<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<title>UTas ePrints - A unique mode of parasitism in the conifer coral tree Parasitaxus ustus (Podocarpaceae)</title>
<script type="text/javascript" src="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/javascript/auto.js"><!-- padder --></script>
<style type="text/css" media="screen">@import url(http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/auto.css);</style>
<style type="text/css" media="print">@import url(http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/print.css);</style>
<link rel="icon" href="/images/eprints/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" />
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="/images/eprints/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" />
<link rel="Top" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/" />
<link rel="Search" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/search" />
<meta content="Feild, Taylor S." name="eprints.creators_name" />
<meta content="Brodribb, Tim J." name="eprints.creators_name" />
<meta name="eprints.creators_id" />
<meta content="Timothy.Brodribb@utas.edu.au" name="eprints.creators_id" />
<meta content="article" name="eprints.type" />
<meta content="2007-11-29 03:37:45" name="eprints.datestamp" />
<meta content="2008-02-11T00:12:43Z" name="eprints.lastmod" />
<meta content="show" name="eprints.metadata_visibility" />
<meta content="A unique mode of parasitism in the conifer coral tree
Parasitaxus ustus
(Podocarpaceae)" name="eprints.title" />
<meta content="pub" name="eprints.ispublished" />
<meta content="270402" name="eprints.subjects" />
<meta content="270400" name="eprints.subjects" />
<meta content="restricted" name="eprints.full_text_status" />
<meta content="Parasitaxus ustus
; carbon isotopic;
holoparasitic; mistletoe; mycoheterotroph; parasitic plants" name="eprints.keywords" />
<meta content="The definitive version is available at www.blackwell-synergy.com
" name="eprints.note" />
<meta content="Almost all parasitic plants, including more than 3000 species,
are angiosperms. The only suggested gymnosperm
exception is the New Caledonian conifer,
Parasitaxus
ustus
, which forms a bizarre graft-like attachment to the
roots of another conifer
Falcatifolium taxoides
. Yet, the
degree of resource dependence of
Parasitaxus
on
Falcatifolium
has remained speculative. Here we show that
Parasitaxus
is definitively parasitic, but it displays a physiological
habit unlike any known angiosperm parasite.
Despite possessing chloroplasts, it was found that the
burgundy red shoots of
Parasitaxus
lack significant photosynthetic
electron transport. However unlike nonphotosynthetic
angiosperm parasites (holoparasites),
tissues of
Parasitaxus
are considerably enriched in
13
carbon
relative to its host. In line with anatomical observations of
fungal hyphae embedded in the parasite/host union, stable
carbon isotopic measurements indicate that carbon transport
from the host to
Parasitaxus
most likely involves a
fungal partner. Therefore,
Parasitaxus
parallels fungusfeeding
angiosperms (mycoheterotrophs) that steal carbon
from soil mycorrhizal fungi. Yet with its tree-like habit,
association with fungi residing within the host union, high
stomatal conductance, and low water potential, it is demonstrated
that
Parasitaxus
functions unlike any known
angiosperm mycoheterotroph or holoparasite.
Parasitaxus
appears to present a unique physiological chimera of mistletoe-
like water relations and fungal-mediated carbon trafficking
from the host." name="eprints.abstract" />
<meta content="2005" name="eprints.date" />
<meta content="published" name="eprints.date_type" />
<meta content="Plant, Cell and Environment" name="eprints.publication" />
<meta content="28" name="eprints.volume" />
<meta content="10" name="eprints.number" />
<meta content="1316-1325" name="eprints.pagerange" />
<meta content="10.1111/j.1365-3040.2005.01378.x" name="eprints.id_number" />
<meta content="TRUE" name="eprints.refereed" />
<meta content="0140-7791" name="eprints.issn" />
<meta content="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2005.01378.x" name="eprints.official_url" />
<meta content="Adams W.W. III, Zarter C.R., Ebbert V. & Demmig-Adams B.
(2004) Photoprotective strategies of overwintering evergreens.
Bioscience 54, 41–49.
Bannister P., King W.M. & Strong G.L. (1999) Aspects of the
water relations of Ileostylus micranthus (Hook. f.) Tieghem, a
New Zealand mistletoe. Annals of Botany 84, 79–86.
