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<title>UTas ePrints - Ichthyotoxicity of Chattonella marina (Raphidophyceae) to damselfish (Acanthochromis polycanthus): the synergistic role of reactive oxygen species and free fatty acids</title>
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<meta content="Marshall, Judith-Anne" name="eprints.creators_name" />
<meta content="Nichols, Peter D." name="eprints.creators_name" />
<meta content="Hamiton, Brett" name="eprints.creators_name" />
<meta content="Lewis, Richard J." name="eprints.creators_name" />
<meta content="Hallegraeff, Gustaaf M." name="eprints.creators_name" />
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<meta content="Hallegraeff@utas.edu.au" name="eprints.creators_id" />
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<meta content="2007-11-16 03:26:10" name="eprints.datestamp" />
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<meta content="Ichthyotoxicity of Chattonella marina (Raphidophyceae) to
damselfish (Acanthochromis polycanthus): the synergistic
role of reactive oxygen species and free fatty acids" name="eprints.title" />
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<meta content="260000" name="eprints.subjects" />
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<meta content="Ichthyotoxicity; Reactive oxygen species; Free fatty acids; Chattonella marina; Superoxide; Eicosapentaenoic acid" name="eprints.keywords" />
<meta content="The definitive version is available at http://www.sciencedirect.com
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<meta content="This investigation aimed to elucidate the relative roles of putative brevetoxins, reactive oxygen species and free fatty acids as
the toxic principle of the raphidophyte Chattonella marina, using damselfish as the bioassay. Our investigations on Australian
C. marina demonstrated an absence or only very low concentrations of brevetoxin-like compounds by radio-receptor binding
assay and liquid chromatography–mass spectroscopy techniques. Chattonella is unique in its ability to produce levels of
reactive oxygen species 100 times higher than most other algal species. However, high levels of superoxide on their own
were found not to cause fish mortalities. Lipid analysis revealed this raphidophyte to contain high concentrations of the
polyunsaturated fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 18–23% of fatty acids), which has demonstrated toxic properties
to marine organisms. Using damselfish as a model organism, we demonstrated that the free fatty acid (FFA) form of EPA
produced a mortality and fish behavioural response similar to fish exposed to C. marina cells. This effect was not apparent
when fish were exposed to other lipid fractions including a triglyceride containing fish oil, docosahexaenoate-enriched ethyl
ester, or pure brevetoxin standards. The presence of superoxide together with low concentrations of EPA accelerated fish
mortality rate threefold. We conclude that the enhancement of ichthyotoxicity of EPA in the presence of superoxide can
account for the high C. marina fish killing potential.
" name="eprints.abstract" />
<meta content="2003" name="eprints.date" />
<meta content="published" name="eprints.date_type" />
<meta content="Harmful Algae" name="eprints.publication" />
<meta content="2" name="eprints.volume" />
<meta content="4" name="eprints.number" />
<meta content="273-281" name="eprints.pagerange" />
<meta content="10.1016/S1568-9883(03)00046-5" name="eprints.id_number" />
<meta content="TRUE" name="eprints.refereed" />
<meta content="1568-9883" name="eprints.issn" />
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<meta content="Gymnodinium cf. nagasakiense polyunsaturated fatty acids.
In: Lassus, P., Arzul, G., Erard, E., Gentien, P., Marcaillou,
C. (Eds.), Harmful Marine Algal Blooms. Lavoisier, Paris,
pp. 395–400.
Arzul, G., Bodennec, G., Gentien, P., Bornens, P., Crassous, M.-P.,
1998. The effect of dissolved oxygen on the haemolytic property
of Gymnodinium ichthyotoxins. In: Reguera, B., Blanco, J.,
Fernandez, M.L., Wyatt, T. (Eds.), Harmful Algae. Xunta de
Galicia and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of
UNESCO, Vigo, pp. 611–614.
Blackburn, S.I., Hallegraeff, G.M., Bolch, C.J., 1989. Vegetative
reproduction and sexual life cycle of the toxic dinoflagellate
Gymnodinium catenatum from Tasmania, Australia. J. Phycol.
