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<div class="sectionTitle">Information Science Discussion Papers Series: 1993 Abstracts</div> <hr> <a name="dp1993-01"></a><h3>93/1: A data complexity formula for deriving time-to-build estimates from non-relational to relational databases</h3> <h4>P. J. Sallis</h4> <p>Despite the many qualitative elements of software time-to-build estimating, some observable features can be quantified; even if the resulting set of variables observed is arbitrary. Such is the case when estimating the expected duration for database re-engineering. If we assume that for any extant database, an entity-relationship model (ERM) can be produced from which a new normalised schema is generated, then our estimating task needs to quantify both the complexity of the ensuing ERM and also the data modelling knowledge of the ‘re-engineer’. Whilst there may be additional variables to be considered, a set of primary elements required for estimating the durations of the task have been identified. The formula proposed in this paper is arbitrary but it is intended as an instrument for measuring ER model complexity, such that time-to-build estimates can be made for the task of re-engineering extant non-relational databases into relational form.</p> <p><a href="papers/dp1993-01.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 773 KB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp1993-02"></a><h3>93/2: Recomputing historical barometric heighting</h3> <h4>G. L. Benwell</h4> <p>This paper discusses the method of determining heights of mountains during the original geodetic survey of Victoria. From 1840 to 1875, more particularly the 1860s, geodetic surveyors were charged with the responsibility of mapping the colony. The subject of this paper is their efforts to determine the elevations by barometric heighting. A brief introduction to other methods is given while particular attention is paid to the determination of the height of Mount Sabine in the Otway Ranges, Victoria, by Surveyor Irwin in 1865. Attempts are made to recompute his original observations.</p> <p><a href="papers/dp1993-02.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 770 KB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp1993-03"></a><h3>93/3: The derivation of thematic map layers from entity-relationship data models</h3> <h4>P. G. Firns</h4> <p>Semantic data models comprise formally defined abstractions for representing real world relationships and aspects of the structure of real world phenomena so as to aid database design. While previous research in spatial database design has shown that semantic data models are amenable to explicitly representing some spatial concepts, this paper shows that semantic data models may usefully be applied to the design of spatial databases even without explicitly representing spatial concepts. Specifically, an entity-relationship model comprising only “is-associated-with” relationships is used as the basis from which to define thematic layers for a layer based spatial database.</p> <p><a href="papers/dp1993-03.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 1.2 MB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp1993-04"></a><h3>93/4: Software development, CASE tools and 4GLs—A survey of New Zealand usage (part 1)</h3> <h4>S. G. MacDonell</h4> <p>This paper reports the results of a recent national survey which considered the use of CASE tools and 4GLs in commercial software development. Responses from just over 750 organisations show a high degree of product penetration, along with extensive use of package solutions. Use of 3GLs in general, and of COBOL in particular, is still relatively widespread, however. In terms of systems analysis and design techniques under a CASE/4GL environment, screen and report definition is the most preferred technique, although both dataflow analysis and data modelling also feature strongly.</p> <p><a href="papers/dp1993-04.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 225 KB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp1993-05"></a><h3>93/5: Cadastral “reform”—At what cost to developing countries?</h3> <h4>I. C. Ezigbalike and G. L. Benwell</h4> <p>This paper argues that the introduction of western cadastral concepts into communities with different land tenure systems have involved “cultural costs.” The paper discusses these cultural costs and concludes that cadastral reformers need to re-design their product to fit the communities.</p> <p><a href="papers/dp1993-05.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 1.3 MB)</p> <div class="sectionTitle">Information Science Discussion Papers Series: 1993 Abstracts</div> <hr> <a name="dp9301"></a><h3>93/1: A data complexity formula for deriving time-to-build estimates from non-relational to relational databases</h3> <h4>P.J. Sallis</h4> <p>Despite the many qualitative elements of software time-to-build estimating, some observable features can be quantified; even if the resulting set of variables observed is arbitrary. Such is the case when estimating the expected duration for database re-engineering. If we assume that for any extant database, an entity-relationship model (ERM) can be produced from which a new normalised schema is generated, then our estimating task needs to quantify both the complexity of the ensuing ERM and also the data modelling knowledge of the ‘re-engineer’. Whilst there may be additional variables to be considered, a set of primary elements required for estimating the durations of the task have been identified. The formula proposed in this paper is arbitrary but it is intended as an instrument for measuring ER model complexity, such that time-to-build estimates can be made for the task of re-engineering extant non-relational databases into relational form.</p> <p><a href="papers/dp1993-01.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 773 KB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp9302"></a><h3>93/2: Recomputing historical barometric heighting</h3> <h4>G.L. Benwell</h4> <p>This paper discusses the method of determining heights of mountains during the original geodetic survey of Victoria. From 1840 to 1875, more particularly the 1860s, geodetic surveyors were charged with the responsibility of mapping the colony. The subject of this paper is their efforts to determine the elevations by barometric heighting. A brief introduction to other methods is given while particular attention is paid to the determination of the height of Mount Sabine in the Otway Ranges, Victoria, by Surveyor Irwin in 1865. Attempts are made to recompute his original observations.</p> <p><a href="papers/dp1993-02.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 770 KB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp9303"></a><h3>93/3: The derivation of thematic map layers from entity-relationship data models</h3> <h4>P.G. Firns</h4> <p>Semantic data models comprise formally defined abstractions for representing real world relationships and aspects of the structure of real world phenomena so as to aid database design. While previous research in spatial database design has shown that semantic data models are amenable to explicitly representing some spatial concepts, this paper shows that semantic data models may usefully be applied to the design of spatial databases even without explicitly representing spatial concepts. Specifically, an entity-relationship model comprising only “is-associated-with” relationships is used as the basis from which to define thematic layers for a layer based spatial database.</p> <p><a href="papers/dp1993-03.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 1.2 MB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp9304"></a><h3>93/4: Software development, CASE tools and 4GLs—A survey of New Zealand usage (part 1)</h3> <h4>S.G. MacDonell</h4> <p>This paper reports the results of a recent national survey which considered the use of CASE tools and 4GLs in commercial software development. Responses from just over 750 organisations show a high degree of product penetration, along with extensive use of package solutions. Use of 3GLs in general, and of COBOL in particular, is still relatively widespread, however. In terms of systems analysis and design techniques under a CASE/4GL environment, screen and report definition is the most preferred technique, although both dataflow analysis and data modelling also feature strongly.</p> <p><a href="papers/dp1993-04.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 225 KB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp9305"></a><h3>93/5: Cadastral “reform”—At what cost to developing countries?</h3> <h4>I.C. Ezigbalike and G.L. Benwell</h4> <p>This paper argues that the introduction of western cadastral concepts into communities with different land tenure systems have involved “cultural costs.” The paper discusses these cultural costs and concludes that cadastral reformers need to re-design their product to fit the communities.</p> <p><a href="papers/dp1993-05.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 1.3 MB)</p>

Ignore Space Show notes View

Website/dp1993-abstracts-contents.htm

<div class="sectionTitle">Information Science Discussion Papers Series: 1993 Abstracts</div>

<hr>

<a name="dp1993-01"></a><h3>93/1: A data complexity formula for deriving time-to-build estimates from non-relational to relational databases</h3>

<h4>P. J. Sallis</h4>

<p>Despite the many qualitative elements of software time-to-build estimating, some observable features can be quantified; even if the resulting set of variables observed is arbitrary. Such is the case when estimating the expected duration for database re-engineering. If we assume that for any extant database, an entity-relationship model (ERM) can be produced from which a new normalised schema is generated, then our estimating task needs to quantify both the complexity of the ensuing ERM and also the data modelling knowledge of the &lsquo;re-engineer&rsquo;. Whilst there may be additional variables to be considered, a set of primary elements required for estimating the durations of the task have been identified. The formula proposed in this paper is arbitrary but it is intended as an instrument for measuring ER model complexity, such that time-to-build estimates can be made for the task of re-engineering extant non-relational databases into relational form.</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp1993-01.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 773 KB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1993-02"></a><h3>93/2: Recomputing historical barometric heighting</h3>