Bidartondo M.I., Burghardt B., Gebauer G., Bruns T.D. & Read
D.J. (2004) Changing partners in the dark. isotopic and molecular
evidence of ectomycorrhizal liaisons between forest orchids
and trees. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 217,
1799–1806.
Bidartondo M.I., Redecker D., Hijri I., Wiemken A., Bruns T.D.,
Dominguez L., Sersic A., Leake J.R. & Read D.J. (2003) Epiparasitic
plants specialized on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.
Nature 419, 389–392.
Bilger W., Schreiber U. & Bock M. (1995) Determination of the
quantum efficiency of photosystem-II and of nonphotochemical
quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence in the field. Oecologia
102, 425–432.
Brodribb T.J. & Field T.S. (2000) Stem hydraulic supply is linked
to leaf photosynthetic capacity: evidence from New Caledonian
and Tasmanian rainforests. Plant, Cell and Environment 23,
1381–1388.
Brodribb T. & Hill R.S. (1997) Imbricacy and stomatal wax plugs
reduce maximum leaf conductance in Southern Hemisphere
conifers. Australian Journal of Botany 45, 657–668.
Cernusak L.A., Pate J.S. & Farquhar G.D. (2004) Oxygen and
carbon isotope composition of parasitic plants and their hosts in
south-eastern Australia. Oecologia 139, 199–213.
Cherrier J.-F. (1981) Le Parasitaxus ustus (Vieillard) de Laubenfels.
Revue Forestière Française 33, 445–448.
Cherrier J.-F., Giraud M., Ghiglione C. & Woltz P. (1990) Parasitisme
interspécifique chez les Gymnospermes. Étude comparative
des acides amiés. Revue de Cytologie et de Biologie Végétales
– Le Botaniste 13, 191–197.
Cherrier J.-F., Gondran M., Woltz P. & Vogt G. (1992) Parasitisme
interspécifique chez les Gymnospermes; Donne inédites
chez deux Podocarpaceae endemiques Neo-Calédoniennes.
Revue de Cytologie et de Biologie Végétales – Le Botaniste 15,
65–87.
Cummings M.P. & Welschmeyer N.A. (1998) Pigment composition
of putatively achlorophyllous angiosperms. Plant Systematics
and Evolution 210, 105–111.
Dawson T.E., Mambelli S., Plamboeck A.H., Templer P.H. & Tu
K.P. (2002) Stable isotopes in plant ecology. Annual Review of
Ecology and Systematics 33, 507–559.
De la Harpe A.C., Visser J.H. & Grobbelaar N. (1981) Photosynthetic
characteristics of some South African parasitic flowering
plants. Zeitschrift Pflanzenphysiologie 103, 265–275.
De Laubenfels D.J. (1959) Parasitic conifer found in New Caledonia.
Science 130, 97–97.
Dominguez L.S. & Sersic A. (2004) The southernmost myco-heterotrophic
plant, Arachnitis uniflora: root morphology and anatomy.
Mycologia 96, 1143–1151.
Ehleringer J.R., Schulze E.D., Ziegler H., Lange O.L., Farquhar
G.D. & Cowan I.R. (1985) Xylem-tapping mistletoes – water or
nutrient parasites. Science 227, 1479–1481.
Feild T.S., Lee D.W. & Holbrook N.M. (2001) Why leaves turn
red in autumn. The role of anthocyanins in senescing leaves of
red-osier dogwood. Plant Physiology 127, 566–574.
Gebauer G. & Meyer M. (2003) 15N and 13C natural abundance of
autotrophic and myco-heterotrophic orchids provides insight
into nitrogen and carbon gain from fungal association. New
Phytologist 160, 9–223.
Gitelson A.A., Merzlyak M.N. & Chivkunova O.B. (2001) Optical
properties and nondestructive estimation of anthocyanin
content in plant leaves. Photochemistry and Photobiology 74,
38–45.
Glatzel G. (1983) Mineral nutrition and water relations of hemiparasitic
mistletoes – a question of partitioning- experiments
with Loranthus europaeus on Quercus petraea and Quercus
robur. Oecologia 56, 193–201.
Gray N.E. (1960) A taxonomic revision of Podocarpus. XII.
Section Microcarpus. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 41, 36–
39.
Hair J.B. & Beuzenburg E.J. (1958) Chromosomal evolution in the
Podocarpaceae. Nature 181, 1584–1586.