25, 577–590.
Hallegraeff, G.M., Munday, B.L., Baden D.G., Whitney, P.L.,
1998. Chattonella marina raphidophyte bloom associated with
mortality of cultured bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii) in South
Australia In: Reguera, B., Blanco, J., Fernandez, M.L., Wyatt, T.
(Eds.), Harmful Algae. Xunta de Galicia and IOC of UNESCO,
Vigo, pp. 93–96.
Halliwell, B., Gutteridge, J.M.C., 1999. Free Radicals in Biology
and Medicine. Oxford University Press, London.
Hamilton, B., Hurbungs, M., Vernoux, J.-P., Jones, A., Lewis, R.J.,
2002. Isolation and characterization of Indian Ocean ciguatoxin.
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Haque, S.M., Onoue, Y., 2002. Variation in toxin composition of
two harmful raphidophytes, Chattonella antiqua and Chatonella
marina, at different salinities. Environ. Toxicol. 17 (2), 113–
118.
Ishimatsu, A., Maruta, H., Tsuchiyama, T., Ozaki, M., 1990.
Respiratory, ionoregulatory and cardiovascular responses of the
yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata to exposure to the red tide
plankton Chattonella. Nippon Suisan Gakk. 56 (2), 189–199.
Ishimatsu, A., Tsuchiyama, T., Yoshida, M., Sameshima, M.,
Pawlukm, M., Oda, T., 1991. Effect of Chattonella exposure on
acid-base status of the yellowtail. Nippon Suisan Gakk. 57 (11),
2115–2120.
Ishimatsu, A., Maruta, H., Oda, T., Ozaki, M., 1997. A comparison
of physiological responses in yellowtail to fatal environmental
hypoxia and exposure to Chattonella marina. Fish. Sci. 63 (4),
557–562.
Jenkinson, I.R., Arzul, G., 2001. Mitigation by cysteine compounds
of rheotoxicity, cytotoxicity and fish mortality caused by
the dinoflagellates, Gymnodinium mikimotoi and G. cf.
maguelonnense. In: Hallegraeff, G.M., Bolch, C.J.S., Blackburn,
S.I., Lewis, R. (Eds.), Harmful Algal Blooms 2000. UNESCO,
Paris, pp. 461–464.
Jüttner, F., 2001. Liberation of 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid
and other polyunsaturated fatty acids from lipids as a grazer
defense reaction on epilithic diatom biofilms. J. Phycol. 37,
744–755.
Khan, S., Ahmed, S., Arakawa, O., Onoue, Y., 1995. Properties
of the neurotoxins separated from a harmful red tide organism
Chattonella marina. Isr. J. Aquacult. 47, 137–141.
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of the marine phytoflagellate, Chattonella antiqua (Raphidophyceae).
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J.K., Sheil, M.M., 1991. Purification and characterisation of
ciguatoxins from moray eel (Lycodontis javanicus, Muraenidae).
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does influence reactive oxygen species production in the
red tide alga Chattonella marina (Raphidophyceae). J. Plankton
Res. 142, 1231–1236.
Marshall, J.A., Nichols, P.D., Hallegraeff, G.M., 2002b. Chemotaxonomic
survey of sterols and fatty acids in six marine raphidophyte
algae. J. Appl. Phycol. 14 (4), 255–265.
Marshall, J.A., Munday, B., Yoshizawa, Y., Hallegraeff, G.M.,
2001. Effect of irradiance on superoxide production by
Chattonella marina (Raphidophyceae) from South Australia and
Japan. In Hallegraeff, G.M., Blackburn, S.I., Bolch, C.J., Lewis,
R.J. (Eds.), Harmful Algal Blooms 2001. Intergovernmental
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Muramatsu, T., Maeda, H., 1992a. Hydroxyl radical generation
by red tide algae. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 294, 38–43.
Oda, T., Ishimatsu, A., Shimada, S., Takeshita, S., Muramatsu,
T., 1992b. Oxygen-radical-mediated toxic effects of the red
tide flagellate Chattonella marina on Vibrio alginolyticus. Mar.
