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    <title>UTas ePrints - Turner Review No. 2 Southern Conifers in Time and Space</title>
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    <meta content="Hill, Robert S." name="eprints.creators_name" />
<meta content="Brodribb, Tim J." name="eprints.creators_name" />
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Southern Conifers in Time and Space" name="eprints.title" />
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<meta content="The three southern conifer families, Araucariaceae, Cupressaceae and Podocarpaceae, have a long
history and continue to be an important part of the vegetation today. The Araucariaceae have the most
extensive fossil record, occurring in both hemispheres, and with Araucaria in particular having an
ancient origin. In the Southern Hemisphere Araucaria and Agathis have substantial macrofossil records,
especially in Australasia, and Wollemia probably also has an important macrofossil record. At least one
extinct genus of Araucariaceae is present as a macrofossil during the Cenozoic. Cupressaceae
macrofossils are difficult to identify in older sediments, but the southern genera begin their record in the
Cretaceous (Athrotaxis) and become more diverse and extensive during the Cenozoic. Several extinct
genera of Cupressaceae also occur in Cretaceous and Cenozoic sediments in Australasia. The
Podocarpaceae probably begin their macrofossil record in the Triassic, although the early history is still
uncertain. Occasional Podocarpaceae macrofossils have been recorded in the Northern Hemisphere, but
they are essentially a southern family. The Cenozoic macrofossil record of the Podocarpaceae is
extensive, especially in south-eastern Australia, where the majority of the extant genera have been
recorded. Some extinct genera have also been reported from across high southern latitudes, confirming
an extremely diverse and widespread suite of Podocarpaceae during the Cenozoic in the region.
In the Southern Hemisphere today conifers achieve greatest abundance in wet forests. Those which
compete successfully with broad-leaved angiosperms in warmer forests produce broad, flat
photosynthetic shoots. In the Araucariaceae this is achieved by the planation of multiveined leaves into
large compound shoots. In the other two families leaves are now limited to a single vein (except
Nageia), and to overcome this limitation many genera have resorted to re-orientation of leaves and twodimensional
flattening of shoots. The Podocarpaceae show greatest development of this strategy with 11
of 19 genera producing shoots analogous to compound leaves. The concentration of conifers in wet
forest left them vulnerable to the climate change which occurred in the Cenozoic, and decreases in
diversity have occurred since the Paleogene in all regions where fossil records are available. Information
about the history of the dry forest conifers is extremely limited because of a lack of fossilisation in such
environments. The southern conifers, past and present, demonstrate an ability to compete effectively
with angiosperms in many habitats and should not be viewed as remnants which are ineffectual against
angiosperm competitors." name="eprints.abstract" />
<meta content="1999" name="eprints.date" />
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<meta content="Australian Journal of Botany" name="eprints.publication" />
<meta content="47" name="eprints.volume" />
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Taylor, G., Truswell, E. M., McQueen, K. G., and Brown, M. C. (1990). Early Tertiary palaeogeography,
landform evolution and palaeoclimates of the Southern Monaro, NSW, Australia. Palaeogeography,
Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 78, 109–134.
Tenison-Woods, J. E. (1883). On the fossil flora of the coal fields of Australia. Proceedings of the
Linnean Society of New South Wales 8, 37–167.
Townrow, J. A. (1965a). Notes on Tasmanian pines I. Some Lower Tertiary podocarps. Papers and
Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 99, 87–107.
Townrow, J. A. (1965b). Notes on Tasmanian pines 2. Athrotaxis from the Lower Tertiary. Papers and
Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 99, 109–113.
Townrow, J. A. (1967a). The Brachyphyllum crassum complex of fossil conifers. Papers and
Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 101, 149–172.
Townrow J. A. (1967b). On Rissikia and Mataia podocarpaceous conifers from the Lower Mesozoic of
southern lands. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 101, 103–136.
Townrow, J. A. (1967c). On a conifer from the Jurassic of East Antarctica. Papers and Proceedings of
the Royal Society of Tasmania 101, 137–146.
Veblen, T. T., Burns, B. R., Kitzberger, T., Lara, A., and Villalba, R. (1995). The ecology of the conifers
of southern South America. In ‘Ecology of the Southern Conifers’. (Eds N. J. Enright and R. S. Hill.)
pp. 120–155. (Melbourne University Press: Melbourne.)
Villagran, C. (1990). Glacial climates and their effects on the history of the vegetation of Chile: a
synthesis based on palynological evidence from Isla Chiloé. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
65, 17–24.
Villalba, R., and Veblen, T. T. (1997). Regional patterns of tree population age structures in northern
Patagonia. Climatic and disturbance influences. Journal of Ecology 85, 113–124.
Villar de Seoane, L. (1998). Comparative study of extant and fossil conifer leaves from the Baqueró
Formation (Lower Cretaceous), Santa Cruz Province, Argentina. Review of Palaeobotany and
Palynology 99, 247–263.