<h4>G. L. Benwell</h4>

<p>This paper discusses the method of determining heights of mountains during the original geodetic survey of Victoria. From 1840 to 1875, more particularly the 1860s, geodetic surveyors were charged with the responsibility of mapping the colony. The subject of this paper is their efforts to determine the elevations by barometric heighting. A brief introduction to other methods is given while particular attention is paid to the determination of the height of Mount Sabine in the Otway Ranges, Victoria, by Surveyor Irwin in 1865. Attempts are made to recompute his original observations.</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp1993-02.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 770 KB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1993-03"></a><h3>93/3: The derivation of thematic map layers from entity-relationship data models</h3>

<h4>P. G. Firns</h4>

<p>Semantic data models comprise formally defined abstractions for representing real world relationships and aspects of the structure of real world phenomena so as to aid database design. While previous research in spatial database design has shown that semantic data models are amenable to explicitly representing some spatial concepts, this paper shows that semantic data models may usefully be applied to the design of spatial databases even without explicitly representing spatial concepts. Specifically, an entity-relationship model comprising only &ldquo;is-associated-with&rdquo; relationships is used as the basis from which to define thematic layers for a layer based spatial database.</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp1993-03.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 1.2 MB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1993-04"></a><h3>93/4: Software development, CASE tools and 4GLs&mdash;A survey of New Zealand usage (part 1)</h3>

<h4>S. G. MacDonell</h4>

<p>This paper reports the results of a recent national survey which considered the use of CASE tools and 4GLs in commercial software development. Responses from just over 750 organisations show a high degree of product penetration, along with extensive use of package solutions. Use of 3GLs in general, and of COBOL in particular, is still relatively widespread, however. In terms of systems analysis and design techniques under a CASE/4GL environment, screen and report definition is the most preferred technique, although both dataflow analysis and data modelling also feature strongly.</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp1993-04.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 225 KB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1993-05"></a><h3>93/5: Cadastral &ldquo;reform&rdquo;&mdash;At what cost to developing countries?</h3>

<h4>I. C. Ezigbalike and G. L. Benwell</h4>

<p>This paper argues that the introduction of western cadastral concepts into communities with different land tenure systems have involved &ldquo;cultural costs.&rdquo; The paper discusses these cultural costs and concludes that cadastral reformers need to re-design their product to fit the communities.</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp1993-05.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 1.3 MB)</p>

<div class="sectionTitle">Information Science Discussion Papers Series: 1993 Abstracts</div>

<hr>

<a name="dp9301"></a><h3>93/1: A data complexity formula for deriving time-to-build estimates from non-relational to relational databases</h3>
<h4>P.J. Sallis</h4>

<p>Despite the many qualitative elements of software time-to-build estimating, some observable features can be quantified; even if the resulting set of variables observed is arbitrary. Such is the case when estimating the expected duration for database re-engineering. If we assume that for any extant database, an entity-relationship model (ERM) can be produced from which a new normalised schema is generated, then our estimating task needs to quantify both the complexity of the ensuing ERM and also the data modelling knowledge of the &#8216;re-engineer&#8217;. Whilst there may be additional variables to be considered, a set of primary elements required for estimating the durations of the task have been identified. The formula proposed in this paper is arbitrary but it is intended as an instrument for measuring ER model complexity, such that time-to-build estimates can be made for the task of re-engineering extant non-relational databases into relational form.</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp1993-01.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 773 KB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp9302"></a><h3>93/2: Recomputing historical barometric heighting</h3>
<h4>G.L. Benwell</h4>

<p><a href="papers/dp1993-02.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 770 KB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp9303"></a><h3>93/3: The derivation of thematic map layers from entity-relationship data models</h3>
<h4>P.G. Firns</h4>

<p>Semantic data models comprise formally defined abstractions for representing real world relationships and aspects of the structure of real world phenomena so as to aid database design. While previous research in spatial database design has shown that semantic data models are amenable to explicitly representing some spatial concepts, this paper shows that semantic data models may usefully be applied to the design of spatial databases even without explicitly representing spatial concepts. Specifically, an entity-relationship model comprising only &#8220;is-associated-with&#8221; relationships is used as the basis from which to define thematic layers for a layer based spatial database.</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp1993-03.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 1.2 MB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp9304"></a><h3>93/4: Software development, CASE tools and 4GLs&#8212;A survey of New Zealand usage (part 1)</h3>
<h4>S.G. MacDonell</h4>

<p><a href="papers/dp1993-04.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 225 KB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp9305"></a><h3>93/5: Cadastral &#8220;reform&#8221;&#8212;At what cost to developing countries?</h3>
<h4>I.C. Ezigbalike and G.L. Benwell</h4>

<p>This paper argues that the introduction of western cadastral concepts into communities with different land tenure systems have involved &#8220;cultural costs.&#8221; The paper discusses these cultural costs and concludes that cadastral reformers need to re-design their product to fit the communities.</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp1993-05.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 1.3 MB)</p>