Biol. 112, 505–509.
Oda, T., Nakamura, A., Okamoto, T., Ishimatsu, A., Muramatsu,
T., 1998. Lectin-induced enhancement of superoxide anion
production y red tide phytoplankton. Mar. Biol. 131, 383–
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Okaichi, T., Ochi, T., Nishio, S., Takano, H., Marsuno, K.,
Morimoto, T., Murakami, T., Shimada, M., 1989. The cause
of fish kills associated with red tides of Chattonella antiqua
(Hada) Ono. In: Miyachi, S., Karube, I., Ishida, Y. (Eds.),
Curent Topics in Marine Biotechnology. Japanese Society for
Marine Biotechnology, Tokyo, pp. 185–188
Onoue, Y., Haq, M.S., Nozawa, K., 1990. Separation of neurotoxins
from Chattonella marina. Nippon Suisan Gakk. 56, 695.
Poli, M.A., Mende, T.J., Baden, D.G., 1986. Brevetoxins, unique
activators of voltage sensitive sodium channels, bind to specific
sites in rat rain synaptosomes. Mol. Pharmacol. 30, 129–
135.
Shimada, M., Murakami, T.H., Imahayashi, T., Ozaki, H.S.,
Toyoshima, T., Okaichi, T., 1983. Effects of sea bloom,
Chattonella antiqua, on gill primary lamellae of the young
yellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata. Acta Histochem. Cytochem.
16, 232–244" name="eprints.referencetext" />
<meta content="Marshall, Judith-Anne and Nichols, Peter D. and Hamiton, Brett and Lewis, Richard J. and Hallegraeff, Gustaaf M. (2003) Ichthyotoxicity of Chattonella marina (Raphidophyceae) to damselfish (Acanthochromis polycanthus): the synergistic role of reactive oxygen species and free fatty acids. Harmful Algae, 2 (4). pp. 273-281. ISSN 1568-9883" name="eprints.citation" />
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<meta content="Ichthyotoxicity of Chattonella marina (Raphidophyceae) to
damselfish (Acanthochromis polycanthus): the synergistic
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<meta content="Marshall, Judith-Anne" name="DC.creator" />
<meta content="Nichols, Peter D." name="DC.creator" />
<meta content="Hamiton, Brett" name="DC.creator" />
<meta content="Lewis, Richard J." name="DC.creator" />
<meta content="Hallegraeff, Gustaaf M." name="DC.creator" />
<meta content="260000 Earth Sciences" name="DC.subject" />
<meta content="This investigation aimed to elucidate the relative roles of putative brevetoxins, reactive oxygen species and free fatty acids as
the toxic principle of the raphidophyte Chattonella marina, using damselfish as the bioassay. Our investigations on Australian
C. marina demonstrated an absence or only very low concentrations of brevetoxin-like compounds by radio-receptor binding
assay and liquid chromatography–mass spectroscopy techniques. Chattonella is unique in its ability to produce levels of
reactive oxygen species 100 times higher than most other algal species. However, high levels of superoxide on their own
were found not to cause fish mortalities. Lipid analysis revealed this raphidophyte to contain high concentrations of the
polyunsaturated fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 18–23% of fatty acids), which has demonstrated toxic properties
to marine organisms. Using damselfish as a model organism, we demonstrated that the free fatty acid (FFA) form of EPA
produced a mortality and fish behavioural response similar to fish exposed to C. marina cells. This effect was not apparent
when fish were exposed to other lipid fractions including a triglyceride containing fish oil, docosahexaenoate-enriched ethyl
ester, or pure brevetoxin standards. The presence of superoxide together with low concentrations of EPA accelerated fish
mortality rate threefold. We conclude that the enhancement of ichthyotoxicity of EPA in the presence of superoxide can
account for the high C. marina fish killing potential.