Wells, P. M., and Hill, R. S. (1989). Fossil imbricate-leaved Podocarpaceae from Tertiary sediments in
Tasmania. Australian Systematic Botany 2, 387–423.
Whang, S. S., and Hill, R. S. (1999). Late Paleocene Cupressaceae Macrofossils at Lake Bungarby, New
South Wales. Australian Systematic Botany 12, 241–254.
White, M. E. (1981). Revision of the Talbragar fish bed flora (Jurassic) of New South Wales. Australian
Museum Records 33, 695–721.
Whitmore, T. C. (1977). A first look at Agathis. Tropical Forestry Papers 11, 54pp. (Commonwealth
Forestry Institute: Oxford University, Oxford.)
Whitmore, T. C. (1980). A monograph of Agathis. Plant Systematics and Evolution 135, 41–69.
Whitmore, T. C., and Page, C. N. (1980). Evolutionary implications of the distribution and ecology of
the tropical conifer Agathis. New Phytologist 84, 407–416.
Wilde, M. H., and Eames, A. J. (1952). The ovule and ‘seed’ of Araucaria bidwilli with discussion of
the taxonomy of the genus II. Taxonomy. Annals of Botany 16, 27–47.
Yao, X., Taylor, T. N., and Taylor, E. L. (1993). The Triassic seed cone Telemachus from Antarctica.
Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 78, 269–276.
Zhou, Z., and Li, H. (1994). Some Late Cretaceous plants from King George Island, Antarctica. In
‘Stratigraphy and Palaeontology of Fildes Peninsula King George Island, Antarctica’. (Ed. Y. Shen.)
State Antarctic Committee Monograph 3, 91–95. (Science Press: China.)" name="eprints.referencetext" />
<meta content="Hill, Robert S. and Brodribb, Tim J. (1999) Turner Review No. 2 Southern Conifers in Time and Space. Australian Journal of Botany, 47 (5). pp. 639-696. ISSN 0067-1924" name="eprints.citation" />
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<meta content="Turner Review No. 2
Southern Conifers in Time and Space" name="DC.title" />
<meta content="Hill, Robert S." name="DC.creator" />
<meta content="Brodribb, Tim J." name="DC.creator" />
<meta content="270402 Plant Physiology" name="DC.subject" />
<meta content="270400 Botany" name="DC.subject" />
<meta content="The three southern conifer families, Araucariaceae, Cupressaceae and Podocarpaceae, have a long
history and continue to be an important part of the vegetation today. The Araucariaceae have the most
extensive fossil record, occurring in both hemispheres, and with Araucaria in particular having an
ancient origin. In the Southern Hemisphere Araucaria and Agathis have substantial macrofossil records,
especially in Australasia, and Wollemia probably also has an important macrofossil record. At least one
extinct genus of Araucariaceae is present as a macrofossil during the Cenozoic. Cupressaceae
macrofossils are difficult to identify in older sediments, but the southern genera begin their record in the
Cretaceous (Athrotaxis) and become more diverse and extensive during the Cenozoic. Several extinct
genera of Cupressaceae also occur in Cretaceous and Cenozoic sediments in Australasia. The
Podocarpaceae probably begin their macrofossil record in the Triassic, although the early history is still
uncertain. Occasional Podocarpaceae macrofossils have been recorded in the Northern Hemisphere, but
they are essentially a southern family. The Cenozoic macrofossil record of the Podocarpaceae is
extensive, especially in south-eastern Australia, where the majority of the extant genera have been
recorded. Some extinct genera have also been reported from across high southern latitudes, confirming
an extremely diverse and widespread suite of Podocarpaceae during the Cenozoic in the region.
