<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html> <head> <title>UTas ePrints - Climate Change and Australian Marine Life</title> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/javascript/auto.js"><!-- padder --></script> <style type="text/css" media="screen">@import url(http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/auto.css);</style> <style type="text/css" media="print">@import url(http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/print.css);</style> <link rel="icon" href="/images/eprints/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/images/eprints/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" /> <link rel="Top" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/" /> <link rel="Search" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/search" /> <meta content="Poloczanska, Elvira S." name="eprints.creators_name" /> <meta content="Babcock, R. C." name="eprints.creators_name" /> <meta content="Bulter, A." name="eprints.creators_name" /> <meta content="Hobday, A. J." name="eprints.creators_name" /> <meta content="Hoegh-Guldberg, O." name="eprints.creators_name" /> <meta content="Kunz, T. J." name="eprints.creators_name" /> <meta content="Matear, R." name="eprints.creators_name" /> <meta content="Milton, D. A." name="eprints.creators_name" /> <meta content="Okey, T. A." name="eprints.creators_name" /> <meta content="Richardson, Anthony J." name="eprints.creators_name" /> <meta name="eprints.creators_id" /> <meta name="eprints.creators_id" /> <meta name="eprints.creators_id" /> <meta content="A.Hobday@utas.edu.au" name="eprints.creators_id" /> <meta name="eprints.creators_id" /> <meta name="eprints.creators_id" /> <meta name="eprints.creators_id" /> <meta name="eprints.creators_id" /> <meta name="eprints.creators_id" /> <meta name="eprints.creators_id" /> <meta content="article" name="eprints.type" /> <meta content="2007-11-26 03:57:13" name="eprints.datestamp" /> <meta content="2008-02-01T03:48:19Z" name="eprints.lastmod" /> <meta content="show" name="eprints.metadata_visibility" /> <meta content="Climate Change and Australian Marine Life" name="eprints.title" /> <meta content="pub" name="eprints.ispublished" /> <meta content="300000" name="eprints.subjects" /> <meta content="300700" name="eprints.subjects" /> <meta content="restricted" name="eprints.full_text_status" /> <meta content="Australia’s marine life is highly diverse and endemic. Here we describe projections of climate change in Australian waters and examine from the literature likely impacts of these changes on Australian marine biodiversity. For the Australian region, climate model simulations project oceanic warming, an increase in ocean stratification and decrease in mixing depth, a strengthening of the East Australian Current, increased ocean acidification, a rise in sea level, alterations in cloud cover and ozone levels altering the levels of solar radiation reaching the ocean surface, and altered storm and rainfall regimes. Evidence of climate change impacts on biological systems are generally scarce in Australia compared to the Northern Hemisphere. The poor observational records in Australia are attributed to a lack of studies of climate impacts on natural systems and species at regional or national scales. However, there are notable exceptions such as widespread bleaching of corals on the Great Barrier Reef and poleward shifts in temperate fish populations. Biological changes are likely to be considerable and to have economic and broad ecological consequences, especially in climate-change ‘hot spots’ such as the Tasman Sea and the Great Barrier Reef." name="eprints.abstract" /> <meta content="2007" name="eprints.date" /> <meta content="published" name="eprints.date_type" /> <meta content="Oceanography and Marine Biology: an annual review, 2007" name="eprints.publication" /> <meta content="45" name="eprints.volume" /> <meta content="407-478" name="eprints.pagerange" /> <meta content="TRUE" name="eprints.refereed" /> <meta content="0078-3218" name="eprints.issn" /> <meta content="Antia, A.N., Koeve, W., Fischer, G., Blanz, T., Schul-Bull, D., Scholten, J., Neuer, S., Kremling, K., Kuss, J., Peinert, R., Hebbeln, D., Bathmann, U., Conte, M. & Fehner, U. 2001. Basin-wide particulate carbon flux in the Atlantic Ocean: regional export patterns and potential for atmospheric CO2 sequestration. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 15, 845–862. Archaux, F. 2003. Birds and climate change. Vie et Milieu 53, 33–41. Arsenault, D.J., Marchinko, K.B. & Palmer, A.R. 2001 Precise tuning of barnacle leg length to coastal wave action. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 268, 2149–2154. Australia Bureau of Statistics. 2006. 2001 Census Data. Available HTTP: http://www.abs.gov.au (accessed 10 July 2006). Australian Greenhouse Office. 2003. Climate Change: An Australian Guide to the Science and Potential Impacts, B. Pittock (ed.). Canberra: Australian Greenhouse Office. Babcock, R. & Davies, P. 1991. Effects of sedimentation on settlement of Acropora millepora. Coral Reefs 9, 205–208. Babcock, R.C., Bull, G.D., Harrison, P.L., Heyward, A.J., Oliver, J.K., Wallace, C.C. & Willis, B.L. 1986. Synchronous spawning of 105 scleractinian coral species on the Great Barrier Reef. Marine Biology 90, 379–394. Babcock, R.C. & Smith, L. 2002. Effects of sedimentation on coral settlement and survivorship. In Proceedings of the Ninth International Coral Reef Symposium, Bali, Indonesia, October 23–27, 2000, M.K. Kasim Moosa et al. (eds). Jakarta, Indonesia: Ministry of Environment, the Indonesian Institute of Sciences and the International Society for Reef Studies, 245–248. Babcock, R.C., Willis, B.L. & Simpson, C.J. 1994. Mass spawning of corals on a high latitude coral reef. Coral Reefs 13, 161–169. Bach, C.S. 2002. Phenological patterns in monsoon rainforests in the Northern Territory, Australia. Austral Ecology 27, 477–489. Badola, R. & Hussain, S.A. 2005. Valuing ecosystem functions: an empirical study on the storm protection function of Bhitarkanika mangrove ecosystem, India. Environmental Conservation 32, 85–92. Bancroft, W.J., Garkaklis, M.J. & Roberts, J.D. 2004. Continued expansion of the wedge-tailed shearwater, Puffinus pacificus, nesting colonies on Rottnest Island, Western Australia. Emu 104, 79–82. Barbieri, E.S., Villafane, V.E. & Helbling, W. 2002. Experimental assessment of UV effects on temperate marine phytoplankton when exposed to variable radiation regimes. Limnology and Oceanography 47, 1648–1655. Barnes, J.H. 1964. Cause and effect in Irukandji stingings. Medical Journal of Australia 14, 897–904. Barry, J.P., Baxter, C.H., Sagarin, R.D. & Gilman, S.E. 1995. Climate-related, long-term faunal changes in a California rocky intertidal community. Science 267, 672–675. Baruch, R., Avishai, N. & Rabinowitz, C. 2005. UV incites diverse levels of DNA breaks in different cellular compartments of a branching coral species. Journal of Experimental Biology 208, 843–848. Beamish, R.J., Mahnken, C. & Neville, C.M. 1997. Hatchery and wild production of Pacific salmon in relation to large-scale, natural shifts in the productivity of the marine environment. ICES Journal of Marine Science 54, 1200–1215. Beamish, R.J., Noakes, D.J., McFarlane, G.A., Klyashtorin, L., Ivanov, V.V. & Kurashov, V. 1999. The regime concept and natural trends in the production of Pacific salmon. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 56, 516–526. Beardall, J., Beer, S. & Raven, J.A. 1998. Biodiversity of marine plants in an era of climate change: some predictions based on physiological performance. Botanica Marina 41, 113–123. Beardall, J. & Raven, J.A. 2004. The potential effects of global climate change on microalgal photosynthesis, growth and ecology. Phycologia 43, 26–40. Beare, D.J., Burns, F., Greig, A., Jones, E.G., Peach, K., Kienzle, M., McKenzie, E. & Reid, D.G. 2004. Longterm increases in prevalence of North Sea fishes having southern biogeographic affinities. Marine Ecology Progress Series 284, 269–278. Beaugrand, G., Reid, P.C., Ibanez, F., Lindley, J.A. & Edwards, M. 2002. Reorganisation of North Atlantic marine copepod biodiversity and climate. Science 296, 1692–1694. Beaumont, L.J., McAllan, I.A. & Hughes, L. 2006. A matter of timing: changes in the first date of arrival and last date of departure of Australian migratory birds. Global Change Biology 12, 1339–1354. Behrenfeld, M., Hardy, J., Gucinski, H., Hannemann, A., Lee, H., II & Wones, A. 1993. Effects of ultraviolet- B radiation on primary production in the South Pacific Ocean. Marine Environmental Research 35, 349–363. Berge, J.A., Bjerkeng, B., Pettersen, O., Schaanning, M.T. & Oxnevad, S. 2006. Effects of increased sea water concentrations of CO2 on growth of the bivalve Mytilus edulis L. Chemosphere 62, 681–687. Binckley, C.A., Spotila, J.R., Wilson, K.S. & Paladino, F.V. 1998. Sex determination and sex ratios of Pacific leatherback turtles, Dermochelys coriacea. Copeia 2, 291–300. Bischof, K., Hanelt, D. & Wiencke, C. 1998. UV-radiation can affect depth-zonation of Antarctic macroalgae. Marine Biology 131, 597–605. Blackburn, S. 2005. Coccolithophorid species and morphotypes — indicators of climate change. In Regional Impacts of Climate Change and Variability in South-East Australia, V. Lyne et al. (workshop convenors). Hobart, Australia: CSIRO Marine Research and CSIRO Atmospheric Research, 14–15. Blackburn, S.I. & Cresswell, G. 1993. A coccolithophorid bloom in Jervis Bay, Australia. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 44, 785–786. Blackwell, B. 2005. The economic value of Australia’s natural coastal assets: some preliminary findings. Ecological Economics in Action Conference, December 11–13 2005, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand, 143–151. Available HTTP: http://www.anzsee.org/decconferindex.asp (accessed 28 September 2006). Blasco, F., Saenger, P. & Janodet, E. 1996. Mangroves as indicators of coastal change. Catena 27, 167–178. Bloomfield, A.L. & Gillanders, B.M. 2005. Fish and invertebrate assemblages in seagrass, mangrove, saltmarsh, and nonvegetated habitats. Estuaries 28, 63–77. Bollens, S.M. & Frost, B.W. 1990. UV light and vertical distribution of the marine planktonic copepod Acartia hudsonica Pinhey. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 137, 89–93. Bolton, J.J. 1996. Patterns of species diversity and endemism in comparable temperate brown algal floras. Hydrobiologia 327, 173–178. Bonaventura, R., Poma, V., Russo, R., Zito, F. & Matranga, V. 2006. Effects of UV-B radiation on development and hsp70 expression in sea urchin cleavage embryos. Marine Biology 149, 79–86. Bonnet, D., Richardson, A.J., Harris, R., Hirst, A., Beaugrand, G., Edwards, M., Ceballos, S., Diekman, R., López-Urrutia, A., Valdes, L., Carlotti, F., Molinero, J.C., Weikert, H., Greve, W., Lucic, D., Albaina, A., Yahia, N.D., Umani, S.F., Miranda, A., dos Santos, A., Cook, K., Robinson, S. & Fernandez de Puelles, M.L. 2005. An overview of Calanus helgolandicus ecology in European waters. Progress in Oceanography 65, 1–53. Booth, D.T. & Astill, K. 2001. Temperature variation within and between nests of the green sea turtle, Chelonia mydas (Chelonia: Cheloniidae) on Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef. Australian Journal of Zoology 49, 71–84. Bopp, L., Monfray, P., Aumont, O., Dufresne, J.L., Le Treut, H., Madec, G., Terreay, L. & Orr, J.C. 2001. Potential impact of climate change on marine export production. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 15, 81–99. Both, C., Artemyev, A.V., Blaauw, B., Cowie, R.J., Dekhuijzen, A.J., Eeva, T., Enemar, A., Gustafsson, L., Ivankina, E.V., Jarvinen, A., Metcalfe, N.B., Nyholm, N.E.I., Potti, J., Ravussin, P.A., Sanz, J.J., Silverin, B., Slater, F.M., Sokolov, L.V., Torok, J., Winkel, W., Wright, J., Zang, H. & Visser, M.E. 2004. Large-scale geographical variation confirms that climate change causes birds to lay earlier. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B 271, 1657–1662. Both, C., Piersma, T. & Roodbergen, S.P. 2005. Climatic change explains much of the twentieth century advance in laying date of Northern Lapwing Vanellus vanellus in the Netherlands. Ardea 93, 79–88. Boulding, E.G., Holst, M. & Pilon, V. 1999. Changes in selection on gastropod shell size and thickness with wave-exposure on northeastern pacific shores. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 232, 217–239. Boulter, S.L., Kitching, R.L. & Howlett, B.G. 2006. Family, visitors and the weather: patterns of flowering in tropical rain forests of northern Australia. Journal of Ecology 94, 369–382. Bowen, B.W., Abreu-Grobois, F.A., Balazs, G.H., Kamezaki, N., Limpus, C.J. & Ferl, R.J. 1995. Trans-Pacific migrations of the loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) demonstrated with mitochondrial DNA markers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 92, 3731–3734. Bowman, D.M.J.S., Walsh, A. & Milne, D.J. 2001. Forest expansion and grassland contraction with a Eucalyptus savanna matrix between 1941 and 1994 at Litchfield National Park in the Australian monsoon tropics. Global Ecology and Biogeography 10, 535–548. Boyd, P.W. & Doney, S.C. 2002. Modelling regional responses by marine pelagic ecosystems to global climate change. Geophysical Research Letters 29, 1806. Boyd, P.W., Watson, A.J., Law, C.S., Abraham, E.R., Trull, T., Murdoch, R., Bakker, D.C.E., Bowie, A.R., Buesseler, K.O., Chang, H., Charette, M., Croot, P., Downing, K., Frew, R., Gall, M., Hadfield, M., Hall, J., Harvey, M., Jameson, G., LaRoche, J., Liddicoat, M., Ling, R., Maldonado, M.T., McKay, R.M., Nodder, S., Pickmere, S., Pridmore, R., Rintoul, S., Safi, K., Sutton, P., Strzepek, R., Tanneberger, K., Turner, S., Waite, A. & Zeldis, J. 2000. A mesoscale phytoplankton bloom in the polar Southern Ocean stimulated by iron fertilization. Nature 407, 695–702. Brand, L.E. 1984. The salinity tolerance of 46 marine phytoplankton isolates. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 18, 543–556. Brawley, S.H. 1992. Fertilization in natural populations of the dioecious brown alga Fucus ceranoides and the importance of polyspermy blocks. Marine Biology 113, 145–157. Brawley, S.H., Johnson, L.E., Pearson, G.A., Speransky, V., Li, R. & Serrão, E. 1999. Gamete release at low tide in fucoid algae: maladaptive or advantageous? American Zoologist 39, 218–229. Broderick, A.C., Godley, B.J. & Hays, G.C. 2001. Trophic status drives interannual variability in nesting numbers of marine turtles. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B 268, 1481–1487. Brodie, J., Fabricius, K., De’ath, G. & Okaji, K. 2005. Are increased nutrient inputs responsible for more outbreaks of crown-of-thorns starfish? An appraisal of the evidence. Marine Pollution Bulletin 51, 266–278. Bruhn, J. & Gerard, V.A. 1996. Photoinhibition and recovery of the kelp Laminaria saccharina at optimal and superoptimal temperatures. Marine Biology 125, 639–648. Bunce, A., Norman, F.I., Brothers, N. & Gales, R. 2002. Long-term trends in the Australasian gannet (Morus serrator) population in Australia: the effect of climate change and commercial fisheries. Marine Biology 141, 263–269. Burkett, V., Codignotto, J.O., Forbes, D. L., Mimura, N., Beamish, R.J. & Ittekkot, V. 2001. Marine Fish. In Climate 2001: Coastal Zones and Marine Ecosystems. Contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. J.J. McCarthy et al. (eds) Cambridge, UK & New York, USA: Cambridge University Press, 350-353 Byrkjedal, I., Godo, O.R. & Heino, M. 2004. Northward range extensions of some mesopelagic fishes in the Northeastern Atlantic. Sarsia 89, 484–489 Cai, W. 2006. Antarctic ozone depletion causes an intensification of the Southern Ocean super-gyre circulation. Geophysical Research Letters 33, L03712. Cai, W., Shi, G., Cowan, T., Bi, D. & Ribbe, J. 2005. The response of the Southern Annular Mode, the East Australian Current, and the southern mid-latitude ocean circulation to global warming. Geophysical Research Letters 32, L23706. Caldeira, K. & Wickett, M.E. 2003. Anthropogenic carbon and ocean pH. Nature 425, 365–365. Caldeira, K. & Wickett, M.E. 2005. Ocean model predictions of chemistry changes from carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere and ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research — Oceans 110, C09S04. Cambridge, M.L. & Hocking, P.J. 1997. Annual primary production and nutrient dynamics of the seagrasses Posidonia sinuosa and Posidonia australis in south-western Australia. Aquatic Botany 59, 277–295. Campbell, R.A. & Hobday, A. 2003. Swordfish–environment–seamount–fishery interactions off eastern Australia. Report to the Australian Fisheries Management Authority, Canberra, Australia. Campbell, S.J., McKenzie, L.J. & Kerville, S.P. 2006. Photosynthetic responses of seven tropical seagrasses to elevated seawater temperature. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 330, 455–468. Caputi, N., Chubb, C. & Pearce, A. 2001. Environmental effects on recruitment of the western rock lobster, Panulirus cygnus. Marine and Freshwater Research 52, 1167–1174. Carlsson, P., Graneli, E., Tester, P. & Boni, L. 1995. Influences of riverine humic substances on bacteria, protozoa, phytoplankton, and copepods in a coastal plankton community. Marine Ecology Progress Series 127, 213–221. Carr, A. 1987. New perspectives on the pelagic stage of sea turtle development. Conservation Biology 1, 103–121. Carruthers, T.J.B., Dennison, W.C., Longstaff, B.J., Waycott, M., Abal, E.G., McKenzie, L.J. & Lee Long, W.J. 2002. Seagrass habitats of northeast Australia, models of key processes and controls. Bulletin of Marine Science 71, 1153–1170. Caton, A. & McLoughlin, K. (eds) 2004. Fishery Status Reports 2004: Status of Fish Stocks Managed by the Australian Government. Canberra, Australia: Bureau of Rural Sciences. Chaloupka, M. 2001. Historical trends, seasonality and spatial synchrony in green sea turtle egg production. Biological Conservation 101, 263–279. Chambers, L.E. 2004. The Impact of Climate on Little Penguin Breeding Success. BMRC Research Report 100. Melbourne, Australia: Bureau of Meteorology. Chambers, L.E. 2006. Associations between climate change and natural systems in Australia. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 87, 201–203. Chambers, L.E., Hughes, L. & Weston, M.A. 2005. Climate change and its impact on Australia’s avifauna. Emu 105, 1–20. Chan, B.K.K. & Hung, O.S. 2005. Cirral length of the acorn barnacle Tetraclita japonica (Cirripedia: Balanomorpha) in Hong Kong: effect of wave exposure and tidal height. Journal of Crustacean Biology 25, 329–332. Chavez, F.P., Ryan, J., Lluch-Cota, S.E. & Niquen, M. 2003. From anchovies to sardines and back: multidecadal change in the Pacific Ocean. Science 299, 217–221. Choo, K.S., Nilsson, J., Pedersen, M. & Snoeijs, P. 2005. Photosynthesis, carbon uptake and antioxidant defence in two coexisting filamentous green algae under different stress conditions. Marine Ecology Progress Series 292, 127–138. Church J.A., Gregory, J.M., Huybrechts, P., Kuhn, M., Lambeck, K., Nhuan, M.T., Qin, D. & Woodworth, P.L. 2001. Changes in sea level. In Climate 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group 1 to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. J.T. Houghton et al. (eds) Cambridge, UK & New York, USA: Cambridge University Press, 639-694. Clarke, P.J., Kerrigan, R.A. & Westphal, C.J. 2001. Dispersal potential and early growth in 14 tropical mangroves: do early life history traits correlate with patterns of adult distribution? Journal of Ecology 89, 648–659. Clarke, P.J. & Myerscough, P.J. 1991. Floral biology and reproductive phenology of Avicennia marina in south-eastern Australia. Australian Journal of Botany 39, 283–293. Coates, M. 1998. A comparison of intertidal assemblages on exposed and sheltered tropical and temperate rocky shores. Global Ecology and Biogeography 7, 115–124. Cole, R.G., Babcock, R.C., Travers, V. & Creese, R.G. 2001. Distributional expansion of Carpophyllum flexuosum onto wave-exposed reefs in northeastern New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 35, 17–32. Coleman, F.C. & Williams, S.L. 2002. Overexploiting marine ecosystem engineers: potential consequences for biodiversity. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 17, 40–44. Cordi, B., Donkin, M.E., Peloquin, J., Price, D.N. & Depledge, M.H. 2001. The influence of UV-B radiation on the reproductive cells of the intertidal macroalga, Enteromorpha intestinalis. Aquatic Toxicology 56, 1–11. Costanza, R., d’Arge, R., de Groot, R., Farber, S., Grasso, M., Hannon, B., Limburg, K., Naeem, S., O’Neill, R.V., Paruelo, J., Raskin, R.G., Sutton, P. & van den Belt, M. 1997. The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 387, 253–260. Cowen, R.K., Paris, C.B. & Srinivasan, A. 2006. Scaling of connectivity in marine populations. Science 311, 522–527 Crick, H.Q.P., Dudley, C., Glue, D.F. & Thomson, D.L. 1997. U.K. birds are laying eggs earlier. Nature 388, 536. Cruz-Palacios, V. & Van Tussenbroek, B.I. 2005. Simulation of hurricane-like disturbances on a Caribbean seagrass bed. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 324, 44–60. CSIRO. 2006. Wealth from Oceans Flagship overview. Available HTTP: http://www.csiro.au (accessed 10 July 2006). Cubasch, U., Meehl, G.A., Boer, G.J., Stouffer, R.J., Dix, M., Noda, A., Senior, C.A., Raper, S. & Yap, K.S. 2001. Projections of future climate change. In Climate 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group 1 to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. J.T. Houghton et al. (eds) Cambridge, UK & New York, USA: Cambridge University Press. Cushing, D.H. 1990. Plankton production and year-class strength in fish populations: an update of the match/mismatch hypothesis. Advances in Marine Biology 26, 250–293. Damkaer, D.M. & Dey, D.B. 1983. UV damage and photoreactivation potentials of larval shrimp, Pandulus platyceros, and adult euphausiids, Thysanonessa raschii. Oecologia 60, 169–175. Davenport, J. 1997. Temperature and the life-history strategies of sea turtles. Journal of Thermal Biology 22, 479–488. Davenport, J. & Davenport, J.L. 2005. Effects of shore height, wave exposure and geographical distance on thermal niche width of intertidal fauna. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 292, 41–50. Davis, A.R. & Butler, A.J. 1989. Direct observations of larval dispersal in the colonial ascidian Podoclavella moluccensis Sluiter: evidence for closed populations. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 127, 189–203. Davis, G., Richards, D.V., Haaker, P.L. & Parker, D.O. 1996. Abalone population declines and fishery management in southern California. In Abalone of the World: Biology, Fisheries and Culture, S.A. Guzman del Proo (ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Fishing News Books, 237–249. Dawson, S.P. & Dennison, W.C. 1996. Effects of ultraviolet and photosynthetically active radiation on five seagrass species. Marine Biology 125, 629–638. Dayton, P.K. & Tegner, M.J. 1984. Catastrophic storms, El Niño, and patch stability in a southern California kelp community. Science 224, 283–285. Dayton, P.K. & Tegner, M.J. 1989. Bottoms beneath troubled waters: Benthic impacts of the 1982–1984 El Niño in the temperate zone. In Global Ecological Consequences Of the 1982–1983 El-Nino-Southern Oscillation, P. Glynn (ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier, 473–472. Dayton, P.K., Tegner, M.J. & Edwards, P.B. 1999. Temporal and spatial scales of kelp demography: the role of oceanographic climate. Ecological Monographs 69, 219–250. Dayton, P.K., Tegner, M.J., Parnell, P.E. & Edwards, P.B. 1992. Temporal and spatial patterns of disturbance and recovery in a kelp forest community. Ecological Monographs 62, 421–445. de Jager, D., Manning, M. & Kuijpers, L. 2005. Safeguarding the ozone layer and the global climate system: issues related to hydrofluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons. IPCC/TEAP Special Report, Technical Summary. de Lange, W.P. & de Lange, P.J. 1994. An appraisal of factors controlling the latitudinal distribution of mangrove (Avicennia marina var. resinifera) in New Zealand. Journal of Coastal Research 10, 539–548. de Lange, W.P. & Gibb, J.G. 2000. Seasonal, interannual and decadal variability of storm surges at Tauranga, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 34, 419–434. De Vantier, L.M., De’ath, G., Turak, E., Done, T.J. & Fabricius, K.E. 2006. Species richness and community structure of reef-building corals on the nearshore Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs 253, 329–340. Denny, M. & Gaylord, B. 1996. Why the urchin lost its spines: hydrodynamic forces and survivorship in three echinoids. Journal of Experimental Biology 199, 717–729. Detres, Y., Armstrong, R.A. & Connelly, X.M. 2001. Ultraviolet-induced responses in two species of climax tropical marine macrophytes. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B 62, 55–66. Devlin, M.J. & Brodie, J. 2005. Terrestrial discharge into the Great Barrier Reef Lagoon: nutrient behaviour in coastal waters. Marine Pollution Bulletin 51, 9–22. Deysher, L.E. & Dean, T.A. 1986. Interactive effects of light and temperature on sporophyte production in the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera. Marine Biology 93, 17–20. Diaz-Almela, E., Marba, N., Alvarez, E., Balestri, E., Ruiz-Fernandez, J.M. & Duarte, C.M. 2006. Patterns of seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) flowering in the western Mediterranean. Marine Biology 148, 723–742. Diehl, S. 2002. Phytoplankton, light, and nutrients in a gradient of mixing depths: theory. Ecology 83, 386–391. Döhler, G. 1994. UV effects on the nitrogen metabolism of marine phytoplankton and adaptation to UV radiation. In Stratospheric Ozone Depletion/UV-B Radiation in the Biosphere, R. Biggs & M. Joyner (eds). NATO ASI Series, 18. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 163–174. Done, T.J., Whetton, P., Jones, R., Berkelmans, R., Lough, J., Skirving, W. & Wooldridge, S. 2003. Global climate change and coral bleaching on the Great Barrier Reef. Final report to the State of Queensland Greenhouse Taskforce through the Department of Natural Resources and Mining. AIMS, Townsville, Australia. Donner, S.D., Skirving, W.J., Little, C.M., Oppenheimer, M. & Hoegh-Guldberg, O. 2005. Global assessment of coral bleaching and required rates of adaptation under climate change. Global Change Biology 11, 1–15. Dorenbosch, M., Grol, M.G.G., Christianen, M.J.A., Nagelkerken, I. & van der Velde, G. 2005. Indo-Pacific seagrass beds and mangroves contribute to fish density and diversity on adjacent coral reefs. Marine Ecology Progress Series 302, 63–76. Drinkwater, K.F. 2005. The response of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) to future climate change. ICES Journal of Marine Science 62, 1327–1337. Drohan, A.F., Thoney, D.A. & Baker, A.C. 2005. Synergistic effect of high temperature and ultraviolet-B radiation on the gorgonian Eunicea tourneforti (Octocorallia: Alcyonacea: Plexauridae). Bulletin of Marine Science 77, 257–266. Duarte, C.M., Cebrián, J. and Marbà, N. 1992. Uncertainty of detecting sea change. Nature 356, 190. Duarte, C.M., Middelburg, J.J. & Caraco, N. 2005. Major role of marine vegetation on the oceanic carbon cycle. Biogeosciences 1, 173–180. Duke, N.C. 1992. Mangrove floristics and biogeography. In Tropical Mangrove Ecosystems, A.I. Robertson & D.M. Alongi (eds). Coastal and Estuarine Studies 41, 63–100. Duke, N.C., Bell, A.M., Pederson, D.K., Roelfsema, C.M. & Nash, S.B. 2005. Herbicides implicated as the cause of severe mangrove dieback in the Mackay region, NE Australia: consequences for marine plant habitats of the GBR World Heritage Area. Marine Pollution Bulletin 51, 308–324. Dulvy, N.K., Sadovy, Y. & Reynolds, J.D. 2003. Extinction vulnerability in marine populations. Fish and Fisheries 4, 25–64. Dunlop, J.N., Surman, C.A. & Wooller, R.D. 2001. The marine distribution of seabirds from Christmas Island, Indian Ocean. Emu 101, 19–24. Dunlop, J.N. & Wooller, R.D. 1986. Range extensions and the breeding seasons of seabirds in south-western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 12, 389–394. Dunlop, J.N. & Wooller, R.D. 1990. The breeding seabirds of southwestern Australia: trends in species, populations and colonies. Corella 14, 107–112. Eckert, S.A. 2002. Distribution of juvenile leatherback sea turtle Dermochelys coriacea sightings. Marine Ecology Progress Series 230, 289–293. Edgar, G.J., Moverley, J., Barrett, N.S., Peters, D. & Reed, C. 1997. The conservation-related benefits of a systematic marine biological sampling programme: the Tasmanian reef bioregionalisation as a case study. Biological Conservation 79, 227–240. Edgar, G.J., Samson, C.R. & Barrett, N.S. 2005. Species extinction in the marine environment: Tasmania as a regional example of overlooked losses in biodiversity. Conservation Biology 19, 1294–1300. Edwards, M. 2004. Preface. Marine Ecology Progress Series Suppl. 1–2, 1–2. Edwards, M. & Richardson, A.J. 2004. Impact of climate change on marine pelagic phenology and trophic mismatch. Nature 430, 881–884. Edwards, M.J., Johns, D.G., Leterme, S.C., Svendsen, E. & Richardson, A.J. 2006. Regional climate change and harmful algal blooms in the northeast Atlantic. Limnology and Oceanography 51, 820–829. Edwards, M.S. 2004. Estimating scale-dependency in disturbance impacts: El Niños and giant kelp forests in the northeast Pacific. Oecologia 138, 436–447. Edyvane, K.S. 2003. Conservation, monitoring and recovery of threatened giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) beds in Tasmania. Final Report for Environment Australia. Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment, Hobart, Tasmania. El-Sayed, S., van Dijken, G.L. & Gonzalez-Rodas, G. 1996. Effects of increasing ultraviolet radiation on marine ecosystems. International Journal of Environmental Studies 51, 199–216. Ellison, A.M. & Farnsworth, E.J. 1993. Seedling survivorship, growth and response to disturbance in Belizean mangal. American Journal of Botany 80, 1137–1145. Ellison, A.M. & Farnsworth, E.J. 1997. Simulated sea level change alters anatomy, physiology, growth and reproduction of red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle L.). Oecologia 112, 435–446. Ellison, J.C. 1993. Mangrove retreat with rising sea level, Bermuda. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 37, 75–87. Ellison, J.C. & Stoddart, D.R. 1991. Mangrove ecosystem collapse during predicted sea-level rise — holocene analogs and implications. Journal of Coastal Research 7, 151–165. Emanuel, K. 2005. Increasing destructiveness of tropical cyclones over the past 30 years. Nature 436, 686–688. Endean, R. 1973. Destruction and recovery of coral reef communities In Biology and Geology of Coral Reefs, O.A. Jones & R. Endean (eds). New York: Academic Press, 215–254. Ene, A., Su, M., Lemaire, S., Rose, C., Schaff, S., Moretti, R., Lenz, J. & Herbst, L.H. 2005. Distribution of chelonid fibropapillomatosis-associated herpesvirus variants in Florida: molecular genetic evidence for infection of turtles following recruitment to neritic developmental habitats. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 41, 489–497. Engel, A., Zondervan, I., Aerts, K., Beaufort, L., Benthien, A., Chou, L., Delille, B., Gattuso, J.P., Harlay, J., Heemann, C., Hoffmann, L., Jacquet, S., Nejstgaard, J., Pizay, M.D., Rochelle-Newall, E., Schneider, U., Terbrueggen, A. & Riebesell, U. 2005. Testing the direct effect of CO2 concentration on a bloom of the coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi in mesocosm experiments. Limnology and Oceanography 50, 493–507. Environment Australia. 1998. Draft recovery plan for marine turtles in Australia. Wildlife Management Section, Biodiversity Group, Environment Australia. Eppley, R.W. 1972. Temperature and phytoplankton growth in the sea. Fishery Bulletin 70, 1063–1085. Erga, S.R., Aursland, K., Frette, O., Hamre, B., Lotsberg, J.K., Stamnes, J.J., Aure, J., Rey, F. & Stamnes, K. 2005. UV transmission in Norwegian marine waters: controlling factors and possible effects on primary production and vertical distribution of phytoplankton. Marine Ecology Progress Series 305, 79–100. Evans, M.J. & Williams, R.J. 2001. Historical distribution of estuarine wetlands at Kurnell Peninsula, Botany Bay. Wetlands 19, 61–71. Ewel, K.C., Twilley, R.R. & Ong, J.E. 1998. Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services. Global Ecology and Biogeography 7, 83–94. Fabricius, K.E. 2005. Effects of terrestrial runoff on the ecology of corals and coral reefs: review and synthesis. Marine Pollution Bulletin 50, 125–146. Farnsworth, E.J., Ellison, A.M. & Gong, W.K. 1996. Elevated CO2 alters anatomy, physiology, growth, and reproduction of red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle L). Oecologia 108, 599–609. Ferraroli, S., Georges, J.Y., Gaspar, P. & Le Maho, Y. 2004. Endangered species: where leatherback turtles meet fisheries. Nature 429, 521–522. Field, C.D. 1995. Impact of expected climate change on mangroves. Hydrobiologia 285, 75–81. Fish, M.R., Côté, I.M., Gill, J.A., Jones, A.P., Renshoff, S. & Watkinson, A.R. 2005. Predicting the impact of sea-level rise on Caribbean sea turtle nesting habitat. Conservation Biology 19, 482–491. Foley, A.M., Schroeder, B.A., Redlow, A.E., Fick-Child, K.J. & Teas, W.G. 2005. Fibropapillomatosis in stranded green turtles (Chelonia mydas) from the eastern United States (1980–1998): Trends and associations with environmental factors. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 41, 29–41. Fonseca, C.R. & Ganade, G. 2001. Species functional redundancy, random extinctions and the stability of ecosystems. Journal of Ecology 89, 118–125. Fonseca, M.S. & Bell, S.S. 1998. Influence of physical setting on seagrass landscapes near Beaufort, North Carolina, U.S.A. Marine Ecology Progress Series 171, 109–121. Fourqurean, J.W. & Rutten, L.M. 2004. The impact of Hurricane Georges on soft-bottom, back reef communities: site- and species-specific effects in south Florida seagrass beds. Bulletin of Marine Science 75, 239–257. Fowler-Walker, M.J., Connell, S.D. & Gillanders, B.M. 2005. To what extent do geographic and associated environmental variables correlate with kelp morphology across temperate Australia? Marine and Freshwater Research 56, 877–887. Fowler-Walker, M.J., Wernberg, T. & Gillanders, B.M. 2006. Differences in kelp morphology between wave sheltered and exposed localities: morphologically plastic or fixed traits? Marine Biology 148, 755–767. Frid, C.L.J. & Fordham, E. 1994. The morphology of the sub-littoral gastropod Gibbula cineraria (L.) along a gradient of wave exposure. Ophelia 40, 135–146. Friedel, M.H., Nelson, D.J., Sparrow, A.D., Kinloch, J.E. & Maconochie, J.R. 1993. What induces central Australian arid zone trees and shrubs to flower and fruit. Australian Journal of Botany 41, 307–319. Fulton, E.A., Smith, A.D.M. & Punt, A.E. 2005. Which ecological indicators can robustly detect effects of fishing? ICES Journal of Marine Science 62, 540–541. Furnas, M.J. & Crosbie, N.D. 1999. In situ growth dynamics of the photosynthetic prokaryotic picoplankters Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus. Bulletin de l’Institut Oceanographique Monaco S, 387–417. Furukawa, K., Wolanski, E. & Mueller, H. 1997. Currents and sediment transport in mangrove forests. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 44, 301–310. Galbraith, H., Jones, R., Park, R., Clough, J., Herrod-Julius, S., Harrington, B. & Page, G. 2002. Global climate change and sea level rise: potential losses of intertidal habitat for shorebirds. Waterbirds 25, 173–183. Gao, K., Argua, Y., Asada, K., Ishihara, T., Akano, T. & Kiyohara, M. 1993. Calcification in the articulated coralline alga Corallina pilulifera, with special reference to the effect of elevated CO2 concentration. Marine Biology 117, 129–132. Gao, K.S., Ji, Y. & Aruga, Y. 1999. Relationship of CO2 concentrations to photosynthesis of intertidal macroalgae during emersion. Hydrobiologia 399, 355–359. Garcia, C.M. & de Perera, T.B. 2002. Ultraviolet-based female preferences in a viviparous fish. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 52, 1–6. Garde, K. & Cailliau, C. 2000. The impact of UV-B radiation and different PAR intensities on growth, uptake of 14C, excretion of DOC, cell volume, and pigmentation in the marine prymensiophyte Emiliania huxleyi. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 247, 99–112. Gardner, T.A., Côté, I.M., Gill, J.A., Grant, A. & Watkinson, A.R. 2005. Hurricanes and Caribbean coral reefs: impacts, recovery patterns, and role in long-term decline. Ecology 86, 174–184. Garnett, S.T. & Crowley, G.M. 2000. The Action Plan for Australian Birds. Canberra, Australia: Environment Australia. Garrabou, J., Perez, T., Sartoretto, S. & Harmelin, J.G. 2001. Mass mortality event in red coral Corallium rubrum populations in the Provence region (France, NW Mediterranean). Marine Ecology Progress Series 217, 263–272. Gattuso, J.P., Frankignoulle, M., Bourge, I., Romaine, S. & Buddemeier, R.W. 1998. Effect of calcium carbonate saturation of seawater on coral calcification. Global and Planetary Change 18, 37–46. Gaughan, D.J. 2001. Disease-translocation across geographic boundaries must be recognized as a risk even in the absence of disease identification: the case with Australian Sardinops. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 11, 113–123. Gaylord, B. & Gaines, S.D. 2000. Temperature or transport? Range limits in marine species mediated solely by flow. American Naturalist 155, 769–789. Genin, A., Dayton, P.K., Lonsdale, P.F. & Spiess, F.N. 1986. Corals on seamount peaks provide evidence of current acceleration over deep-sea topography. Nature 322, 59–61. Gershwin, L.A. 2005. Two new species of jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Carybdeida) from tropical Western Australia, presumed to cause Irukandji syndrome. Zootaxa 1084, 1–30. Gillett, N.P. & Thompson, D.W. 2003. Simulation of recent Southern Hemisphere climate change. Science 302, 273–275. Gilmour, J. 1999. Experimental investigation into the effects of suspended sediment on fertilisation, larval survival and settlement in a scleractinian coral. Marine Biology 135, 451–462. Giordano, M., Norici, A. & Hell, R. 2005. Sulfur and phytoplankton: acquisition metabolism and impact on the environment. New Phytologist 166, 371–382. Gleason, D.F., Edmunds, P.J. & Gates, R.D. 2006. Ultraviolet radiation effects on the behavior and recruitment of larvae from the reef coral Porites astreoides. Marine Biology 148, 503–512. Glen, F. & Mrosovsky, N. 2004. Antigua revisited: the impact of climate change on sand and nest temperatures at a hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) nesting beach. Global Change Biology 10, 2036–2045. Glover, A.G. & Smith, C.R. 2003. The deep-sea floor ecosystem: current status and prospects of anthropogenic change by the year 2025. Environmental Conservation 30, 219–241. Godfrey, M.H., Barreto, R. & Mrosovsky, N. 1996. Estimating past and present sex ratios of sea turtles in Suriname. Canadian Journal of Zoology 74, 267–277. Godfrey, M.H., D’Amato, A.F., Marcovaldi, M.A. & Mrosovsky, N. 1999. Pivotal temperature and predicted sex ratios for hatchling hawksbill turtles from Brazil. Canadian Journal of Zoology 77, 1465–1473. Goes, J.I., Handa, N., Taguchi, S. & Hama, T. 1994. Effect of UV-B radiation on the fatty acid composition of the marine phytoplankton Tetraselmis sp.: relationship to cellular pigments. Marine Ecology Progress Series 114, 259–274. Goffart, A., Hecq, J.H. & Legendre, L. 2002. Changes in the development of the winter-spring phytoplankton bloom in the Bay of Calvi (NW Mediterranean) over the last two decades: a response to changing climate? Marine Ecology Progress Series 236, 45–60. Goggin, C.L. & Lester, R.J.G. 1995. Perkinsus, a protistan parasite of abalone in Australia — a review. Marine and Freshwater Research 46, 639–646. Goldberg, N.A. & Kendrick, G.A. 2004. Effects of island groups, depth, and exposure to ocean waves on subtidal macroalgal assemblages in the Recherche Archipelago, Western Australia. Journal of Phycology 40, 631–641. Gordon, H.B., Rotstayn, L.D., McGregor, J.L., Dix, M.R., Kowalczyk, E.A., O’Farrell, S.P., Waterman, L.J., Hirst, A.C., Wilson, S.G., Collier, M.A., Watterson, I.G. & Elliott, T.I. 2002. The CSIRO Mk3 Climate System Model. CSIRO Atmospheric Research, Australia, Technical Paper No. 60. Gorgula, S.K. & Connell, S.D. 2004. Expansive covers of turf-forming algae on human-dominated coast: the relative effects of increasing nutrient and sediment loads. Marine Biology 145, 613–619. Graham, M.H. 1996. Effect of high irradiance on recruitment of the giant kelp Macrocystis (Phaeophyta) in shallow water. Journal of Phycology 32, 903–906. Graham, M.H. 1997. Factors determining the upper limit of giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera Agardh, along the Monterey Peninsula, central California, U.S.A. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 218, 127–149. Gregory, J.M., Church, J.A., Boer, G.J., Dixon, K.W., Flato, G.M., Jackett, D.R., Lowe, J.A., O’Farrell, S.P., Roeckner, E., Russell, G.L., Stouffer, R.J. & Winton, M. 2001. Comparison of results from several AOGCMs for global and regional sea-level change 1900–2100. Climate Dynamics 18, 223–240. Greve, W., Reiners, F., Nast, J. & Hoffmann, S. 2004. Helgoland Roads meso- and macrozooplankton timeseries 1974 to 2004: lessons from 30 years of single spot, high frequency sampling at the only offshore island of the North Sea. Helgoland Marine Research 58, 274–288. Griffies, S.M., Gnanadesikan, A., Pacanowski, R.C., Larichev, V.D., Dukowicz, J.K. & Smith, R.D. 1998. Isoneutral diffusion in a z-coordinate ocean model. Journal of Physical Oceanography 28, 805–830. Griffin, D.A., Wilkin, J.L., Chubb, C.F., Pearce, A.F. & Caputi, N. 2001. Ocean currents and the larval phase of Australian rock lobster, Panulirus cygnus. Marine and Freshwater Research 52, 1187–1199. Griffiths, S.P. 2003. Rockpool ichthyofaunas of temperate Australia: species composition, residency and biogeographic patterns. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 58, 173–186. Grove, R.S., Zabloudil, K., Norall, T. & Deysher, L. 2002. Effects of El Niño events on natural kelp beds and artificial reefs in southern California. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59, S330–S337. Grover, J. 1997. Resource Competition. London: Chapman & Hall. Guinotte, J.M., Orr, J., Cairns, S., Freiwald, A., Morgan, L. & George, R. 2006. Will human-induced changes in seawater chemistry alter the distribution of deep-sea scleractinian corals? Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 4, 141–146. Häder, D. & Häder, M.A. 1989. Effects of solar UV-B irradiation on photomovement and motility in photosynthetic and colorless flagellates. Environmental and Experimental Botany 29, 273–282. Häder, D. & Liu, S.L. 1990. Effects of artificial and solar UV-B radiation on the gravitactic orientation of the dinoflagellate Peridinium gatunense. FEMS Microbiology, Ecology 73, 331–338. Häder, D.P., Kumar, H.D., Smith, R.C. & Worrest, R.C. 1998. Effects on aquatic ecosystems. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B 46, 53–68. Hall, S.J. 2002. The continental shelf benthic ecosystem: current status, agents for change and future prospects. Environmental Conservation 29, 350–374. Hanelt, D., Wiencke, C. & Nultsch, W. 1997. Influence of UV radiation on the photosynthesis of Arctic macroalgae in the field. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B 38, 40–47. Hansen, J., Sato, M., Ruedy, R., Lo, K., Lea, D.W. & Medina-Elizade, M. 2006. Global temperature change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103, 14,288–14,293 Harborne, A.R., Mumby, P.J., Micheli, F., Perry, C.T., Dahlgren, C.P., Holmes, K.E. & Brumbaugh, D.R. 2006. The functional value of Caribbean coral reef, seagrass and mangrove habitats to ecosystem processes. Advances in Marine Biology 50, 57–189. Harris, G., Nilsson, C., Clementson, L. & Thomas, D. 1987. The water masses of the east-coast of Tasmania: seasonal and interannual variability and the influence on phytoplankton biomass and productivity. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 38, 569–590. Harris, G.P., Davies, P., Nunez, M. & Meyers, G. 1988. Interannual variability in climate and fisheries in Tasmania. Nature 333, 754–757 Harris, G.P., Griffiths, F.B. & Clementson, L.A. 1992. Climate and the fisheries off Tasmania: interactions of physics, food chains and fish. South African Journal of Marine Science 12, 585–597. Harris, G.P., Griffiths, F.B., Clementson, L.A., Lyne, V. & Vanderhoe, H. 1991. Seasonal and interannual variability in physical processes, nutrient cycling and the structure of the food chain in Tasmanian shelf waters. Journal of Plankton Research 13(Suppl.), S109–S131. Harty, C. 2004. Planning strategies for mangrove and saltmarsh changes in southeast Australia. Coastal Management 32, 405–415. Harty, C. & Cheng, D. 2003. Ecological assessment and strategies for the management of mangroves in Brisbane Water — Gosford, New South Wales, Australia. Landscape and Urban Planning 62, 219–240. Harvell, C.D., Kim, K., Burkholder, J.M., Colwell, R.R., Epstein, P.R., Grimes, D.J., Hofmann, E.E., Lipp, E.K., Osterhaus, A.D.M.E., Overstreet, R.M., Porter, J.W., Smith, G.W. & Vasta, G.R. 1999. Review: marine ecology — emerging marine diseases — climate links and anthropogenic factors. Science 285, 1505–1510. Harvell, C.D., Mitchell, C.E., Ward, J.R., Altizer, S., Dobson, A.P., Ostfeld, R.S. & Samuel, M.D. 2002. Climate warming and disease risks for terrestrial and marine biota. Science 296, 2158–2162. Hays, G.C. 2000. The implications of variable remigration intervals for the assessment of population size in marine turtles. Journal of Theoretical Biology 206, 221–227. Hays, G.C., Broderick, A.C., Glen, F. & Godley, B.J. 2003. Climate change and sea turtles: a 150-year reconstruction of incubation temperatures at a major marine turtle rookery. Global Change Biology 9, 642–646. Hays, G.C., Broderick, A.C., Glen, F., Godley, B.J., Houghton, J.D. & Metcalfe, J.D. 2002. Water temperature and internesting intervals for loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and green (Chelonia mydas) sea turtles. Journal of Thermal Biology 27, 429–432. Hays, G.C., Richardson, A.J. & Robinson, C. 2005. Climate change and marine plankton. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 20, 337–344. Hayward, T. 1997. Pacific Ocean climate change: atmospheric forcing, ocean circulation and ecosystem response. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 12, 150–154. Helmuth, B., Kingsolver, J.G. & Carrington, E. 2005. Biophysics, physiological ecology, and climate change: does mechanism matter? Annual Review of Physiology 67, 177–201. Henry, G.W. & Lyle, J.M. (eds) 2003. National Recreational Fishing Survey. In The National Recreational and Indigenous Fishing Survey. Canberra: Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, FRDC Project No. 99/158, 27–97. Herbst, L., Ene, A., Su, M., Desalle, R. & Lenz, J. 2004. Tumor outbreaks in marine turtles are not due to recent herpesvirus mutations. Current Biology 14, R697–R699. Hernando, M.P. & Ferreyra, G.A. 2005. The effects of UV radiation on photosynthesis in an Antarctic diatom (Thalassiosira sp.): does vertical mixing matter? Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 325, 35–45. Hessen, D., de Lange, H.J. & van Donk, E. 1997. UV-induced changes in phytoplankton cells and its effects on grazers. Freshwater Biology 38, 513–524. Hewavisenthi, S. & Parmenter, C.J. 2002a. Thermosensitive period for sexual differentiation of the gonads of the flatback turtle (Natator depressus Garman). Australian Journal of Zoology 50, 521–527. Hewavisenthi, S. & Parmenter, C.J. 2002b. Incubation environment and nest success of the flatback turtle (Natator depressus) from a natural nesting beach. Copeia 2002, 302–312. Hickling, R., Roy, D.B., Hill, J.K., Fox, R. & Thomas, C.D. 2006. The distributions of a wide range of taxonomic groups are expanding polewards. Global Change Biology 12, 450–455. Hinga, K.R. 2002. Effects of pH on coastal marine phytoplankton. Marine Ecology Progress Series 238, 281–300. Hirst, A.G. & Lampitt, R.S. 1998. Towards a global model of in situ weight-specific growth in marine planktonic copepods. Marine Biology 132, 247–257. Hiscock, K., Southward, A., Tittley, I. & Hawkins, S. 2004 Effects of changing temperature on benthic marine life in Britain and Ireland. Aquatic Conservation Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 14, 333–362. Hobday, A.J. & Hartmann, K. 2006. Near real-time spatial management based on habitat predictions for a longline bycatch species. Fisheries Management and Ecology 13, 365–380. Hobday, A.J., Okey, T.A., Poloczanska, E.S., Kunz, T.J. & Richardson, A.J. (eds) 2006. Impacts of climate change on Australian marine life. Report to the Australian Greenhouse Office, Canberra, Australia. Hoegh-Guldberg, O. 1999. Coral bleaching, climate change and the future of the world’s coral reefs. Marine and Freshwater Research 50, 839–866. Hoegh-Guldberg, O. 2004. Marine ecosystems and climate change. In Climate Change and Biodiversity, T.E. Lovejoy & L. Hannah (eds). New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. Hoegh-Guldberg, H. & Hoegh-Guldberg, O. 2004. Biological, Economic and Social Impacts of Climate Change on the Great Barrier Reef. Sydney, Australia: World Wide Fund for Nature. Hogue, V.E., Wilkerson, F.P. & Dugdale, R.C. 2005. Ultraviolet-B radiation effects on natural phytoplankton assemblages of central San Francisco Bay. Estuaries 28, 190–203. Holbrook, S.J., Schmitt, R.J. & Stephens, Jr., J.S. 1997. Changes in an assemblage of temperature reef fishes associated with a climate shift. Ecological Applications 7, 1299–1310. Huesemann, M.H., Skillman, A.D. & Crecelius, E.A. 2002. The inhibition of marine nitrification by ocean disposal of carbon dioxide. Marine Pollution Bulletin 44, 142–148. Hughes, L. 2003. Climate change and Australia: trends, projections and impacts. Austral Ecology 28, 423–443. Hughes, T.P., Baird, A.H., Bellwood, D.R., Card, M., Connolly, S.R., Folke, C., Grosberg, R., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Jackson, J.B.C., Kleypas, J., Lough, J.M., Marshall, P., Nystrom, M., Palumbi, S.R., Pandolfi, J.M., Rosen, B. & Roughgarden, J. 2003. Climate change, human impacts, and the resilience of coral reefs. Science 5635, 929–933. Hughes, T.P. & Connell, J.H. 1999. Multiple stressors on coral reefs: a long-term perspective. Limnology and Oceanography 44, 932–940. Huisman, J. & Weissing, F.J. 1995. Competition for nutrients and light in a mixed water column: a theoretical analysis. American Naturalist 146, 536–564. Hunter, J.R., Kaupp, S.E. & Taylor, J.H. 1982. Assessment of effects of UV radiation on marine fish larvae. In The Role of Solar Ultraviolet Radiation in Marine Ecosystems, J. Calkins (ed.). New York: Plenum, 459–493. Huntley, M. & Lopez, M.D.G. 1992. Temperature-dependent production of marine copepods: a global synthesis. American Naturalist 140, 201–242. Inglis, G.J. & Smith, M.P.L. 1998. Synchronous flowering of estuarine seagrass meadows. Aquatic Botany 60, 37–48. Invers, O., Romero, J. & Pérez, M. 1997. Effects of pH on seagrass photosynthesis, a laboratory and field assessment. Aquatic Botany 59, 185–194. Invers, O., Tomas, F., Pérez, M. & Romero, J. 2002. Potential effect of increased global CO2 availability on the depth distribution of the seagrass Posidonia oceania (L.) Delile, a tentative assessment using a carbon balance model. Bulletin of Marine Science 71, 1191–1198. IPCC 2001. Climate 2001: Synthesis Report. A Contribution of Working Groups I, II, and III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, R.T. Watson & the Core Writing Team (eds) Cambridge, UK & New York, USA: Cambridge University Press, 398 pp. IPPC, 2007 Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis: Summary for Policymakers. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Geneva Switzerland: IPPC, 21 pp. Jenkins, G.P. 2005. Influence of climate on the fishery recruitment of a temperate, seagrass-associated fish, the King George whiting Sillaginodes punctata. Marine Ecology Progress Series 288, 263–271. Jerlov, N.G. & Steeman-Nielsen, E. (eds) 1974. Optical Aspects of Oceanography. New York: Academic Press. Jernakoff, P., Brearley, A. & Nielsen, J. 1996. Factors affecting grazer-epiphyte interactions in temperate seagrass meadows. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review 34, 109–162. Jickells, T.D., An, Z.S., Andersen, K.K., Baker, A.R., Bergametti, G., Brooks, N., Cao, J.J., Boyd, P.W., Duce, R.A., Hunter, K.A., Kawahata, H., Kubilay, N., laRoche, J., Liss, P.S., Mahowald, N., Prospero, J.M., Ridgwell, A.J., Tegen, I. & Torres, R. 2005. Global iron connections between desert dust, ocean biogeochemistry, and climate. Science 308, 67–71. Johnson, C., Ling, S., Ross, J., Shepherd, S. & Miller, K. 2005. Establishment of the long-spined sea urchin (Centrostephanus rodgersii) in Tasmania: first assessment of potential threats to fisheries. Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute, Australia, FRDC Project No. 2001/044. Jones, A.G. 2004. Sea turtles: old viruses and new tricks. Current Biology 14, R842–R843. Jones, J.M. & Widmann, M. 2004. Early peak in Antarctic oscillation index. Nature 432, 290–291. Jones, R.J., Bowyer, J., Hoegh-Guldberg, O. & Blackall, L.L. 2004. Dynamics of a temperature-related coral disease outbreak. Marine Ecology Progress Series 281, 63–77. Jonsson, P.R., Granhag, L., Moschella, P.S., Aberg, P., Hawkins, S.J. & Thompson, R.C. 2006. Interactions between wave action and grazing control the distribution of intertidal macroalgae. Ecology 87, 1169–1178. Jonzén, N., Lindén, A., Torbjørn, E., Knudsen, E., Vik, J.O., Rubolini, D., Piacentini, D., Brinch, C., Spina, F., Karlsson, L., Stervander, M., Andersson, A., Waldenström, J., Lehikoinen, A., Edvardsen, E., Solvang, R. & Stenseth, N.C. 2006. Rapid advance of spring arrival dates in long-distance migratory birds. Science 312, 1959–1961. Karanas, J.J., Van Dyke, H. & Worrest, R.C. 1979. Midultraviolet (UV-B) sensitivity of Acartia clausii Giesbrecht (Copepoda). Limnology and Oceanography 24, 1104–1116. Karanas, J.J., Worrest, R.C. & Van Dyke, H. 1981. Impact of UV-B radiation on the fecundity of the copepod Acartia clausii. Marine Biology 65, 125–133. Karoly, D.J. & Stott, P.A. 2006. Anthropogenic warming of central England temperature. Atmospheric Science Letters 7, 81–85. Kathiresan, K. & Bingham, B.L. 2001. Biology of mangroves and mangrove ecosystems. Advances in Marine Biology 40, 81–251. Kathiresan, K. & Rajendran, N. 2005. Coastal mangrove forests mitigated tsunami. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 65, 601–606. Kathiresan, K., Rajendran, N. & Thangaduri, G. 1996. Growth of mangrove seedlings in the intertidal area of Vellar estuary, southeast coast of India. Indian Journal of Marine Sciences 25, 240–243. Keatley, M.R., Fletcher, T.D., Hudson, I.L. & Ades, P.K. 2002. Phenological studies in Australia: potential application in historical and future climate analysis. International Journal of Climatology 22, 1769–1780. Kelfkens, G., Bregman, A., de Gruijl, F.R., van der Leun, J.C., Piquet, A., van Oijen, T., Gieskes, W.W.C., van Loveren, H., Velders, G.J.M., Martens, P. & Slaper, H. 2002. Ozone layer — climate change interactions. Influence on UV levels and UV related effects. Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Report No. 410200112. Keller, A.A., Hargraves, P., Jeon, H., Klein-MacPhee, G., Klos, E., Oviatt, C. & Zhang, J. 1997. Effects of ultraviolet-B enhancement on marine trophic levels in a stratified coastal system. Marine Biology 130, 277–287. Kemp, D.J. 2001. Reproductive seasonality in the tropical butterfly Hypolimnas bolina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in northern Australia. Journal of Tropical Ecology 17, 483–494. Kendall, M.A., Burrows, M.T., Southward, A.J. & Hawkins, S.J. 2004. Predicting the effects of marine climate change on the invertebrate prey of the birds of rocky shores. Ibis 146, 40–47. Kennelly, S.J. 1987a. Physical disturbances in an Australian kelp community 1. Temporal effects. Marine Ecology Progress Series 40, 145–153. Kennelly, S.J. 1987b. Physical disturbances in an Australian kelp community 2. Effects on understorey species due to differences in kelp cover. Marine Ecology Progress Series 40, 155–165. Kennelly, S.J. 1989. Effects of kelp canopies on understorey species due to shade and scour. Marine Ecology Progress Series 50, 215–224. Keough, M.J. & Butler, A.J. 1995. Temperate subtidal hard substrata. In State of the Marine Environment Report for Australia: The Marine Environment — Technical Annex: 1, L.P. Zann & P. Kailola (eds). Canberra: Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority for the Department of Environment, Sport and Territories, Ocean Rescue 2000 Program. Keser, M., Swenarton, J.T. & Foertch, J.F. 2005. Effects of thermal input and climate change on growth of Ascophyllum nodosum (Fucales, Phaeophyceae) in eastern Long Island Sound (U.S.A.). Journal of Sea Research 54, 211–220. Kester, D.R. 1986. Equilibrium models in seawater: applications and limitations. In The Importance of Chemical ‘Speciation’ in Environmental Processes, M. Bernhard (ed.). Berlin: Springer Verlag, 337–363. Kikkawa, T., Ishimatsu, A. & Kita, J. 2003. Acute CO2 tolerance during the early developmental stages of four marine teleosts. Environmental Toxicology 18, 375–382. King, B.R., Hicks, J.T. & Cornelius, J. 1992. Population changes, breeding cycles and breeding success over six years in a seabird colony at Michaelmas Bay, Queensland. Emu 92, 1–10. Kirby, R.R., Beaugrand, G., Lindley, J.A., Richardson, A.J., Edwards, M. & Reid, P.C. 2007. Climate effects and benthic-pelagic coupling in the North Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series 330, 31–38. Kirkman, H. 1997. Seagrasses of Australia. State of the Environment Technical Paper Series (Estuaries and the Sea). Canberra, Australia: Department of the Environment. Kleppel, G.S., Davis, C.S. & Carter, K. 1996. Temperature and copepod growth in the sea: a comment on the temperature-dependent model of Huntley and Lopez. American Naturalist 148, 397–406. Kleypas, J.A., Buddemeier, R.W., Archer, D., Gattuso, J.P., Langdon, C. & Opdyke, B.N. 1999. Geochemical consequences of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide on coral reefs. Science 284, 118–120. Kleypas, J.A., Buddemeier, R.W., Eakin, C.M., Gattuso, J.-P., Guinotte, J., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Iglesias- Prieto, R., Jokiel, P.L., Langdon, C., Skirving, W. & Strong, A.E. 2005. Comment on “Coral reef calcification and climate change: the effect of ocean warming”. Geophysical Research Letters 32, 1–3. Knowlton, N. 2001. The future of coral reefs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98, 5419–5425. Koslow, J.A. 1997. Seamounts and the ecology of deep-sea fisheries. American Scientist 85, 168–176. Koslow, J.A., Gowlett-Holmes, K., Lowry, J.K., O’Hara, T., Poore, G.C.B. & Williams, A. 2001. Seamount benthic macrofauna off southern Tasmania: community structure and impacts of trawling. Marine Ecology Progress Series 213, 111–125. Koslow, J.A., Hobday, A.J. & Boehlert, G.W. 2002. Climate variability and marine survival of coho salmon (Oncoryhnchus kisutch) in the Oregon Production Area. Fisheries Oceanography 11, 65–77. Kouwenberg, J.H.M., Browman, H.I., Cullen, J.J., Davis, R.F., St.-Pierre, J.F. & Runge, J.A. 1999a. Biological weighting of ultraviolet (280–400 nm) induced mortality in marine zooplankton and fish. I. Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) eggs. Marine Biology 134, 269–284. Kouwenberg, J.H.M., Browman, H.I., Runge, J.A., Cullen, J.J., Davis, R.F. & St.-Pierre, J.F. 1999b. Biological weighting of ultraviolet (280–400 nm) induced mortality in marine zooplankton and fish. II. Calanus finmarchicus (Copepoda) eggs. Marine Biology 134, 285–293. Kuffner, I.B. 2001. Effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on larval settlement of the reef coral Pocillopora damicornis. Marine Ecology Progress Series 217, 251–261. Kunz, T.J. 2005. Effects of mixing depth, turbulent diffusion and nutrient enrichment on enclosed marine plankton communities. Ph.D. thesis, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany. Kurihara, H., Shimode, S. & Shirayama, Y. 2004. Sub-lethal effects of elevated concentration of CO2 on planktonic copepods and sea urchins. Journal of Oceanography 60, 743–750. Langdon, C., Takahashi, T., Sweeney, C., Chipman, D., Goddard, J., Marubini, F., Aceves, H., Barnett, H. & Atkinson, M.J. 2000. Effect of calcium carbonate saturation state on the calcification rate of an experimental coral reef. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 14, 639–654. Larkum, A.W.D. 1976. Ecology of Botany Bay I. Growth of Posidonia australis (Brown) Hook f. in Botany Bay and other Bays of the Sydney Basin. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 27, 117–127. Learmonth, J.A., Macleod, C.D., Santos, M.B., Pierce, G.J., Crick, H.Q.P. & Robinson, R.A. 2006. Potential effects of climate change on marine mammals. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review 44, 431–464. Lee, K.K., Liu, P.C., Chen, Y.C. & Huang, C.Y. 2001. The implication of ambient temperature with the outbreak of vibriosis in cultured small abalone Haliotis diversicolor supertexta Lischke. Journal of Thermal Biology 26, 585–587. Lehikoinen, E., Sparks, T.H. & Zalakevicius, M. 2004. Arrival and departure dates. Birds and Climate Change 35, 1–31. Lehodey, P. 2001. The pelagic ecosystem of the tropical Pacific Ocean: dynamic and spatial modelling and biological consequences of ENSO. Progress in Oceanography 49, 439–468. Lehodey, P., Bertignac, M., Hampton, J., Lewis, A. & Picaut, J. 1997. El Nino Southern Oscillation and tuna in the western Pacific. Nature 389, 715–718. Lesser, M.P. 1996. Elevated temperatures and ultraviolet radiation cause oxidative stress and inhibit photosynthesis in symbiotic dinoflagellates. Limnology and Oceanography 41, 271–283. Lesser, M.P. 1997. Oxidative stress causes coral bleaching during exposure to elevated temperatures. Coral Reefs 16, 187–192. Lesser, M.P., Kruse, V.A. & Barry, T.M. 2003. Exposure to ultraviolet radiation causes apoptosis in developing sea urchin embryos. Journal of Experimental Biology 206, 4097–4103. Li, N.K. & Denny, M.W. 2004. Limits to phenotypic plasticity: flow effects on barnacle feeding appendages. Biological Bulletin 206, 121–124. Limpus, C.J. 1992. The hawksbill turtle, Eretmochelys imbricata, in Queensland — population structure within a southern Great Barrier Reef feeding ground. Wildlife Research 19, 489–506. Limpus, C.J. & Nicholls, N. 1988. The Southern Oscillation regulates the annual numbers of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) breeding around northern Australia. Australian Journal of Wildlife Research 15, 157–161. Limpus, C.J. & Reed, P.C. 1985. Green turtles stranded by cyclone Kathy on the south-western coast of the Gulf of Carpentaria. Australian Wildlife Research 12, 523–533. Linderholm, H.W. 2006. Growing season changes in the last century. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 137, 1–14. Litchman, E. & Neale, P.J. 2005. UV effects on photosynthesis and acclimation of an estuarine diatom and cryptomonad. Marine Ecology Progress Series 300, 53–62. Little, M., Pereira, P., Carrette, T. & Seymour, J. 2006. Jellyfish responsible for Irukandji syndrome. QJM-AN International Journal of Medicine 99, 425–427. Logan, B.W. 1961. Cryptozoon and associate stromalolites from the recent, Shark Bay, Western Australia. Journal of Geology 69, 517–533. Lohrer, A.M., Thrush, S.F., Hewitt, J.E., Berkenbusch, K., Ahrens, M. & Cummings, V.J. 2004. Terrestrially derived sediment: response of marine macrobenthic communities to thin terrigenous deposits. Marine Ecology Progress Series 273, 121–138. Loneragan, N.R., Adnan, N.A., Connolly, R.M. & Manson, F.J. 2005. Prawn landings and their relationship with the extent of mangroves and shallow waters in western peninsular Malaysia. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 63, 187–200. Loop, K.A., Miller, J.D. & Limpus, C.J. 1995. Nesting by the Hawksbill Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) on Milman Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Wildlife Research 22, 241–252. Losey, G.S. 2003. Crypsis and communication functions of UV-visible coloration in two coral reef damselfish, Dascyllus aruanus and D reticulatus. Animal Behaviour 66, 299–307. Losey, G.S., Cronin, T.W., Goldsmith, T.H., Hyde, D., Marshall, N.J. & McFarland, W.N. 1999. The UV visual world of fishes: a review. Journal of Fish Biology 54, 921–943. Losey, G.S., McFarland, W.N., Loew, E.R., Zamzow, J.P., Nelson, P.A. & Marshall, N.J. 2003. Visual biology of Hawaiian coral reef fishes. I. Ocular transmission and visual pigments. Copeia Sept. 5, 433–454. Lough, J.M. 2000. 1997–1998: unprecedented thermal stress to coral reefs? Geophysical Research Letters 27, 3901–3904. Lough, J.M. & Barnes, D.J. 2000. Environmental controls on growth of the massive coral Porites. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 245, 225–243. Luschi, P., Hays, G.C. & Papi, F. 2003. A review of long-distance movements by marine turtles, and the possible role of ocean currents. Oikos 103, 293–302. Lyle, J.M., Henry, G.W., West, L.D., Campbell, D., Reid, D.D. & Murphy, J.J. 2003.National Recreational Fishing Survey, In The National Recreational and Indigenous Fishing Survey. G.W. Henry & J.M. Lyle (eds). Canberra, Australia: Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, FRDC Project 99/158, 27-97. MacLeod, C.D., Bannon, S.M., Pierce, G.J., Schweder, C., Learmonth, J.A., Herman, J.S. & Reid, R.J. 2005. Climate change and the cetacean community of north-west Scotland. Biological Conservation 124, 477–483. Majkowski, J., Williams, K. & Murphy, G.I. 1981. Research identifies changing patterns in Australian tuna fishery. Australian Fisheries 40, 5–10. Manson, F.J., Loneragan, N.R., Harch, B.D., Skilleter, G.A. & Williams, L. 2005. A broad-scale analysis of links between coastal fisheries production and mangrove extent: a case-study for northeastern Australia. Fisheries Research 74, 69–85. Mantua, N.J., Hare, S.R., Zhang, Y., Wallace, J.M. & Francis, R.C., 1997. A Pacific interdecadal climate oscillation with impacts on salmon production. Bulletin American Meteorological Society, 78, 1069–1079. Marchinko, K.B. & Palmer, A.R. 2003. Feeding in flow extremes: dependence of cirrus form on wave-exposure in four barnacle species. Zoology 106, 127–141. Markkula, S.E., Salo, H.M., Immonen, A.K. & Jokinen, E.M. 2005. Effects of short- and long-term ultraviolet B irradiation on the immune system of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Photochemistry and Photobiology 81, 595–602. Marra, P.P., Francis, C.M., Mulvihill, R.S. & Moore, F.R. 2005. The influence of climate on the timing and rate of spring bird migration. Oecologia 142, 307–315. Marsh, H., Corkeron, P.J., Limpus, C.J., Shaughnessy, P.D. & Ward, T.M. 2001. The reptiles and mammals in Australian Seas: their status and management. In The State of the Marine Environment Report for Australia Technical Annex: 1 The Marine Environment, L.P. Zann & P. Kailola (eds). Department of the Environment, Sport and Territories, Ocean Rescue 2000 Program. Townsville, Queensland, Australia: Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, 151–166. Mason, C.F. 1995. Long-term trends in the arrival dates of spring migrants. Bird Study 42, 182–189. Maxwell, J.G.H. & Cresswell, G.R. 1981. Dispersal of tropical fauna to the Great Australian Bight by the Leeuwin Current. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 32, 493–500. McArthur, L.C. & Boland, J.W. 2006. The economic contribution of seagrass to secondary production in South Australia. Ecological Modelling 196, 163–172. McGowan, J.A., Cayan, D.R. & Dorman, L.M. 1998. Climate-ocean variability and ecosystem response in North Pacific. Science, 281, 201–217. McKenzie, R.L., Björn, L.O., Bais, A. & Ilyasd, M. 2003. Changes in biologically active ultraviolet ra" name="eprints.referencetext" /> <meta content="Poloczanska, Elvira S. and Babcock, R. C. and Bulter, A. and Hobday, A. J. and Hoegh-Guldberg, O. and Kunz, T. J. and Matear, R. and Milton, D. A. and Okey, T. A. and Richardson, Anthony J. (2007) Climate Change and Australian Marine Life. Oceanography and Marine Biology: an annual review, 2007, 45 . pp. 407-478. ISSN 0078-3218" name="eprints.citation" /> <meta content="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2531/1/Poloczanska_et_al_2007.pdf" name="eprints.document_url" /> <link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/" /> <meta content="Climate Change and Australian Marine Life" name="DC.title" /> <meta content="Poloczanska, Elvira S." name="DC.creator" /> <meta content="Babcock, R. C." name="DC.creator" /> <meta content="Bulter, A." name="DC.creator" /> <meta content="Hobday, A. J." name="DC.creator" /> <meta content="Hoegh-Guldberg, O." name="DC.creator" /> <meta content="Kunz, T. J." name="DC.creator" /> <meta content="Matear, R." name="DC.creator" /> <meta content="Milton, D. A." name="DC.creator" /> <meta content="Okey, T. A." name="DC.creator" /> <meta content="Richardson, Anthony J." name="DC.creator" /> <meta content="300000 Agricultural, Veterinary and Environmental Sciences" name="DC.subject" /> <meta content="300700 Fisheries Sciences" name="DC.subject" /> <meta content="Australia’s marine life is highly diverse and endemic. Here we describe projections of climate change in Australian waters and examine from the literature likely impacts of these changes on Australian marine biodiversity. For the Australian region, climate model simulations project oceanic warming, an increase in ocean stratification and decrease in mixing depth, a strengthening of the East Australian Current, increased ocean acidification, a rise in sea level, alterations in cloud cover and ozone levels altering the levels of solar radiation reaching the ocean surface, and altered storm and rainfall regimes. Evidence of climate change impacts on biological systems are generally scarce in Australia compared to the Northern Hemisphere. The poor observational records in Australia are attributed to a lack of studies of climate impacts on natural systems and species at regional or national scales. However, there are notable exceptions such as widespread bleaching of corals on the Great Barrier Reef and poleward shifts in temperate fish populations. Biological changes are likely to be considerable and to have economic and broad ecological consequences, especially in climate-change ‘hot spots’ such as the Tasman Sea and the Great Barrier Reef." name="DC.description" /> <meta content="2007" name="DC.date" /> <meta content="Article" name="DC.type" /> <meta content="PeerReviewed" name="DC.type" /> <meta content="application/pdf" name="DC.format" /> <meta content="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2531/1/Poloczanska_et_al_2007.pdf" name="DC.identifier" /> <meta content="Poloczanska, Elvira S. and Babcock, R. C. and Bulter, A. and Hobday, A. J. and Hoegh-Guldberg, O. and Kunz, T. J. and Matear, R. and Milton, D. A. and Okey, T. A. and Richardson, Anthony J. (2007) Climate Change and Australian Marine Life. Oceanography and Marine Biology: an annual review, 2007, 45 . pp. 407-478. ISSN 0078-3218" name="DC.identifier" /> <meta content="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2531/" name="DC.relation" /> <link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2531/BibTeX/epprod-eprint-2531.bib" title="BibTeX" type="text/plain" /> <link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2531/ContextObject/epprod-eprint-2531.xml" title="OpenURL ContextObject" type="text/xml" /> <link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2531/ContextObject::Dissertation/epprod-eprint-2531.xml" title="OpenURL Dissertation" type="text/xml" /> <link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2531/ContextObject::Journal/epprod-eprint-2531.xml" title="OpenURL Journal" type="text/xml" /> <link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2531/DC/epprod-eprint-2531.txt" title="Dublin Core" type="text/plain" /> <link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2531/DIDL/epprod-eprint-2531.xml" title="DIDL" type="text/xml" /> <link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2531/EndNote/epprod-eprint-2531.enw" title="EndNote" type="text/plain" /> <link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2531/HTML/epprod-eprint-2531.html" title="HTML Citation" type="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2531/METS/epprod-eprint-2531.xml" title="METS" type="text/xml" /> <link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2531/MODS/epprod-eprint-2531.xml" title="MODS" type="text/xml" /> <link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2531/RIS/epprod-eprint-2531.ris" title="Reference Manager" type="text/plain" /> <link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2531/Refer/epprod-eprint-2531.refer" title="Refer" type="text/plain" /> <link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2531/Simple/epprod-eprint-2531text" title="Simple Metadata" type="text/plain" /> <link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2531/Text/epprod-eprint-2531.txt" title="ASCII Citation" type="text/plain; charset=utf-8" /> <link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2531/XML/epprod-eprint-2531.xml" title="EP3 XML" type="text/xml" /> </head> <body bgcolor="#ffffff" text="#000000" onLoad="loadRoutine(); MM_preloadImages('images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c5_f2.gif','images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c7_f2.gif','images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c8_f2.gif','images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c9_f2.gif','images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c10_f2.gif','images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c11_f2.gif','images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r6_c4_f2.gif')"> <div class="ep_noprint"><noscript><style type="text/css">@import url(http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/nojs.css);</style></noscript></div> <table width="795" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td><script language="JavaScript1.2">mmLoadMenus();</script> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="795"> <!-- fwtable fwsrc="eprints_banner_final2.png" fwbase="ePrints_banner.gif" fwstyle="Dreamweaver" fwdocid = "1249563342" fwnested="0" --> <tr> <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="32" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td> <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="104" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td> <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="44" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td> <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="105" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td> <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="41" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td> <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="16" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td> <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="68" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td> <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="68" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td> <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="68" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td> <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="82" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td> <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="69" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td> <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="98" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td> <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12"><img name="ePrints_banner_r1_c1" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r1_c1.gif" width="795" height="10" border="0" alt="" /></td> <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="10" border="0" alt="" /></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6"><img name="ePrints_banner_r2_c1" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r2_c1.gif" width="32" height="118" border="0" alt="" /></td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/"><img name="ePrints_banner_r2_c2" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r2_c2.gif" width="104" height="103" border="0" alt="" /></a></td> <td colspan="10"><img name="ePrints_banner_r2_c3" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r2_c3.gif" width="659" height="41" border="0" alt="" /></td> <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="41" border="0" alt="" /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/"><img name="ePrints_banner_r3_c3" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r3_c3.gif" width="190" height="31" border="0" alt="" /></a></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="7"><img name="ePrints_banner_r3_c6" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r3_c6.gif" width="469" height="37" border="0" alt="" /></td> <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="31" border="0" alt="" /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><img