Ignore Space Show notes View Website/dp1994-abstracts-contents.htm
<div class="sectionTitle">Information Science Discussion Papers Series: 1994 Abstracts</div> <hr> <a name="dp1994-01"></a><h3>94/1: A comparison of authorship style in the document corpus of the Epistles of St.Ignatius of Antioch</h3> <h4>P. J. Sallis</h4> <p>This paper is the result of some research in computational stylistics; in particular, the analysis of a document corpus that has attracted the attention of scholars from several disciplines for hundreds of years. This corpus, the Epistles of Saint Ignatius of Antioch, was originally written in Greek but this analysis is of a single translation in English. The analysis has been undertaken using a conventional approach in computational stylistics but has employed a number of contemporary software packages, such as a grammar checker, normally used for text and document creation.</p> <p>Research in this field predominantly characterises authorship style by the use of document statistics, such as word frequency, sentence and paragraph length and in some cases the recurrence of certain phrases. During the research described here it was considered appropriate to use a grammar checker to identify the existence of a ‘new’ set of characteristics. These include comparing the use of passive voice across the corpus being analysed, the percentage use of prepositions, as well as document statistics such as sentence and paragraph length, and the application of text readability formulas as indicators of writing style.</p> <p>The corpus analysed in this paper consists of the seven Epistles of Ignatius of Antioch, together with the Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians. The latter epistle has traditionally been held to authenticate the Ignatian writings. It has been suggested by some church historians that Ignatius was not the author of these epistles and may not in fact, have existed as a person at all. Further, they suggest that two paragraphs in the Polycarp Epistle may have been added later by a second author to authenticate the Ignatian corpus. In order to contribute to the ongoing debate, this paper first examines the Ignatian corpus in order to determine single authorship of the seven epistles. Second, it seeks to determine whether or not the two disputed paragraphs in Polycarp’s Epistle to the Philippians vary in authorship style from the rest of that epistle. Third, it compare authorship style in the two inserted paragraphs of Polycarp’s Epistle with that of the Ignatian corpus in order to make some observations on the hypothesis that a single author was responsible for both.</p> <p><a href="papers/dp1994-01.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 885 KB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp1994-02"></a><h3>94/2: Management perceptions of IS research and development issues</h3> <h4>P. J. Sallis</h4> <p>Whilst change is an inherent characteristic of the IT industry, the difficulty of frequent and timely change in tertiary curricula is a constraint on the ability of universities to adequately meet the requirements of knowledge and expertise expected of new graduates. In this paper, some recently published research concerning the top ten issues for managers of information technology in the USA, Europe and Australia is evaluated in terms of its impact on IS teaching and research. The paper concludes that the top ten issues perceived by IS managers was probably in large part due to change resulting not only from advances in technology but also in response to past failures or inadequacies in the process of delivering high quality information system products to corporate consumers. The need for business and education to be aware of the motivations for change and the constraints that are attendant on it in both environments is emphasised for harmonious progress to prevail in the production and utilisation of new IS graduates.</p> <p><a href="papers/dp1994-02.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 599 KB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp1994-03"></a><h3>94/3: Assessing the graphical and algorithmic structure of hierarchical coloured Petri net models</h3> <h4>G. L. Benwell and S. G. MacDonell</h4> <p>Petri nets, as a modelling formalism, are utilised for the analysis of processes, whether for explicit understanding, database design or business process re-engineering. The formalism, however, can be represented on a virtual continuum from highly graphical to largely algorithmic. The use and understanding of the formalism will, in part, therefore depend on the resultant complexity and power of the representation and, on the graphical or algorithmic preference of the user. This paper develops a metric which will indicate the graphical or algorithmic tendency of hierarchical coloured Petri nets.</p> <p><a href="papers/dp1994-03.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 427 KB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp1994-04"></a><h3>94/4: Phoneme recognition with hierarchical self organised neural networks and fuzzy systems</h3> <h4>N. K. Kasabov and E. Peev</h4> <p>Neural networks (NN) have been intensively used for speech processing. This paper describes a series of experiments on using a single Kohonen Self Organizing Map (KSOM), hierarchically organised KSOM, a backpropagation-type neural network with fuzzy inputs and outputs, and a fuzzy system, for continuous speech recognition. Experiments with different non-linear transformations on the signal before using a KSOM have been done. The results obtained by using different techniques on the case study of phonemes in Bulgarian language are compared.</p> <p><a href="papers/dp1994-04.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 258 KB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp1994-05"></a><h3>94/5: A model for exploiting associative matching in AI production systems</h3> <h4>N. K. Kasabov and S. H. Lavington and S. Lin and C. Wang</h4> <p>A Content-Addressable Model of Production Systems, ‘CAMPUS’, has been developed. The main idea is to achieve high execution performance in production systems by exploiting the potential fine-grain data parallelism. The facts and the rules of a production system are uniformly represented as CAM tables. CAMPUS differs from other CAM-inspired models in that it is based on a non-state saving and ‘lazy’ matching algorithm. The production system execution cycle is represented by a small number of associative search operations over the CAM tables which number does not depend, or depends slightly, on the number of the rules and the number of the facts in the production system. The model makes efficient implementation of large production systems on fast CAM possible. An experimental CAMPUS realisation of the production language CLIPS is also reported. The production systems execution time for large number of processed facts is about 1,000 times less than the corresponding CLIPS execution time on a standard computer architecture.</p> <p><strong>Keywords:</strong> associative matching, content-addressable memory (CAM), production systems</p> <p><a href="papers/dp1994-05.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 301 KB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp1994-06"></a><h3>94/6: A system development methodology for geomatics as derived from informatics</h3> <h4>G. L. Benwell</h4> <p>This paper describes the creation of a system development methodology suitable for spatial information systems. The concept is substantiated on the fact that spatial systems are similar to information systems in general. The subtle difference being the fact that spatial systems are not yet readily supported by large digital data bases. This fact has diverted attention away from system development to data collection. A spatial system development methodology is derived, based on a historical review of information systems methodologies and the coupling of same with a data collection and integration methodology for the spatially referenced digital data.</p> <p><a href="papers/dp1994-06.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 1.3 MB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp1994-07"></a><h3>94/7: Software metrics in New Zealand: Recent trends</h3> <h4>M. K. Purvis and S. G. MacDonell and J. Westland</h4> <p>Almost by definition, any engineering discipline has quantitative measurement at its foundation. In adopting an engineering approach to software development, the establishment and use of software metrics has therefore seen extensive discussion. The degree to which metrics are actually used, however, particularly in New Zealand, is unclear. Four surveys, conducted over the last eight years, are therefore reviewed in this paper, with a view to determining trends in the use of metrics. According to the findings presented, it would appear that no more than one third of organisations involved in software development utilise software metrics.</p> <hr> <a name="dp1994-08"></a><h3>94/8: A comparative review of functional complexity assessment methods for effort estimation</h3> <h4>S. G. MacDonell</h4> <p>Budgetary constraints are placing increasing pressure on project managers to effectively estimate development effort requirements at the earliest opportunity. With the rising impact of automation on commercial software development the attention of researchers developing effort estimation models has recently been focused on functional representations of systems, in response to the assertion that development effort is a function of specification content. A number of such models exist—several, however, have received almost no research or industry attention. Project managers wishing to implement a functional assessment and estimation programme are therefore unlikely to be aware of the various methods or how they compare. This paper therefore attempts to provide this information, as well as forming a basis for the development and improvement of new methods.</p> <p><a href="papers/dp1994-08.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 259 KB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp1994-09"></a><h3>94/9: Viruses: What can we really do?</h3> <h4>H. B. Wolfe</h4> <p>It is virtually impossible to know everything about any facet of computing as it changes on almost a daily basis. Having said that I believe that it is worth sharing some of the knowledge that I have gained as a result of 5 years of study and experimentation with viruses and virus defense strategies as well as having personally tested nearly 50 anti-virus products.