In the Southern Hemisphere today conifers achieve greatest abundance in wet forests. Those which
compete successfully with broad-leaved angiosperms in warmer forests produce broad, flat
photosynthetic shoots. In the Araucariaceae this is achieved by the planation of multiveined leaves into
large compound shoots. In the other two families leaves are now limited to a single vein (except
Nageia), and to overcome this limitation many genera have resorted to re-orientation of leaves and twodimensional
flattening of shoots. The Podocarpaceae show greatest development of this strategy with 11
of 19 genera producing shoots analogous to compound leaves. The concentration of conifers in wet
forest left them vulnerable to the climate change which occurred in the Cenozoic, and decreases in
diversity have occurred since the Paleogene in all regions where fossil records are available. Information
about the history of the dry forest conifers is extremely limited because of a lack of fossilisation in such
environments. The southern conifers, past and present, demonstrate an ability to compete effectively
with angiosperms in many habitats and should not be viewed as remnants which are ineffectual against
angiosperm competitors." name="DC.description" />
<meta content="1999" name="DC.date" />
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    <h1 class="ep_tm_pagetitle">Turner Review No. 2 Southern Conifers in Time and Space</h1>
    <p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><span class="person_name">Hill, Robert S.</span> and <span class="person_name">Brodribb, Tim J.</span> (1999) <xhtml:em>Turner Review No. 2 Southern Conifers in Time and Space.</xhtml:em> Australian Journal of Botany, 47 (5). pp. 639-696. ISSN 0067-1924</p><p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"></p><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><tr><td valign="top" style="text-align:center"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2639/1/hill__and__brod__turner__rev.pdf"><img alt="[img]" src="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/images/fileicons/application_pdf.png" class="ep_doc_icon" border="0" /></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2639/1/hill__and__brod__turner__rev.pdf"><span class="ep_document_citation">PDF</span></a> - Full text restricted - Requires a PDF viewer<br />1438Kb</td><td><form method="get" accept-charset="utf-8" action="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/request_doc"><input accept-charset="utf-8" value="3459" name="docid" type="hidden" /><div class=""><input value="Request a copy" name="_action_null" class="ep_form_action_button" onclick="return EPJS_button_pushed( '_action_null' )" type="submit" /> </div></form></td></tr></table><p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block">Official URL: <a href="http://www.publish.csiro.au/paper/BT98093.htm">http://www.publish.csiro.au/paper/BT98093.htm</a></p><div class="not_ep_block"><h2>Abstract</h2><p style="padding-bottom: 16px; text-align: left; margin: 1em auto 0em auto">The three southern conifer families, Araucariaceae, Cupressaceae and Podocarpaceae, have a long&#13;
history and continue to be an important part of the vegetation today. The Araucariaceae have the most&#13;
extensive fossil record, occurring in both hemispheres, and with Araucaria in particular having an&#13;
ancient origin. In the Southern Hemisphere Araucaria and Agathis have substantial macrofossil records,&#13;
especially in Australasia, and Wollemia probably also has an important macrofossil record. At least one&#13;
extinct genus of Araucariaceae is present as a macrofossil during the Cenozoic. Cupressaceae&#13;
macrofossils are difficult to identify in older sediments, but the southern genera begin their record in the&#13;
Cretaceous (Athrotaxis) and become more diverse and extensive during the Cenozoic. Several extinct&#13;
genera of Cupressaceae also occur in Cretaceous and Cenozoic sediments in Australasia. The&#13;
Podocarpaceae probably begin their macrofossil record in the Triassic, although the early history is still&#13;
uncertain. Occasional Podocarpaceae macrofossils have been recorded in the Northern Hemisphere, but&#13;
they are essentially a southern family. The Cenozoic macrofossil record of the Podocarpaceae is&#13;
extensive, especially in south-eastern Australia, where the majority of the extant genera have been&#13;
recorded. Some extinct genera have also been reported from across high southern latitudes, confirming&#13;
an extremely diverse and widespread suite of Podocarpaceae during the Cenozoic in the region.&#13;
In the Southern Hemisphere today conifers achieve greatest abundance in wet forests. Those which&#13;
compete successfully with broad-leaved angiosperms in warmer forests produce broad, flat&#13;
photosynthetic shoots. In the Araucariaceae this is achieved by the planation of multiveined leaves into&#13;
large compound shoots. In the other two families leaves are now limited to a single vein (except&#13;
Nageia), and to overcome this limitation many genera have resorted to re-orientation of leaves and twodimensional&#13;
flattening of shoots. The Podocarpaceae show greatest development of this strategy with 11&#13;
of 19 genera producing shoots analogous to compound leaves. The concentration of conifers in wet&#13;
forest left them vulnerable to the climate change which occurred in the Cenozoic, and decreases in&#13;
diversity have occurred since the Paleogene in all regions where fossil records are available. Information&#13;
about the history of the dry forest conifers is extremely limited because of a lack of fossilisation in such&#13;
environments. The southern conifers, past and present, demonstrate an ability to compete effectively&#13;
with angiosperms in many habitats and should not be viewed as remnants which are ineffectual against&#13;
angiosperm competitors.</p></div><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" cellpadding="3" class="not_ep_block" border="0"><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Item Type:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">Article</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Subjects:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/view/subjects/270402.html">270000 Biological Sciences &gt; 270400 Botany &gt; 270402 Plant Physiology</a><br /><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/view/subjects/270400.html">270000 Biological Sciences &gt; 270400 Botany</a></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ID Code:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">2639</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited By:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><span class="ep_name_citation"><span class="person_name">Scholarly Publications Librarian</span></span></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited On:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">10 Dec 2007 11:47</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Last Modified:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">09 Jan 2008 02:30</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ePrint Statistics:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a target="ePrintStats" href="/es/index.php?action=show_detail_eprint;id=2639;">View statistics for this ePrint</a></td></tr></table><p align="right">Repository Staff Only: <a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/users/home?screen=EPrint::View&amp;eprintid=2639">item control page</a></p>
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