Henn M.R. & Chapela I.H. (2000) Differential C isotope discrimination
by fungi during decomposition of C-3- and C-4-derived
sucrose. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, 4180–
4186.
Henn M.R. & Chapela I.H. (2001) Ecophysiology of C-13 and N-
15 isotopic fractionation in forest fungi and the roots of the
saprotrophic-mycorrhizal divide. Oecologia 128, 480–487.
Hibberd J.M. & Jeschke W.D. (2001) Solute flux into parasitic
plants. Journal of Experimental Botany 52, 2043–2049.
Hibberd J.M., Quick W.P., Press M.C., Scholes J.D. & Jeschke
W.D. (1999) Solute fluxes from tobacco to the parasitic
angiosperm Orobanche cernua and the influence of infection on
host carbon and nutrient relations. Plant, Cell and Environment
22, 937–947.
Imhof S. (1998) Subterranean structures and mycotrophy of the
achlorophyllous Triuris hyalina (Triuridaceae). Canadian Journal
of Botany 76, 2011–2019.
Jaffré T. (1995) Distribution and ecology of the conifers of New
Caledonia. In Ecology of the Southern Conifers (eds N.J.
Enright & R.S. Hill), pp. 171–196. Smithsonian Press, Washington,
DC, USA.
Kelch D.G. (2002) Phylogenetic assessment of the monotypic genera
Sundacarpus and Manoao (Coniferales: Podocarpaceae) utilizing
evidence from 18S rDNA sequences. Australian
Systematic Botany 15, 29–35.
Kopke E., Musselman L.J. & De Laubenfels D.J. (1983) Studies
on the anatomy of Parasitaxus ustus and its root connections.
Phytomorphology 31, 85–92.
Krause G.H. & Weis E. (1991) Chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthesis
– the basics. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and
Plant Molecular Biology 42, 313–349.
Kuijt J. (1969) The Biology of Parasitic Flowering Plants. University
of California Press, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Kuijt J. (1977) Haustoria of phaenerogamic parasites. Annual
Review of Phytopathology 17, 91–118.
Kuijt J. & Dong W.-X. (1990) The systematic significance of surface
features of the Balanophora tuber (Balanophoraceae).
Plant Systematics and Evolution 171, 129–134.
Lawson T., Oxborough K., Morison J.I.L. & Baker N.R. (2003)
The responses of guard and mesophyll cell photosynthesis to
CO2, O2, light, and water stress in a range of species are similar.
Journal of Experimental Botany 54, 1743–1752.
Leake J.R. (1994) The biology of myco-heterotrophic
(saprophytic) plants. New Phytologist 127, 171–216.
Leake J.R. (2004) Myco-heterotroph/epiparasite plant interactions
with ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Current
Opinion in Plant Biology 7, 422–428.
Lusk C.H., Wright I. & Reich P.B. (2003) Photosynthetic differences
contribute to competitive advantage of evergreen
angiosperm trees over evergreen conifers in productive habitats.
New Phytologist 160, 329–336.
Maxwell K. & Johnson G.N. (2000) Chlorophyll fluorescence – a
practical guide. Journal of Experimental Botany 51, 659–668.
Pate J.S. (1995) Mineral relationships of parasites and their hosts.
In Parasitic Plants (eds M.C. Press & J.D. Graves), pp. 80–103.
Chapman & Hall, New York, USA.
Pate J.S. (2001) Haustoria in action: case studies of nitrogen acquisition
by woody xylem-tapping hemiparasites from their hosts.
Protoplasma 215, 204–217.
Press M.C. & Graves J.D. (1995) Parasitic Plants. Chapman &
Hall, New York.
Press M.C., Parsons A.N., Mackay A.W., Vincent C.A., Cochrane
V. & See W.E. (1993) Gas-exchange characteristics and nitrogen
relations of two Mediterranean root hemiparasites – Bartsia
trixago and Parentucellia viscosa. Oecologia 95, 145–151.
Raven J.A. (1983) Phytophages of xylem and phloem. a comparison
of animal and plant sap-feeders. Advances in Ecological
Research 13, 136–239.
Schmidt H.-L. & Glexiner. (1998) Carbon isotope effects on key
reactions in plant metabolism and 13C-patterns in natural compounds.
In: Stable Isotopes (ed. H. Griffiths), pp. 13–25. BIOS.
Scientific Publishers, Oxford, UK.