</p> <hr> <a name="dp1994-10"></a><h3>94/10: Stochastic models of the behaviour of scrubweeds in Southland and Otago</h3> <h4>L. Gonzalez and G. L. Benwell</h4> <p>This paper investigates statistical models for the understanding of the behaviour of scrubweeds in Southland and Otago. Data pertaining to eight scrubweed species have been collected along four transects together with the environmental factors, altitude, slope, aspect and land use classification. Each transect is approximately 80km by 2km, with data being held for every 1ha so that there are approximately 16,000 pixels for each transect. It is important to understand the relationship between the species so that interpolation and extrapolation can be performed. The initial survey, completed in 1992, will be repeated in 1995 and 1998. These surveys will then form the baseline for an understanding of the spread or contraction of the species in farmlands of the South Island. This in turn will assist policy makers in formulating management plans which relate eradication to farmland productivity. This paper deals in detail with one of the transects—Balclutha to Katiki Point.</p> <p><strong>Keywords:</strong> canonical correlation, kriging, log-linear models, logistic regression, spatial correlation, variogram analysis</p> <hr> <a name="dp1994-11"></a><h3>94/11: Towards using hybrid connectionist fuzzy production systems for speech recognition</h3> <h4>N. K. Kasabov</h4> <p>The paper presents a novel approach towards solving different speech recognition tasks, i.e. phoneme recognition, ambiguous words recognition, continuous speech to text conversion, learning fuzzy rules for language processing. The model uses a standard connectionist system for initial recognition and a connectionist rule-based system for a higher level recognition. The higher level is realised as a Connectionist Fuzzy Production System (CFPS) which makes possible introducing different parameters to the higher level production rules, like: degrees of importance, dynamic sensitivity factors, noise tolerance factors, certainty degrees and reactiveness factors. It provides different approximate chain reasoning techniques. The CFPS helps to solve many of the ambiguities in speech recognition tasks. Experiments on phoneme recognition in the English language are reported. This approach facilitates a connectionist implementation of the whole process of speech recognition (at a low level and at a higher logical level) which used to be performed in hybrid environments. It also facilitates the process of learning fuzzy rules for language processing. All the language processing tasks and subtasks are realised in a homogeneous connectionist environment. This brings all the benefits of connectionist systems to practical applications in the speech recognition area.</p> <hr> <a name="dp1994-12"></a><h3>94/12: Connectionist fuzzy production systems</h3> <h4>N. K. Kasabov</h4> <p>A new type of generalised fuzzy rule and generalised fuzzy production system and a corresponding reasoning method are developed. They are implemented in a connectionist architecture and are called connectionist fuzzy production systems. They combine all the features of symbolic AI production systems, fuzzy production systems and connectionist systems. A connectionist method for learning generalised fuzzy productions from raw data is also presented. The main conclusion reached is that connectionist fuzzy production systems are very powerful as fuzzy reasoning machines and they may well inspire new methods of plausible representation of inexact knowledge and new inference techniques for approximate reasoning.</p> <hr> <a name="dp1994-13"></a><h3>94/13: Information display design: A survey of visual display formats</h3> <h4>W. B. L. Wong</h4> <p>This paper reviews the research and practice of how computer-based output information has been presented in nine different information display formats and the suitability of their use in environments ranging from static, reference-type situations, to complex, dynamic situations. The review while not generating conclusive results suggests that displays are more than a platform to place information. Instead care should be taken to organise, lay out, and pre-process the information so that it enhances the communication between computer and human. The information on the screen should also be designed to augment human cognitive limitations. For instance, human weakness in integrating information across time and multiple sources could be assisted by display formats that integrate the information in the display rather than having the user attempt to integrate that information mentally. If this be the desired outcome, information designers must start to consider performing analyses that help them understand the demands on the human information processing system and hence how information can be presented to augment this weakness. This would have to be further investigated in subsequent research.</p> <p><strong>Keywords:</strong> information display design, output information, visual display formats,</p> <p><a href="papers/dp1994-13.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 1.6 MB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp1994-14"></a><h3>94/14: A conceptual data modelling framework incorporating the notion of a thematic layer</h3> <h4>P. G. Firns</h4> <p>Semantic data models comprise abstractions used, in conceptual database design, to represent real world relationships and aspects of the structure of real world phenomena. Such abstractions have previously been applied to the modelling of spatial concepts, but in the process their semantics are implicitly extended. This paper explicitly extends the semantics of the entity relationship model, defining two specific types of entity set to enable the notion of a thematic layer to be incorporated in entity relationship schemas. It places this in the context of a conceptual modelling framework to be used in the design of spatially referenced databases.</p> <p><a href="papers/dp1994-14.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 1.1 MB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp1994-15"></a><h3>94/15: Recording, placement and presentation of Māori place names in a spatial information system</h3> <h4>I. J. Cranwell and G. L. Benwell</h4> <p>This paper deals with matters relating to toponymy. The concept of indigenous place names is discussed. A view is presented, based on empirical evidence, that current processes for the official recording of names are detrimental to a fair and reasonable representation of indigenous names. Historical events in Aotearoa are examined as well as the existing place name recording process. Research is outlined as to what can be done to examine and redress this situation. A proposition is tendered whereby names can be recorded via a process which is people based and not government based. Research matters surrounding this concept are discussed.</p> <p><a href="papers/dp1994-15.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 1.1 MB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp1994-16"></a><h3>94/16: Towards the deductive synthesis of nonlinear plans</h3> <h4>S. J. S. Cranefield</h4> <p>Recently there has been a resurgence of interest in the deductive approach to planning. There are many benefits of this approach but one shortcoming is the difficulty of performing nonlinear planning in this framework. This paper argues that these problems are caused by a flaw in the partial order approach—the lack of structure in such a representation—and proposes an alternative, dynamic programming style approach based on a more structured representation of plans.</p> <hr> <a name="dp1994-17"></a><h3>94/17: Hybrid fuzzy connectionist rule-based systems and the role of fuzzy rules extraction</h3> <h4>N. K. Kasabov</h4> <p>The paper presents the major principles of building complex hybrid systems for knowledge engineering where at the centre of the design process is the task of learning (extracting) fuzzy rules from data. An experimental environment FuzzyCOPE, which facilitates this process, is described. It consists of a fuzzy rules extraction module, a neural networks module, module fuzzy inference methods and a production rules module. Such an environment makes possible the use of the three paradigms, i.e. fuzzy rules, neural networks and symbolic production rules, in one system. Automatic rules extraction from data and choosing the most appropriate reasoning mechanism is also provided. Using FuzzyCOPE for building hybrid systems for decision making and speech recognition is discussed and illustrated.</p> <hr> <a name="dp1994-18"></a><h3>94/18: Integrating neural networks and fuzzy systems for speech recognition</h3> <h4>N. K. Kasabov and C. I. Watson and S. Sinclair and R. Kilgour</h4> <p>The paper presents a framework of an integrated environment for speech recognition and a methodology of using such environment. The integrated environment includes a signal processing unit, neural networks and fuzzy rule-based systems. Neural networks are used for “blind” pattern recognition of the phonemic labels of the segments of the speech. Fuzzy rules are used for reducing the ambiguities of the correctly recognised phonemic labels, for final recognition of the phonemes, and for language understanding. The fuzzy system part is organised as multi-level, hierarchical structure. As an illustration, a model for phoneme recognition of New Zealand English is developed which exploits the advantages of the integrated environment. The model is illustrated on a small set of phonemes.</p> <hr> <a name="dp1994-19"></a><h3>94/19: The visual display test: A test to assess the usefulness of a visual speech aid</h3> <h4>C. I. Watson</h4> <p>The facility to be able to display features of speech in a visual speech aid does not by itself guarantee that the aid will be effective in speech therapy. An effective visual speech aid must provide a visual representation of an utterance from which a judgement on the “goodness” of the utterance can be made. Two things are required for an aid to be effective. Firstly, the clusters of acceptable utterances must be separate from the unacceptable utterances in display space. Secondly, the acoustic features which distinguish acceptable utterances from unacceptable utterances must be evident in the displays of the speech aid. A two part test, called the Visual Display Test (VDT), has been developed to assess a visual speech aid’s capacity to fulfil these requirements.</p> <p><a href="papers/dp1994-19.