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<h1 class="ep_tm_pagetitle">Ichthyotoxicity of Chattonella marina (Raphidophyceae) to damselfish (Acanthochromis polycanthus): the synergistic role of reactive oxygen species and free fatty acids</h1>
<p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><span class="person_name">Marshall, Judith-Anne</span> and <span class="person_name">Nichols, Peter D.</span> and <span class="person_name">Hamiton, Brett</span> and <span class="person_name">Lewis, Richard J.</span> and <span class="person_name">Hallegraeff, Gustaaf M.</span> (2003) <xhtml:em>Ichthyotoxicity of Chattonella marina (Raphidophyceae) to damselfish (Acanthochromis polycanthus): the synergistic role of reactive oxygen species and free fatty acids.</xhtml:em> Harmful Algae, 2 (4). pp. 273-281. ISSN 1568-9883</p><p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"></p><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><tr><td valign="top" style="text-align:center"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2491/1/Marshall%2C_Hallegraeff_HARALG.pdf"><img alt="[img]" src="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/images/fileicons/application_pdf.png" class="ep_doc_icon" border="0" /></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2491/1/Marshall%2C_Hallegraeff_HARALG.pdf"><span class="ep_document_citation">PDF</span></a> - Full text restricted - Requires a PDF viewer<br />163Kb</td><td><form method="get" accept-charset="utf-8" action="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/request_doc"><input accept-charset="utf-8" value="3276" name="docid" type="hidden" /><div class=""><input value="Request a copy" name="_action_null" class="ep_form_action_button" onclick="return EPJS_button_pushed( '_action_null' )" type="submit" /> </div></form></td></tr></table><p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block">Official URL: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1568-9883(03)00046-5">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1568-9883(03)00046-5</a></p><div class="not_ep_block"><h2>Abstract</h2><p style="padding-bottom: 16px; text-align: left; margin: 1em auto 0em auto">This investigation aimed to elucidate the relative roles of putative brevetoxins, reactive oxygen species and free fatty acids as
the toxic principle of the raphidophyte Chattonella marina, using damselfish as the bioassay. Our investigations on Australian
C. marina demonstrated an absence or only very low concentrations of brevetoxin-like compounds by radio-receptor binding
assay and liquid chromatography–mass spectroscopy techniques. Chattonella is unique in its ability to produce levels of
reactive oxygen species 100 times higher than most other algal species. However, high levels of superoxide on their own
were found not to cause fish mortalities. Lipid analysis revealed this raphidophyte to contain high concentrations of the
polyunsaturated fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 18–23% of fatty acids), which has demonstrated toxic properties
to marine organisms. Using damselfish as a model organism, we demonstrated that the free fatty acid (FFA) form of EPA
produced a mortality and fish behavioural response similar to fish exposed to C. marina cells. This effect was not apparent
when fish were exposed to other lipid fractions including a triglyceride containing fish oil, docosahexaenoate-enriched ethyl
ester, or pure brevetoxin standards. The presence of superoxide together with low concentrations of EPA accelerated fish
mortality rate threefold. We conclude that the enhancement of ichthyotoxicity of EPA in the presence of superoxide can
account for the high C. marina fish killing potential.
</p></div><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" cellpadding="3" class="not_ep_block" border="0"><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Item Type:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">Article</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Additional Information:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">The definitive version is available at http://www.sciencedirect.com
</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Keywords:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">Ichthyotoxicity; Reactive oxygen species; Free fatty acids; Chattonella marina; Superoxide; Eicosapentaenoic acid</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Subjects:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/view/subjects/260000.html">260000 Earth Sciences</a></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ID Code:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">2491</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited By:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><span class="ep_name_citation"><span class="person_name">Scholarly Publications Librarian</span></span></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited On:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">16 Nov 2007 14:26</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Last Modified:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">09 Jan 2008 02:30</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ePrint Statistics:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a target="ePrintStats" href="/es/index.php?action=show_detail_eprint;id=2491;">View statistics for this ePrint</a></td></tr></table><p align="right">Repository Staff Only: <a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/users/home?screen=EPrint::View&eprintid=2491">item control page</a></p>
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