Sinclair W.T., Mill R.R., Gardner M.F., Woltz P., Jaffre T., Preston
J., Hollingsworth M.L., Ponge A. & Moller M. (2002) Evolutionary
relationships of the New Caledonian heterotrophic conifer,
Parasitaxus usta (Podocarpaceae), inferred from chloroplast
trnL-F intron/spacer and nuclear rDNA ITS2 sequences. Plant
Systematics and Evolution 233, 79–10.
Stockey R.A., Ko H. & Woltz P. (1995) Cuticle micromorphology
of Parasitaxus De Laubenfels (Podocarpaceae). International
Journal of Plant Sciences 156, 723–730.
Tcherkez G., Nogues S., Bleton J., Cornic G., Badeck F. & Ghashghaie
J. (2003) Metabolic origin of carbon isotope composition
of leaf dark-respired CO2 in French Bean. Plant Physiology 131,
237–244.
Terwilliger V.J., Kitajima K., Le Roux-Swarthout D.J., Mulkey S.
& Wright S.J. (2001) Intrinsic water-use efficiency and heterotrophic
investment in tropical leaf growth of two Neotropical
pioneer tree species as estimated from delta C-13 values. New
Phytologist 152, 267–281.
Trudell S.A., Rygiewicz P.T. & Edmonds R.L. (2003) Nitrogen and
carbon stable isotope abundances support the myco-heterotrophic
nature and host-specificity of certain achlorophyllous
plants. New Phytologist 160, 391–401.
Wellburn A.R. (1994) The spectral determination of chlorophylls
a and b, as well as total carotenoids, using various solvents with
spectrophotometers of different resolution. Journal of Plant
Physiology 144, 307–313.
Woltz P., Stockey R.A., Gondran M., Cherrier J.-F. & Bernard J.
(1994) Interspecific parasitism in the gymnosperms – unpublished
data on two endemic New Caledonian Podocarpaceae
using scanning electron microscopy. Acta Botanica Gallica 141,
731–746." name="eprints.referencetext" />
<meta content="Feild, Taylor S. and Brodribb, Tim J. (2005) A unique mode of parasitism in the conifer coral tree Parasitaxus ustus (Podocarpaceae). Plant, Cell and Environment, 28 (10). pp. 1316-1325. ISSN 0140-7791" name="eprints.citation" />
<meta content="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2585/1/Parasitaxus.pdf" name="eprints.document_url" />
<link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/" />
<meta content="A unique mode of parasitism in the conifer coral tree
Parasitaxus ustus
(Podocarpaceae)" name="DC.title" />
<meta content="Feild, Taylor S." name="DC.creator" />
<meta content="Brodribb, Tim J." name="DC.creator" />
<meta content="270402 Plant Physiology" name="DC.subject" />
<meta content="270400 Botany" name="DC.subject" />
<meta content="Almost all parasitic plants, including more than 3000 species,
are angiosperms. The only suggested gymnosperm
exception is the New Caledonian conifer,
Parasitaxus
ustus
, which forms a bizarre graft-like attachment to the
roots of another conifer
Falcatifolium taxoides
. Yet, the
degree of resource dependence of
Parasitaxus
on
Falcatifolium
has remained speculative. Here we show that
Parasitaxus
is definitively parasitic, but it displays a physiological
habit unlike any known angiosperm parasite.
Despite possessing chloroplasts, it was found that the
burgundy red shoots of
Parasitaxus
lack significant photosynthetic
electron transport. However unlike nonphotosynthetic
angiosperm parasites (holoparasites),
tissues of
Parasitaxus
are considerably enriched in
13
carbon
relative to its host. In line with anatomical observations of
fungal hyphae embedded in the parasite/host union, stable
carbon isotopic measurements indicate that carbon transport
from the host to
Parasitaxus
most likely involves a
fungal partner. Therefore,
Parasitaxus
parallels fungusfeeding
angiosperms (mycoheterotrophs) that steal carbon
from soil mycorrhizal fungi. Yet with its tree-like habit,
association with fungi residing within the host union, high
stomatal conductance, and low water potential, it is demonstrated
that
Parasitaxus
functions unlike any known
angiosperm mycoheterotroph or holoparasite.