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 257 KB)</p> <div class="sectionTitle">Information Science Discussion Papers Series: 1994 Abstracts</div> <hr> <a name="dp9401"></a><h3>94/1: A comparison of authorship style in the document corpus of the Epistles of St. Ignatius of Antioch</h3> <h4>P.J. Sallis</h4> <p>This paper is the result of some research in computational stylistics; in particular, the analysis of a document corpus that has attracted the attention of scholars from several disciplines for hundreds of years. This corpus, the Epistles of Saint Ignatius of Antioch, was originally written in Greek but this analysis is of a single translation in English. The analysis has been undertaken using a conventional approach in computational stylistics but has employed a number of contemporary software packages, such as a grammar checker, normally used for text and document creation.</p> <p>Research in this field predominantly characterises authorship style by the use of document statistics, such as word frequency, sentence and paragraph length and in some cases the recurrence of certain phrases. During the research described here it was considered appropriate to use a grammar checker to identify the existence of a ‘new’ set of characteristics. These include comparing the use of passive voice across the corpus being analysed, the percentage use of prepositions, as well as document statistics such as sentence and paragraph length, and the application of text readability formulas as indicators of writing style.</p> <p>The corpus analysed in this paper consists of the seven Epistles of Ignatius of Antioch, together with the Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians. The latter epistle has traditionally been held to authenticate the Ignatian writings. It has been suggested by some church historians that Ignatius was not the author of these epistles and may not in fact, have existed as a person at all. Further, they suggest that two paragraphs in the Polycarp Epistle may have been added later by a second author to authenticate the Ignatian corpus. In order to contribute to the ongoing debate, this paper first examines the Ignatian corpus in order to determine single authorship of the seven epistles. Second, it seeks to determine whether or not the two disputed paragraphs in Polycarp’s Epistle to the Philippians vary in authorship style from the rest of that epistle. Third, it compare authorship style in the two inserted paragraphs of Polycarp’s Epistle with that of the Ignatian corpus in order to make some observations on the hypothesis that a single author was responsible for both.</p> <p><a href="papers/dp1994-01.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 885 KB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp9402"></a><h3>94/2: Management perceptions of IS research and development issues</h3> <h4>P.J. Sallis</h4> <p>Whilst change is an inherent characteristic of the IT industry, the difficulty of frequent and timely change in tertiary curricula is a constraint on the ability of universities to adequately meet the requirements of knowledge and expertise expected of new graduates. In this paper, some recently published research concerning the top ten issues for managers of information technology in the USA, Europe and Australia is evaluated in terms of its impact on IS teaching and research. The paper concludes that the top ten issues perceived by IS managers was probably in large part due to change resulting not only from advances in technology but also in response to past failures or inadequacies in the process of delivering high quality information system products to corporate consumers. The need for business and education to be aware of the motivations for change and the constraints that are attendant on it in both environments is emphasised for harmonious progress to prevail in the production and utilisation of new IS graduates.</p> <p><a href="papers/dp1994-02.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 599 KB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp9403"></a><h3>94/3: Assessing the graphical and algorithmic structure of hierarchical coloured Petri net models</h3> <h4>G.L. Benwell and S.G. MacDonell</h4> <p>Petri nets, as a modelling formalism, are utilised for the analysis of processes, whether for explicit understanding, database design or business process re-engineering. The formalism, however, can be represented on a virtual continuum from highly graphical to largely algorithmic. The use and understanding of the formalism will, in part, therefore depend on the resultant complexity and power of the representation and, on the graphical or algorithmic preference of the user. This paper develops a metric which will indicate the graphical or algorithmic tendency of hierarchical coloured Petri nets.</p> <p><a href="papers/dp1994-03.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 427 KB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp9404"></a><h3>94/4: Phoneme recognition with hierarchical self organised neural networks and fuzzy systems</h3> <h4>N.K. Kasabov and E. Peev</h4> <p>Neural networks (NN) have been intensively used for speech processing. This paper describes a series of experiments on using a single Kohonen Self Organizing Map (KSOM), hierarchically organised KSOM, a backpropagation-type neural network with fuzzy inputs and outputs, and a fuzzy system, for continuous speech recognition. Experiments with different non-linear transformations on the signal before using a KSOM have been done. The results obtained by using different techniques on the case study of phonemes in Bulgarian language are compared.</p> <p><a href="papers/dp1994-04.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 258 KB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp9405"></a><h3>94/5: A model for exploiting associative matching in AI production systems</h3> <h4>N.K. Kasabov, S.H. Lavington, S. Lin and C. Wang</h4> <p>A Content-Addressable Model of Production Systems, ‘CAMPUS’, has been developed. The main idea is to achieve high execution performance in production systems by exploiting the potential fine-grain data parallelism. The facts and the rules of a production system are uniformly represented as CAM tables. CAMPUS differs from other CAM-inspired models in that it is based on a non-state saving and ‘lazy’ matching algorithm. The production system execution cycle is represented by a small number of associative search operations over the CAM tables which number does not depend, or depends slightly, on the number of the rules and the number of the facts in the production system. The model makes efficient implementation of large production systems on fast CAM possible. An experimental CAMPUS realisation of the production language CLIPS is also reported. The production systems execution time for large number of processed facts is about 1,000 times less than the corresponding CLIPS execution time on a standard computer architecture.</p> <p><strong>Keywords: </strong>associative matching, content-addressable memory (CAM), production systems</p> <p><a href="papers/dp1994-05.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 301 KB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp9406"></a><h3>94/6: A system development methodology for geomatics as derived from informatics</h3> <h4>G.L. Benwell</h4> <p>This paper describes the creation of a system development methodology suitable for spatial information systems. The concept is substantiated on the fact that spatial systems are similar to information systems in general. The subtle difference being the fact that spatial systems are not yet readily supported by large digital data bases. This fact has diverted attention away from system development to data collection. A spatial system development methodology is derived, based on a historical review of information systems methodologies and the coupling of same with a data collection and integration methodology for the spatially referenced digital data.</p> <p><a href="papers/dp1994-06.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 1.3 MB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp9407"></a><h3>94/7: Software metrics in New Zealand: Recent trends</h3> <h4>M.K. Purvis, S.G. MacDonell and J. Westland</h4> <p>Almost by definition, any engineering discipline has quantitative measurement at its foundation. In adopting an engineering approach to software development, the establishment and use of software metrics has therefore seen extensive discussion. The degree to which metrics are actually used, however, particularly in New Zealand, is unclear. Four surveys, conducted over the last eight years, are therefore reviewed in this paper, with a view to determining trends in the use of metrics. According to the findings presented, it would appear that no more than one third of organisations involved in software development utilise software metrics.</p> <hr> <a name="dp9408"></a><h3>94/8: A comparative review of functional complexity assessment methods for effort estimation</h3> <h4>S.G. MacDonell</h4> <p>Budgetary constraints are placing increasing pressure on project managers to effectively estimate development effort requirements at the earliest opportunity. With the rising impact of automation on commercial software development the attention of researchers developing effort estimation models has recently been focused on functional representations of systems, in response to the assertion that development effort is a function of specification content. A number of such models exist—several, however, have received almost no research or industry attention. Project managers wishing to implement a functional assessment and estimation programme are therefore unlikely to be aware of the various methods or how they compare. This paper therefore attempts to provide this information, as well as forming a basis for the development and improvement of new methods.</p> <p><a href="papers/dp1994-08.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 259 KB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp9409"></a><h3>94/9: Viruses: What can we really do?</h3> <h4>H.B. Wolfe</h4> <p>It is virtually impossible to know everything about any facet of computing as it changes on almost a daily basis. Having said that I believe that it is worth sharing some of the knowledge that I have gained as a result of 5 years of study and experimentation with viruses and virus defense strategies as well as having personally tested nearly 50 anti-virus products.