span> and <span class="person_name">Yang, J.</span> and <span class="person_name">Large, R.R.</span> (2005) <xhtml:em>Numerical Heat and Fluid-Flow Modeling of the Panorama Volcanic-Hosted Massive Sulfide District, Western Australia.</xhtml:em> Economic Geology, 100 (3). pp. 547-566. ISSN 0361-0128</p><p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"></p><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><tr><td valign="top" style="text-align:center"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2040/3/Schardt.Yang.Large.ECONGEOL.2005.pdf"><img alt="[img]" src="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/images/fileicons/application_pdf.png" class="ep_doc_icon" border="0" /></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2040/3/Schardt.Yang.Large.ECONGEOL.2005.pdf"><span class="ep_document_citation">PDF</span></a> - Full text restricted - Requires a PDF viewer<br />949Kb</td><td><form method="get" accept-charset="utf-8" action="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/request_doc"><input accept-charset="utf-8" value="2574" name="docid" type="hidden" /><div class=""><input value="Request a copy" name="_action_null" class="ep_form_action_button" onclick="return EPJS_button_pushed( '_action_null' )" type="submit" /> </div></form></td></tr></table><p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block">Official URL: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/100.3.547">http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/100.3.547</a></p><div class="not_ep_block"><h2>Abstract</h2><p style="padding-bottom: 16px; text-align: left; margin: 1em auto 0em auto">Exceptional exposure of the Archean Pilbara block in Western Australia reveals a cross section through an&#13;
Archean massive sulfide-hosting volcanic succession with underlying subvolcanic intrusion in the Panorama&#13;
district. A numerical model based on available detailed geologic information has been constructed to simulate&#13;
heat and fluid flow in the Panorama district. The modeling provides insight into the evolution of the hydrothermal&#13;
system and evaluates key geologic parameters and their influence on fluid-flow, hydrothermal circulation,&#13;
and the genesis of massive sulfide orebodies. The model simulates important aspects of the Panorama&#13;
massive sulfide district, such as temperature distribution, relative alteration zonation, and the size and distribution&#13;
of orebodies. Predicted temperatures ranging from 150ºC at the top of the volcanic pile to ~400ºC at the&#13;
andesite-diorite interface are comparable to temperature estimates based on previously published oxygen isotope&#13;
mapping. Modeled fluid discharge temperatures are highest for the Sulphur Springs deposit (300º–400ºC)&#13;
and lower for the Kangaroo Caves and other deposits (250º–350ºC). The most favorable conditions to reproduce&#13;
the orebodies and their related alteration zonation occur at anisotropic rock permeabilities comparable&#13;
to the upper oceanic crust (10–15–10–14 m2) and higher fault permeabilities (10–14–10–13 m2) with a specific fault&#13;
arrangement similar to that mapped in the field. The 4.6 million metric tons (Mt) Sulphur Springs orebody is&#13;
predicted to form in less than 5,000 yr, assuming a hydrothermal fluid with seawater salinity, 10 ppm base metal&#13;
concentration, and a low deposition efficiency (≤10%); other deposits form above the faults under similar conditions.&#13;
A large range of base metal concentrations in the fluids can account for the known orebodies, but high&#13;
temperatures (≥250ºC) and high-flow velocities (&gt;10–7 m/s) are necessary to produce the observed alteration&#13;
patterns and distribution of ore deposits. Results indicate that the establishment of a significant hydrothermal&#13;
system capable of forming economic massive sulfide deposits is favored in fresh volcanic rock packages that&#13;
have not been affected by earlier compaction or alteration. Under these conditions, economic massive sulfide&#13;
orebodies (&gt;5 Mt of 10% Zn + Cu) may form in a few thousand years, although the overall lifespan of the hydrothermal&#13;
system may be between 30,000 and ~200,000 yr, depending on the variations in rock and fault permeability&#13;
with time.&#13;
</p></div><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" cellpadding="3" class="not_ep_block" border="0"><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Item Type:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">Article</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Keywords:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">VHMS, ore genesis, ore fluids, sea floor ore deposits, VMS, Cu-Pb-Zn</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Subjects:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/view/subjects/260100.html">260000 Earth Sciences &gt; 260100 Geology</a></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ID Code:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">2040</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited By:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><span class="ep_name_citation"><span class="person_name">Mrs Katrina Keep</span></span></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited On:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">04 Oct 2007 15:58</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Last Modified:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">09 Jan 2008 02:30</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ePrint Statistics:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a target="ePrintStats" href="/es/index.php?action=show_detail_eprint;id=2040;">View statistics for this ePrint</a></td></tr></table><p align="right">Repository Staff Only: <a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/users/home?screen=EPrint::View&amp;eprintid=2040">item control page</a></p>
  </td></tr></table>
</div>
 
 
 
    <!-- InstanceEndEditable --></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><!-- #BeginLibraryItem "/Library/footer_eprints.lbi" -->
    <table width="795" border="0" align="left" cellpadding="0" class="footer">
  <tr valign="top">
<td colspan="2"><div align="center"><a href="http://www.utas.edu.au">UTAS home</a> | <a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/library/">Library home</a> | <a href="/">ePrints home</a> | <a href="/contact.html">contact</a> | <a href="/information.html">about</a> | <a href="/view/">browse</a> | <a href="/perl/search/simple">search</a> | <a href="/perl/register">register</a> | <a href="/perl/users/home">user area</a> | <a href="/help/">help</a></div><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"><p><img src="/images/eprints/footerline.gif" width="100%" height="4" /></p></td></tr>
      <tr valign="top">
        <td width="68%" class="footer">Authorised by the University Librarian<br />
© University of Tasmania ABN 30 764 374 782<br />
      <a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/cricos/">CRICOS Provider Code 00586B</a> | <a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/copyright/copyright_disclaimers.html">Copyright &amp; Disclaimers</a> | <a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/accessibility/index.html">Accessibility</a> | <a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/feedback/">Site Feedback</a>  </td>
        <td width="32%"><div align="right">
            <p align="right" class="NoPrint"><a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/"><img src="http://www.utas.edu.au/shared/logos/unioftasstrip.gif" alt="University of Tasmania Home Page" width="260" height="16" border="0" align="right" /></a></p>
            <p align="right" class="NoPrint"><a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/"><br />
            </a></p>
        </div></td>
      </tr>
      <tr valign="top">
        <td><p>  </p></td>
        <td><div align="right"><span class="NoPrint"><a href="http://www.eprints.org/software/"><img src="/images/eprintslogo.gif" alt="ePrints logo" width="77" height="29" border="0" align="bottom" /></a></span></div></td>
      </tr>
    </table>
    <!-- #EndLibraryItem -->
    <div align="center"></div></td>
  </tr>
</table>
 
  </body>
</html>