Parasitaxus
appears to present a unique physiological chimera of mistletoe-
like water relations and fungal-mediated carbon trafficking
from the host." name="DC.description" />
<meta content="2005" name="DC.date" />
<meta content="Article" name="DC.type" />
<meta content="PeerReviewed" name="DC.type" />
<meta content="application/pdf" name="DC.format" />
<meta content="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2585/1/Parasitaxus.pdf" name="DC.identifier" />
<meta content="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2005.01378.x" name="DC.relation" />
<meta content="Feild, Taylor S. and Brodribb, Tim J. (2005) A unique mode of parasitism in the conifer coral tree Parasitaxus ustus (Podocarpaceae). Plant, Cell and Environment, 28 (10). pp. 1316-1325. ISSN 0140-7791" name="DC.identifier" />
<meta content="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2585/" name="DC.relation" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2585/BibTeX/epprod-eprint-2585.bib" title="BibTeX" type="text/plain" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2585/ContextObject/epprod-eprint-2585.xml" title="OpenURL ContextObject" type="text/xml" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2585/ContextObject::Dissertation/epprod-eprint-2585.xml" title="OpenURL Dissertation" type="text/xml" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2585/ContextObject::Journal/epprod-eprint-2585.xml" title="OpenURL Journal" type="text/xml" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2585/DC/epprod-eprint-2585.txt" title="Dublin Core" type="text/plain" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2585/DIDL/epprod-eprint-2585.xml" title="DIDL" type="text/xml" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2585/EndNote/epprod-eprint-2585.enw" title="EndNote" type="text/plain" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2585/HTML/epprod-eprint-2585.html" title="HTML Citation" type="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2585/METS/epprod-eprint-2585.xml" title="METS" type="text/xml" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2585/MODS/epprod-eprint-2585.xml" title="MODS" type="text/xml" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2585/RIS/epprod-eprint-2585.ris" title="Reference Manager" type="text/plain" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2585/Refer/epprod-eprint-2585.refer" title="Refer" type="text/plain" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2585/Simple/epprod-eprint-2585text" title="Simple Metadata" type="text/plain" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2585/Text/epprod-eprint-2585.txt" title="ASCII Citation" type="text/plain; charset=utf-8" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2585/XML/epprod-eprint-2585.xml" title="EP3 XML" type="text/xml" />
</head>
<body bgcolor="#ffffff" text="#000000" onLoad="loadRoutine(); MM_preloadImages('images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c5_f2.gif','images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c7_f2.gif','images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c8_f2.gif','images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c9_f2.gif','images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c10_f2.gif','images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c11_f2.gif','images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r6_c4_f2.gif')">
<div class="ep_noprint"><noscript><style type="text/css">@import url(http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/nojs.css);</style></noscript></div>
<table width="795" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td><script language="JavaScript1.2">mmLoadMenus();</script>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="795">
<!-- fwtable fwsrc="eprints_banner_final2.png" fwbase="ePrints_banner.gif" fwstyle="Dreamweaver" fwdocid = "1249563342" fwnested="0" -->
<tr>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="32" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="104" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="44" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="105" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="41" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="16" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="68" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="68" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="68" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="82" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="69" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="98" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="12"><img name="ePrints_banner_r1_c1" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r1_c1.gif" width="795" height="10" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="10" border="0" alt="" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="6"><img name="ePrints_banner_r2_c1" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r2_c1.gif" width="32" height="118" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td rowspan="5"><a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/"><img name="ePrints_banner_r2_c2" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r2_c2.gif" width="104" height="103" border="0" alt="" /></a></td>
<td colspan="10"><img name="ePrints_banner_r2_c3" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r2_c3.gif" width="659" height="41" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="41" border="0" alt="" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/"><img name="ePrints_banner_r3_c3" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r3_c3.gif" width="190" height="31" border="0" alt="" /></a></td>
<td rowspan="2" colspan="7"><img name="ePrints_banner_r3_c6" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r3_c6.gif" width="469" height="37" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="31" border="0" alt="" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3"><img name="ePrints_banner_r4_c3" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r4_c3.gif" width="190" height="6" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="6" border="0" alt="" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c3" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c3.gif" width="149" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/information.html" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0821132634_0,0,25,null,'ePrints_banner_r5_c5');MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r5_c5','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c5_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c5" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c5.gif" width="57" height="25" border="0" alt="About" /></a></td>