</p> <hr> <a name="dp9410"></a><h3>94/10: Stochastic models of the behaviour of scrubweeds in Southland and Otago</h3> <h4>L. Gonzalez and G.L. Benwell</h4> <p>This paper investigates statistical models for the understanding of the behaviour of scrubweeds in Southland and Otago. Data pertaining to eight scrubweed species have been collected along four transects together with the environmental factors, altitude, slope, aspect and land use classification. Each transect is approximately 80km by 2km, with data being held for every 1ha so that there are approximately 16,000 pixels for each transect. It is important to understand the relationship between the species so that interpolation and extrapolation can be performed. The initial survey, completed in 1992, will be repeated in 1995 and 1998. These surveys will then form the baseline for an understanding of the spread or contraction of the species in farmlands of the South Island. This in turn will assist policy makers in formulating management plans which relate eradication to farmland productivity. This paper deals in detail with one of the transects—Balclutha to Katiki Point.</p> <p><strong>Keywords: </strong>canonical correlation, kriging, log-linear models, logistic regression, spatial correlation, variogram analysis</p> <hr> <a name="dp9411"></a><h3>94/11: Towards using hybrid connectionist fuzzy production systems for speech recognition</h3> <h4>N.K. Kasabov</h4> <p>The paper presents a novel approach towards solving different speech recognition tasks, i.e. phoneme recognition, ambiguous words recognition, continuous speech to text conversion, learning fuzzy rules for language processing. The model uses a standard connectionist system for initial recognition and a connectionist rule-based system for a higher level recognition. The higher level is realised as a Connectionist Fuzzy Production System (CFPS) which makes possible introducing different parameters to the higher level production rules, like: degrees of importance, dynamic sensitivity factors, noise tolerance factors, certainty degrees and reactiveness factors. It provides different approximate chain reasoning techniques. The CFPS helps to solve many of the ambiguities in speech recognition tasks. Experiments on phoneme recognition in the English language are reported. This approach facilitates a connectionist implementation of the whole process of speech recognition (at a low level and at a higher logical level) which used to be performed in hybrid environments. It also facilitates the process of learning fuzzy rules for language processing. All the language processing tasks and subtasks are realised in a homogeneous connectionist environment. This brings all the benefits of connectionist systems to practical applications in the speech recognition area.</p> <hr> <a name="dp9412"></a><h3>94/12: Connectionist fuzzy production systems</h3> <h4>N.K. Kasabov</h4> <p>A new type of generalised fuzzy rule and generalised fuzzy production system and a corresponding reasoning method are developed. They are implemented in a connectionist architecture and are called connectionist fuzzy production systems. They combine all the features of symbolic AI production systems, fuzzy production systems and connectionist systems. A connectionist method for learning generalised fuzzy productions from raw data is also presented. The main conclusion reached is that connectionist fuzzy production systems are very powerful as fuzzy reasoning machines and they may well inspire new methods of plausible representation of inexact knowledge and new inference techniques for approximate reasoning.</p> <hr> <a name="dp9413"></a><h3>94/13: Information display design: A survey of visual display formats</h3> <h4>W.B.L. Wong</h4> <p>This paper reviews the research and practice of how computer-based output information has been presented in nine different information display formats and the suitability of their use in environments ranging from static, reference-type situations, to complex, dynamic situations. The review while not generating conclusive results suggests that displays are more than a platform to place information. Instead care should be taken to organise, lay out, and pre-process the information so that it enhances the communication between computer and human. The information on the screen should also be designed to augment human cognitive limitations. For instance, human weakness in integrating information across time and multiple sources could be assisted by display formats that integrate the information in the display rather than having the user attempt to integrate that information mentally. If this be the desired outcome, information designers must start to consider performing analyses that help them understand the demands on the human information processing system and hence how information can be presented to augment this weakness. This would have to be further investigated in subsequent research.</p> <p><strong>Keywords: </strong>information display design, output information, visual display formats,</p> <p><a href="papers/dp1994-13.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 1.6 MB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp9414"></a><h3>94/14: A conceptual data modelling framework incorporating the notion of a thematic layer</h3> <h4>P.G. Firns</h4> <p>Semantic data models comprise abstractions used, in conceptual database design, to represent real world relationships and aspects of the structure of real world phenomena. Such abstractions have previously been applied to the modelling of spatial concepts, but in the process their semantics are implicitly extended. This paper explicitly extends the semantics of the entity relationship model, defining two specific types of entity set to enable the notion of a thematic layer to be incorporated in entity relationship schemas. It places this in the context of a conceptual modelling framework to be used in the design of spatially referenced databases.</p> <p><a href="papers/dp1994-14.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 1.1 MB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp9415">94/15: Recording, placement and presentation of M<span style="text-decoration:overline"></a><h3>a</span>ori place names in a spatial information system</h3> <h4>I.J. Cranwell and G.L. Benwell</h4> <p>This paper deals with matters relating to toponymy. The concept of indigenous place names is discussed. A view is presented, based on empirical evidence, that current processes for the official recording of names are detrimental to a fair and reasonable representation of indigenous names. Historical events in Aotearoa are examined as well as the existing place name recording process. Research is outlined as to what can be done to examine and redress this situation. A proposition is tendered whereby names can be recorded via a process which is people based and not government based. Research matters surrounding this concept are discussed.</p> <p><a href="papers/dp1994-15.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 1.1 MB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp9416"></a><h3>94/16: Towards the deductive synthesis of nonlinear plans</h3> <h4>S.J.S. Cranefield</h4> <p>Recently there has been a resurgence of interest in the deductive approach to planning. There are many benefits of this approach but one shortcoming is the difficulty of performing nonlinear planning in this framework. This paper argues that these problems are caused by a flaw in the partial order approach—the lack of structure in such a representation—and proposes an alternative, dynamic programming style approach based on a more structured representation of plans.</p> <hr> <a name="dp9417"></a><h3>94/17: Hybrid fuzzy connectionist rule-based systems and the role of fuzzy rules extraction</h3> <h4>N.K. Kasabov</h4> <p>The paper presents the major principles of building complex hybrid systems for knowledge engineering where at the centre of the design process is the task of learning (extracting) fuzzy rules from data. An experimental environment FuzzyCOPE, which facilitates this process, is described. It consists of a fuzzy rules extraction module, a neural networks module, module fuzzy inference methods and a production rules module. Such an environment makes possible the use of the three paradigms, i.e. fuzzy rules, neural networks and symbolic production rules, in one system. Automatic rules extraction from data and choosing the most appropriate reasoning mechanism is also provided. Using FuzzyCOPE for building hybrid systems for decision making and speech recognition is discussed and illustrated.</p> <hr> <a name="dp9418"></a><h3>94/18: Integrating neural networks and fuzzy systems for speech recognition</h3> <h4>N.K. Kasabov, C.I. Watson, S. Sinclair and R. Kilgour</h4> <p>The paper presents a framework of an integrated environment for speech recognition and a methodology of using such environment. The integrated environment includes a signal processing unit, neural networks and fuzzy rule-based systems. Neural networks are used for “blind” pattern recognition of the phonemic labels of the segments of the speech. Fuzzy rules are used for reducing the ambiguities of the correctly recognised phonemic labels, for final recognition of the phonemes, and for language understanding. The fuzzy system part is organised as multi-level, hierarchical structure. As an illustration, a model for phoneme recognition of New Zealand English is developed which exploits the advantages of the integrated environment. The model is illustrated on a small set of phonemes.</p> <hr> <a name="dp9419"></a><h3>94/19: The visual display test: A test to assess the usefulness of a visual speech aid</h3> <h4>C.I. Watson</h4> <p>The facility to be able to display features of speech in a visual speech aid does not by itself guarantee that the aid will be effective in speech therapy. An effective visual speech aid must provide a visual representation of an utterance from which a judgement on the “goodness” of the utterance can be made. Two things are required for an aid to be effective. Firstly, the clusters of acceptable utterances must be separate from the unacceptable utterances in display space. Secondly, the acoustic features which distinguish acceptable utterances from unacceptable utterances must be evident in the displays of the speech aid. A two part test, called the Visual Display Test (VDT), has been developed to assess a visual speech aid’s capacity to fulfil these requirements.</p> <p><a href="papers/dp1994-19.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 257 KB)</p>