name="ePrints_banner_r4_c3" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r4_c3.gif" width="190" height="6" border="0" alt="" /></td> <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="6" border="0" alt="" /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c3" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c3.gif" width="149" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/information.html" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0821132634_0,0,25,null,'ePrints_banner_r5_c5');MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r5_c5','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c5_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c5" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c5.gif" width="57" height="25" border="0" alt="About" /></a></td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/view/" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0821133021_1,0,25,null,'ePrints_banner_r5_c7');MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r5_c7','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c7_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c7" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c7.gif" width="68" height="25" border="0" alt="Browse" /></a></td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/perl/search/simple" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0821133201_2,0,25,null,'ePrints_banner_r5_c8');MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r5_c8','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c8_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c8" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c8.gif" width="68" height="25" border="0" alt="Search" /></a></td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/perl/register" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout();" onMouseOver="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_1018171924_3,0,25,null,'ePrints_banner_r5_c9');MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r5_c9','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c9_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c9" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c9.gif" width="68" height="25" border="0" alt="register" /></a></td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/perl/users/home" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0821133422_4,0,25,null,'ePrints_banner_r5_c10');MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r5_c10','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c10_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c10" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c10.gif" width="82" height="25" border="0" alt="user area" /></a></td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/help/" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0821133514_5,0,25,null,'ePrints_banner_r5_c11');MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r5_c11','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c11_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c11" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c11.gif" width="69" height="25" border="0" alt="Help" /></a></td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="4"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c12" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c12.gif" width="98" height="40" border="0" alt="" /></td> <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><img name="ePrints_banner_r6_c3" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r6_c3.gif" width="44" height="39" border="0" alt="ePrints home" /></td> <td><a href="/" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore()" onMouseOver="MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r6_c4','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r6_c4_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r6_c4" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r6_c4.gif" width="105" height="24" border="0" alt="ePrints home" /></a></td> <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="24" border="0" alt="" /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><img name="ePrints_banner_r7_c2" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r7_c2.gif" width="104" height="15" border="0" alt="" /></td> <td colspan="8"><img name="ePrints_banner_r7_c4" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r7_c4.gif" width="517" height="15" border="0" alt="" /></td> <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="15" border="0" alt="" /></td> </tr> </table></td> </tr> <tr><td><table width="100%" style="font-size: 90%; border: solid 1px #ccc; padding: 3px"><tr> <td align="left"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/users/home">Login</a> | <a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/register">Create Account</a></td> <td align="right" style="white-space: nowrap"> <form method="get" accept-charset="utf-8" action="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/search" style="display:inline"> <input class="ep_tm_searchbarbox" size="20" type="text" name="q" /> <input class="ep_tm_searchbarbutton" value="Search" type="submit" name="_action_search" /> <input type="hidden" name="_order" value="bytitle" /> <input type="hidden" name="basic_srchtype" value="ALL" /> <input type="hidden" name="_satisfyall" value="ALL" /> </form> </td> </tr></table></td></tr> <tr> <td class="toplinks"><!-- InstanceBeginEditable name="content" --> <div align="center"> <table width="720" class="ep_tm_main"><tr><td align="left"> <h1 class="ep_tm_pagetitle">Climate Change and Australian Marine Life</h1> <p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><span class="person_name">Poloczanska, Elvira S.</span> and <span class="person_name">Babcock, R. C.</span> and <span class="person_name">Bulter, A.</span> and <span class="person_name">Hobday, A. J.</span> and <span class="person_name">Hoegh-Guldberg, O.</span> and <span class="person_name">Kunz, T. J.</span> and <span class="person_name">Matear, R.</span> and <span class="person_name">Milton, D. A.</span> and <span class="person_name">Okey, T. A.</span> and <span class="person_name">Richardson, Anthony J.</span> (2007) <xhtml:em>Climate Change and Australian Marine Life.</xhtml:em> Oceanography and Marine Biology: an annual review, 2007, 45 . pp. 407-478. ISSN 0078-3218</p><p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"></p><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><tr><td valign="top" style="text-align:center"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2531/1/Poloczanska_et_al_2007.pdf"><img alt="[img]" src="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/images/fileicons/application_pdf.png" class="ep_doc_icon" border="0" /></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2531/1/Poloczanska_et_al_2007.pdf"><span class="ep_document_citation">PDF</span></a> - Full text restricted - Requires a PDF viewer<br />3213Kb</td><td><form method="get" accept-charset="utf-8" action="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/request_doc"><input accept-charset="utf-8" value="3336" name="docid" type="hidden" /><div class=""><input value="Request a copy" name="_action_null" class="ep_form_action_button" onclick="return EPJS_button_pushed( '_action_null' )" type="submit" /> </div></form></td></tr></table><div class="not_ep_block"><h2>Abstract</h2><p style="padding-bottom: 16px; text-align: left; margin: 1em auto 0em auto">Australia’s marine life is highly diverse and endemic. Here we describe projections of climate change in Australian waters and examine from the literature likely impacts of these changes on Australian marine biodiversity. For the Australian region, climate model simulations project oceanic warming, an increase in ocean stratification and decrease in mixing depth, a strengthening of the East Australian Current, increased ocean acidification, a rise in sea level, alterations in cloud cover and ozone levels altering the levels of solar radiation reaching the ocean surface, and altered storm and rainfall regimes. Evidence of climate change impacts on biological systems are generally scarce in Australia compared to the Northern Hemisphere. The poor observational records in Australia are attributed to a lack of studies of climate impacts on natural systems and species at regional or national scales. However, there are notable exceptions such as widespread bleaching of corals on the Great Barrier Reef and poleward shifts in temperate fish populations. Biological changes are likely to be considerable and to have economic and broad ecological consequences, especially in climate-change ‘hot spots’ such as the Tasman Sea and the Great Barrier Reef.</p></div><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" cellpadding="3" class="not_ep_block" border="0"><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Item Type:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">Article</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Subjects:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/view/subjects/300000.html">300000 Agricultural, Veterinary and Environmental Sciences</a><br /><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/view/subjects/300700.html">300000 Agricultural, Veterinary and Environmental Sciences > 300700 Fisheries Sciences</a></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Collections:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">UNSPECIFIED</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ID Code:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">2531</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited By:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><span class="ep_name_citation"><span class="person_name">Scholarly Publications Librarian</span></span></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited On:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">26 Nov 2007 14:57</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Last Modified:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">01 Feb 2008 14:48</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ePrint Statistics:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a target="ePrintStats" href="/es/index.php?action=show_detail_eprint;id=2531;">View statistics for this ePrint</a></td></tr></table><p align="right">Repository Staff Only: <a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/users/home?screen=EPrint::View&eprintid=2531">item control page</a></p> </td></tr></table> </div> <!-- InstanceEndEditable --></td> </tr> <tr> <td><!-- #BeginLibraryItem "/Library/footer_eprints.lbi" --> <table width="795" border="0" align="left" cellpadding="0" class="footer"> <tr valign="top"> <td colspan="2"><div align="center"><a href="http://www.utas.edu.au">UTAS home</a> | <a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/library/">Library home</a> | <a href="/">ePrints home</a> | <a href="/contact.html">contact</a> | <a href="/information.html">about</a> | <a href="/view/">browse</a> | <a href="/perl/search/simple">search</a> | <a href="/perl/register">register</a> | <a href="/perl/users/home">user area</a> | <a href="/help/">help</a></div><br /></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="2"><p><img src="/images/eprints/footerline.gif" width="100%" height="4" /></p></td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td width="68%" class="footer">Authorised by the University Librarian<br /> © University of Tasmania ABN 30 764 374 782<br /> <a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/cricos/">CRICOS Provider Code 00586B</a> | <a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/copyright/copyright_disclaimers.html">Copyright & Disclaimers</a> | <a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/accessibility/index.html">Accessibility</a> | <a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/feedback/">Site Feedback</a> </td> <td width="32%"><div align="right"> <p align="right" class="NoPrint"><a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/"><img src="http://www.utas.edu.au/shared/logos/unioftasstrip.gif" alt="University of Tasmania Home Page" width="260" height="16" border="0" align="right" /></a></p> <p align="right" class="NoPrint"><a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/"><br /> </a></p> </div></td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><p> </p></td> <td><div align="right"><span class="NoPrint"><a href="http://www.eprints.org/software/"><img src="/images/eprintslogo.gif" alt="ePrints logo" width="77" height="29" border="0" align="bottom" /></a></span></div></td> </tr> </table> <!-- #EndLibraryItem --> <div align="center"></div></td> </tr> </table> </body> </html>