<td rowspan="2"><a href="/view/" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0821133021_1,0,25,null,'ePrints_banner_r5_c7');MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r5_c7','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c7_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c7" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c7.gif" width="68" height="25" border="0" alt="Browse" /></a></td>
<td rowspan="2"><a href="/perl/search/simple" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0821133201_2,0,25,null,'ePrints_banner_r5_c8');MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r5_c8','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c8_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c8" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c8.gif" width="68" height="25" border="0" alt="Search" /></a></td>
<td rowspan="2"><a href="/perl/register" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout();" onMouseOver="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_1018171924_3,0,25,null,'ePrints_banner_r5_c9');MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r5_c9','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c9_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c9" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c9.gif" width="68" height="25" border="0" alt="register" /></a></td>
<td rowspan="2"><a href="/perl/users/home" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0821133422_4,0,25,null,'ePrints_banner_r5_c10');MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r5_c10','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c10_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c10" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c10.gif" width="82" height="25" border="0" alt="user area" /></a></td>
<td rowspan="2"><a href="/help/" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0821133514_5,0,25,null,'ePrints_banner_r5_c11');MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r5_c11','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c11_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c11" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c11.gif" width="69" height="25" border="0" alt="Help" /></a></td>
<td rowspan="3" colspan="4"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c12" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c12.gif" width="98" height="40" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2"><img name="ePrints_banner_r6_c3" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r6_c3.gif" width="44" height="39" border="0" alt="ePrints home" /></td>
<td><a href="/" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore()" onMouseOver="MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r6_c4','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r6_c4_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r6_c4" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r6_c4.gif" width="105" height="24" border="0" alt="ePrints home" /></a></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="24" border="0" alt="" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><img name="ePrints_banner_r7_c2" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r7_c2.gif" width="104" height="15" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td colspan="8"><img name="ePrints_banner_r7_c4" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r7_c4.gif" width="517" height="15" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="15" border="0" alt="" /></td>
</tr>
</table></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><table width="100%" style="font-size: 90%; border: solid 1px #ccc; padding: 3px"><tr>
<td align="left"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/users/home">Login</a> | <a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/register">Create Account</a></td>
<td align="right" style="white-space: nowrap">
<form method="get" accept-charset="utf-8" action="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/search" style="display:inline">
<input class="ep_tm_searchbarbox" size="20" type="text" name="q" />
<input class="ep_tm_searchbarbutton" value="Search" type="submit" name="_action_search" />
<input type="hidden" name="_order" value="bytitle" />
<input type="hidden" name="basic_srchtype" value="ALL" />
<input type="hidden" name="_satisfyall" value="ALL" />
</form>
</td>
</tr></table></td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="toplinks"><!-- InstanceBeginEditable name="content" -->
<div align="center">
<table width="720" class="ep_tm_main"><tr><td align="left">
<h1 class="ep_tm_pagetitle">A unique mode of parasitism in the conifer coral tree Parasitaxus ustus (Podocarpaceae)</h1>
<p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><span class="person_name">Feild, Taylor S.</span> and <span class="person_name">Brodribb, Tim J.</span> (2005) <xhtml:em>A unique mode of parasitism in the conifer coral tree Parasitaxus ustus (Podocarpaceae).</xhtml:em> Plant, Cell and Environment, 28 (10). pp. 1316-1325. ISSN 0140-7791</p><p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"></p><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><tr><td valign="top" style="text-align:center"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2585/1/Parasitaxus.pdf"><img alt="[img]" src="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/images/fileicons/application_pdf.png" border="0" class="ep_doc_icon" /></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2585/1/Parasitaxus.pdf"><span class="ep_document_citation">PDF</span></a> - Full text restricted - Requires a PDF viewer<br />458Kb</td><td><form method="get" accept-charset="utf-8" action="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/request_doc"><input value="3392" name="docid" accept-charset="utf-8" type="hidden" /><div class=""><input value="Request a copy" name="_action_null" class="ep_form_action_button" onclick="return EPJS_button_pushed( '_action_null' )" type="submit" /> </div></form></td></tr></table><p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block">Official URL: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2005.01378.x">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2005.01378.x</a></p><div class="not_ep_block"><h2>Abstract</h2><p style="padding-bottom: 16px; text-align: left; margin: 1em auto 0em auto">Almost all parasitic plants, including more than 3000 species,
are angiosperms. The only suggested gymnosperm
exception is the New Caledonian conifer,
Parasitaxus
ustus
, which forms a bizarre graft-like attachment to the
roots of another conifer
Falcatifolium taxoides
. Yet, the
degree of resource dependence of
Parasitaxus
on
Falcatifolium
has remained speculative. Here we show that
Parasitaxus
is definitively parasitic, but it displays a physiological
habit unlike any known angiosperm parasite.