Ignore Space Show notes View

Website/dp1994-abstracts-contents.htm

<div class="sectionTitle">Information Science Discussion Papers Series: 1994 Abstracts</div>

<hr>

<a name="dp1994-01"></a><h3>94/1: A comparison of authorship style in the document corpus of the Epistles of St.Ignatius of Antioch</h3>

<h4>P. J. Sallis</h4>

<p>This paper is the result of some research in computational stylistics; in particular, the analysis of a document corpus that has attracted the attention of scholars from several disciplines for hundreds of years. This corpus, the Epistles of Saint Ignatius of Antioch, was originally written in Greek but this analysis is of a single translation in English. The analysis has been undertaken using a conventional approach in computational stylistics but has employed a number of contemporary software packages, such as a grammar checker, normally used for text and document creation.</p>

<p>Research in this field predominantly characterises authorship style by the use of document statistics, such as word frequency, sentence and paragraph length and in some cases the recurrence of certain phrases. During the research described here it was considered appropriate to use a grammar checker to identify the existence of a &lsquo;new&rsquo; set of characteristics. These include comparing the use of passive voice across the corpus being analysed, the percentage use of prepositions, as well as document statistics such as sentence and paragraph length, and the application of text readability formulas as indicators of writing style.</p>

<p>The corpus analysed in this paper consists of the seven Epistles of Ignatius of Antioch, together with the Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians. The latter epistle has traditionally been held to authenticate the Ignatian writings. It has been suggested by some church historians that Ignatius was not the author of these epistles and may not in fact, have existed as a person at all. Further, they suggest that two paragraphs in the Polycarp Epistle may have been added later by a second author to authenticate the Ignatian corpus. In order to contribute to the ongoing debate, this paper first examines the Ignatian corpus in order to determine single authorship of the seven epistles. Second, it seeks to determine whether or not the two disputed paragraphs in Polycarp&rsquo;s Epistle to the Philippians vary in authorship style from the rest of that epistle. Third, it compare authorship style in the two inserted paragraphs of Polycarp&rsquo;s Epistle with that of the Ignatian corpus in order to make some observations on the hypothesis that a single author was responsible for both.</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp1994-01.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 885 KB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1994-02"></a><h3>94/2: Management perceptions of IS research and development issues</h3>

<h4>P. J. Sallis</h4>

<p>Whilst change is an inherent characteristic of the IT industry, the difficulty of frequent and timely change in tertiary curricula is a constraint on the ability of universities to adequately meet the requirements of knowledge and expertise expected of new graduates. In this paper, some recently published research concerning the top ten issues for managers of information technology in the USA, Europe and Australia is evaluated in terms of its impact on IS teaching and research. The paper concludes that the top ten issues perceived by IS managers was probably in large part due to change resulting not only from advances in technology but also in response to past failures or inadequacies in the process of delivering high quality information system products to corporate consumers. The need for business and education to be aware of the motivations for change and the constraints that are attendant on it in both environments is emphasised for harmonious progress to prevail in the production and utilisation of new IS graduates.</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp1994-02.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 599 KB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1994-03"></a><h3>94/3: Assessing the graphical and algorithmic structure of hierarchical coloured Petri net models</h3>

<h4>G. L. Benwell and S. G. MacDonell</h4>

<p>Petri nets, as a modelling formalism, are utilised for the analysis of processes, whether for explicit understanding, database design or business process re-engineering. The formalism, however, can be represented on a virtual continuum from highly graphical to largely algorithmic. The use and understanding of the formalism will, in part, therefore depend on the resultant complexity and power of the representation and, on the graphical or algorithmic preference of the user. This paper develops a metric which will indicate the graphical or algorithmic tendency of hierarchical coloured Petri nets.</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp1994-03.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 427 KB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1994-04"></a><h3>94/4: Phoneme recognition with hierarchical self organised neural networks and fuzzy systems</h3>

<h4>N. K. Kasabov and E. Peev</h4>

<p>Neural networks (NN) have been intensively used for speech processing. This paper describes a series of experiments on using a single Kohonen Self Organizing Map (KSOM), hierarchically organised KSOM, a backpropagation-type neural network with fuzzy inputs and outputs, and a fuzzy system, for continuous speech recognition. Experiments with different non-linear transformations on the signal before using a KSOM have been done. The results obtained by using different techniques on the case study of phonemes in Bulgarian language are compared.</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp1994-04.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 258 KB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1994-05"></a><h3>94/5: A model for exploiting associative matching in AI production systems</h3>

<h4>N. K. Kasabov and S. H. Lavington and S. Lin and C. Wang</h4>

<p>A Content-Addressable Model of Production Systems, &lsquo;CAMPUS&rsquo;, has been developed. The main idea is to achieve high execution performance in production systems by exploiting the potential fine-grain data parallelism. The facts and the rules of a production system are uniformly represented as CAM tables. CAMPUS differs from other CAM-inspired models in that it is based on a non-state saving and &lsquo;lazy&rsquo; matching algorithm. The production system execution cycle is represented by a small number of associative search operations over the CAM tables which number does not depend, or depends slightly, on the number of the rules and the number of the facts in the production system. The model makes efficient implementation of large production systems on fast CAM possible.  An experimental CAMPUS realisation of the production language CLIPS is also reported. The production systems execution time for large number of processed facts is about 1,000 times less than the corresponding CLIPS execution time on a standard computer architecture.</p>

<p><strong>Keywords:</strong> associative matching, content-addressable memory (CAM), production systems</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp1994-05.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 301 KB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1994-06"></a><h3>94/6: A system development methodology for geomatics as derived from informatics</h3>

<h4>G. L. Benwell</h4>

<p>This paper describes the creation of a system development methodology suitable for spatial information systems. The concept is substantiated on the fact that spatial systems are similar to information systems in general. The subtle difference being the fact that spatial systems are not yet readily supported by large digital data bases. This fact has diverted attention away from system development to data collection. A spatial system development methodology is derived, based on a historical review of information systems methodologies and the coupling of same with a data collection and integration methodology for the spatially referenced digital data.</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp1994-06.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 1.3 MB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1994-07"></a><h3>94/7: Software metrics in New Zealand: Recent trends</h3>

<h4>M. K. Purvis and S. G. MacDonell and J. Westland</h4>

<p>Almost by definition, any engineering discipline has quantitative measurement at its foundation. In adopting an engineering approach to software development, the establishment and use of software metrics has therefore seen extensive discussion. The degree to which metrics are actually used, however, particularly in New Zealand, is unclear. Four surveys, conducted over the last eight years, are therefore reviewed in this paper, with a view to determining trends in the use of metrics. According to the findings presented, it would appear that no more than one third of organisations involved in software development utilise software metrics.</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1994-08"></a><h3>94/8: A comparative review of functional complexity assessment methods for effort estimation</h3>

<h4>S. G. MacDonell</h4>

<p>Budgetary constraints are placing increasing pressure on project managers to effectively estimate development effort requirements at the earliest opportunity. With the rising impact of automation on commercial software development the attention of researchers developing effort estimation models has recently been focused on functional representations of systems, in response to the assertion that development effort is a function of specification content. A number of such models exist&mdash;several, however, have received almost no research or industry attention. Project managers wishing to implement a functional assessment and estimation programme are therefore unlikely to be aware of the various methods or how they compare. This paper therefore attempts to provide this information, as well as forming a basis for the development and improvement of new methods.</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp1994-08.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 259 KB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1994-09"></a><h3>94/9: Viruses: What can we really do?</h3>

<h4>H. B. Wolfe</h4>

<p>It is virtually impossible to know everything about any facet of computing as it changes on almost a daily basis. Having said that I believe that it is worth sharing some of the knowledge that I have gained as a result of 5 years of study and experimentation with viruses and virus defense strategies as well as having personally tested nearly 50 anti-virus products.</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1994-10"></a><h3>94/10: Stochastic models of the behaviour of scrubweeds in Southland and Otago</h3>

<h4>L. Gonzalez and G. L. Benwell</h4>

<p>This paper investigates statistical models for the understanding of the behaviour of scrubweeds in Southland and Otago. Data pertaining to eight scrubweed species have been collected along four transects together with the environmental factors, altitude, slope, aspect and land use classification. Each transect is approximately 80km by 2km, with data being held for every 1ha so that there are approximately 16,000 pixels for each transect. It is important to understand the relationship between the species so that interpolation and extrapolation can be performed. The initial survey, completed in 1992, will be repeated in 1995 and 1998. These surveys will then  form the baseline for an understanding of the spread or contraction of the species in farmlands of the South Island. This in turn will assist policy makers in formulating management plans which relate eradication to farmland productivity. This paper deals in detail with one of the transects&mdash;Balclutha to Katiki Point.</p>

<p><strong>Keywords:</strong> canonical correlation, kriging, log-linear models, logistic regression, spatial correlation, variogram analysis</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1994-11"></a><h3>94/11: Towards using hybrid connectionist fuzzy production systems for speech recognition</h3>