Despite possessing chloroplasts, it was found that the
burgundy red shoots of
Parasitaxus
lack significant photosynthetic
electron transport. However unlike nonphotosynthetic
angiosperm parasites (holoparasites),
tissues of
Parasitaxus
are considerably enriched in
13
carbon
relative to its host. In line with anatomical observations of
fungal hyphae embedded in the parasite/host union, stable
carbon isotopic measurements indicate that carbon transport
from the host to
Parasitaxus
most likely involves a
fungal partner. Therefore,
Parasitaxus
parallels fungusfeeding
angiosperms (mycoheterotrophs) that steal carbon
from soil mycorrhizal fungi. Yet with its tree-like habit,
association with fungi residing within the host union, high
stomatal conductance, and low water potential, it is demonstrated
that
Parasitaxus
functions unlike any known
angiosperm mycoheterotroph or holoparasite.
Parasitaxus
appears to present a unique physiological chimera of mistletoe-
like water relations and fungal-mediated carbon trafficking
from the host.</p></div><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" border="0" cellpadding="3" class="not_ep_block"><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Item Type:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">Article</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Additional Information:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">The definitive version is available at www.blackwell-synergy.com
</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Keywords:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">Parasitaxus ustus
; carbon isotopic;
holoparasitic; mistletoe; mycoheterotroph; parasitic plants</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Subjects:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/view/subjects/270402.html">270000 Biological Sciences > 270400 Botany > 270402 Plant Physiology</a><br /><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/view/subjects/270400.html">270000 Biological Sciences > 270400 Botany</a></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Collections:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">UNSPECIFIED</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ID Code:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">2585</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited By:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><span class="ep_name_citation"><span class="person_name">Scholarly Publications Librarian</span></span></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited On:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">29 Nov 2007 14:37</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Last Modified:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">11 Feb 2008 11:12</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ePrint Statistics:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a target="ePrintStats" href="/es/index.php?action=show_detail_eprint;id=2585;">View statistics for this ePrint</a></td></tr></table><p align="right">Repository Staff Only: <a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/users/home?screen=EPrint::View&eprintid=2585">item control page</a></p>
</td></tr></table>
</div>
<!-- InstanceEndEditable --></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><!-- #BeginLibraryItem "/Library/footer_eprints.lbi" -->
<table width="795" border="0" align="left" cellpadding="0" class="footer">
<tr valign="top">
<td colspan="2"><div align="center"><a href="http://www.utas.edu.au">UTAS home</a> | <a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/library/">Library home</a> | <a href="/">ePrints home</a> | <a href="/contact.html">contact</a> | <a href="/information.html">about</a> | <a href="/view/">browse</a> | <a href="/perl/search/simple">search</a> | <a href="/perl/register">register</a> | <a href="/perl/users/home">user area</a> | <a href="/help/">help</a></div><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"><p><img src="/images/eprints/footerline.gif" width="100%" height="4" /></p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td width="68%" class="footer">Authorised by the University Librarian<br />
© University of Tasmania ABN 30 764 374 782<br />
<a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/cricos/">CRICOS Provider Code 00586B</a> | <a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/copyright/copyright_disclaimers.html">Copyright & Disclaimers</a> | <a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/accessibility/index.html">Accessibility</a> | <a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/feedback/">Site Feedback</a> </td>
<td width="32%"><div align="right">
<p align="right" class="NoPrint"><a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/"><img src="http://www.utas.edu.au/shared/logos/unioftasstrip.gif" alt="University of Tasmania Home Page" width="260" height="16" border="0" align="right" /></a></p>
<p align="right" class="NoPrint"><a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/"><br />
</a></p>
</div></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td><p> </p></td>
<td><div align="right"><span class="NoPrint"><a href="http://www.eprints.org/software/"><img src="/images/eprintslogo.gif" alt="ePrints logo" width="77" height="29" border="0" align="bottom" /></a></span></div></td>
</tr>
</table>
<!-- #EndLibraryItem -->
<div align="center"></div></td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