<h4>N. K. Kasabov</h4>

<p>The paper presents a novel approach towards solving different speech recognition tasks, i.e. phoneme recognition, ambiguous words recognition, continuous speech to text conversion, learning fuzzy rules for language processing. The model uses a standard connectionist system for initial recognition and a connectionist rule-based system for a higher level recognition. The higher level is realised as a Connectionist Fuzzy Production System (CFPS) which makes possible introducing different parameters to the higher level production rules, like: degrees of importance, dynamic sensitivity factors, noise tolerance factors, certainty degrees and reactiveness factors. It provides different approximate chain reasoning techniques. The CFPS helps to solve many of the ambiguities in speech recognition tasks. Experiments on phoneme recognition in the English language are reported. This approach facilitates a connectionist implementation of the whole process of speech recognition (at a low level and at a higher logical level) which used to be performed in hybrid environments. It also facilitates the process of learning fuzzy rules for language processing. All the language processing tasks and subtasks are realised in a homogeneous connectionist environment. This brings all the benefits of connectionist systems to practical applications in the speech recognition area.</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1994-12"></a><h3>94/12: Connectionist fuzzy production systems</h3>

<h4>N. K. Kasabov</h4>

<p>A new type of generalised fuzzy rule and generalised fuzzy production system and a corresponding reasoning method are developed. They are implemented in a connectionist architecture and are called connectionist fuzzy production systems. They combine all the features of symbolic AI production systems, fuzzy production systems and connectionist systems. A connectionist method for learning generalised fuzzy productions from raw data is also presented. The main conclusion reached is that connectionist fuzzy production systems are very powerful as fuzzy reasoning machines and they may well inspire new methods of plausible representation of inexact knowledge and new inference techniques for approximate reasoning.</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1994-13"></a><h3>94/13: Information display design: A survey of visual display formats</h3>

<p>This paper reviews the research and practice of how computer-based output information has been presented in nine different information display formats and the suitability of their use in environments ranging from static, reference-type situations, to complex, dynamic situations. The review while not generating conclusive results suggests that displays are more than a platform to place information. Instead care should be taken to organise, lay out, and pre-process the information so that it enhances the communication between computer and human. The information on the screen should also be designed to augment human cognitive limitations. For instance, human weakness in integrating information across time and multiple sources could be assisted by display formats that integrate the information in the display rather than having the user attempt to integrate that information mentally. If this be the desired outcome, information designers must start to consider performing analyses that help them understand the demands on the human information processing system and hence how information can be presented to augment this weakness. This would have to be further investigated in subsequent research.</p>

<p><strong>Keywords:</strong> information display design, output information, visual display formats,</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp1994-13.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 1.6 MB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1994-14"></a><h3>94/14: A conceptual data modelling framework incorporating the notion of a thematic layer</h3>

<h4>P. G. Firns</h4>

<p>Semantic data models comprise abstractions used, in conceptual database design, to represent real world relationships and aspects of the structure of real world phenomena. Such abstractions have previously been applied to the modelling of spatial concepts, but in the process their semantics are implicitly extended. This paper explicitly extends the semantics of the entity relationship model, defining two specific types of entity set to enable the notion of a thematic layer to be incorporated in entity relationship schemas. It places this in the context of a conceptual modelling framework to be used in the design of spatially referenced databases.</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp1994-14.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 1.1 MB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1994-15"></a><h3>94/15: Recording, placement and presentation of M&#257;ori place names in a spatial information system</h3>

<h4>I. J. Cranwell and G. L. Benwell</h4>

<p>This paper deals with matters relating to toponymy. The concept of indigenous place names is discussed. A view is presented, based on empirical evidence, that current processes for the official recording of names are detrimental to a fair and reasonable representation of indigenous names. Historical events in Aotearoa are examined as well as the existing place name recording process. Research is outlined as to what can be done to examine and redress this situation. A proposition is tendered whereby names can be recorded via a process which is people based and not government based. Research matters surrounding this concept are discussed.</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp1994-15.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 1.1 MB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1994-16"></a><h3>94/16: Towards the deductive synthesis of nonlinear plans</h3>

<h4>S. J. S. Cranefield</h4>

<p>Recently there has been a resurgence of interest in the deductive approach to planning. There are many benefits of this approach but one shortcoming is the difficulty of performing nonlinear planning in this framework. This paper argues that these problems are caused by a flaw in the partial order approach&mdash;the lack of structure in such a representation&mdash;and proposes an alternative, dynamic programming style approach based on a more structured representation of plans.</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1994-17"></a><h3>94/17: Hybrid fuzzy connectionist rule-based systems and the role of fuzzy rules extraction</h3>

<h4>N. K. Kasabov</h4>

<p>The paper presents the major principles of building complex hybrid systems for knowledge engineering where at the centre of the design process is the task of learning (extracting) fuzzy rules from data. An experimental environment FuzzyCOPE, which facilitates this process, is described.  It consists of a fuzzy rules extraction module, a neural networks module, module fuzzy inference methods and a production rules module. Such an environment makes possible the use of the three paradigms, i.e. fuzzy rules, neural networks and symbolic production rules, in one system. Automatic rules extraction from data and choosing the most appropriate reasoning mechanism is also provided. Using FuzzyCOPE for building hybrid systems for decision making and speech recognition is discussed and illustrated.</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1994-18"></a><h3>94/18: Integrating neural networks and fuzzy systems for speech recognition</h3>

<h4>N. K. Kasabov and C. I. Watson and S. Sinclair and R. Kilgour</h4>

<p>The paper presents a framework of an integrated environment for speech recognition and a methodology of using such environment. The integrated environment includes a signal processing unit, neural networks and fuzzy rule-based systems. Neural networks are used for &ldquo;blind&rdquo; pattern recognition of the phonemic labels of the segments of the speech. Fuzzy rules are used for reducing the ambiguities of the correctly recognised phonemic labels, for final recognition of the phonemes,  and for language understanding. The fuzzy system part is organised as multi-level, hierarchical structure. As an illustration, a model for phoneme recognition of New Zealand English is developed which exploits the advantages of the integrated environment. The model is illustrated on a small set of phonemes.</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1994-19"></a><h3>94/19: The visual display test: A test to assess the usefulness of a visual speech aid</h3>

<h4>C. I. Watson</h4>

<p>The facility to be able to display features of speech in a visual speech aid does not by itself guarantee that the aid will be effective in speech therapy. An effective visual speech aid must provide a visual representation of an utterance from which a judgement on the &ldquo;goodness&rdquo; of the utterance can be made. Two things are required for an aid to be effective. Firstly, the clusters of acceptable utterances must be separate from the unacceptable utterances in display space. Secondly, the acoustic features which distinguish acceptable utterances from unacceptable utterances must be evident in the displays of the speech aid. A two part test, called the Visual Display Test (VDT), has been developed to assess a visual speech aid&rsquo;s capacity to fulfil these requirements.</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp1994-19.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 257 KB)</p>

<div class="sectionTitle">Information Science Discussion Papers Series: 1994 Abstracts</div>

<hr>

<a name="dp9401"></a><h3>94/1: A comparison of authorship style in the document corpus of the Epistles of St. Ignatius of Antioch</h3>
<h4>P.J. Sallis</h4>

<p>Research in this field predominantly characterises authorship style by the use of document statistics, such as word frequency, sentence and paragraph length and in some cases the recurrence of certain phrases. During the research described here it was considered appropriate to use a grammar checker to identify the existence of a &#8216;new&#8217; set of characteristics. These include comparing the use of passive voice across the corpus being analysed, the percentage use of prepositions, as well as document statistics such as sentence and paragraph length, and the application of text readability formulas as indicators of writing style.</p>

<p>The corpus analysed in this paper consists of the seven Epistles of Ignatius of Antioch, together with the Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians. The latter epistle has traditionally been held to authenticate the Ignatian writings. It has been suggested by some church historians that Ignatius was not the author of these epistles and may not in fact, have existed as a person at all. Further, they suggest that two paragraphs in the Polycarp Epistle may have been added later by a second author to authenticate the Ignatian corpus. In order to contribute to the ongoing debate, this paper first examines the Ignatian corpus in order to determine single authorship of the seven epistles. Second, it seeks to determine whether or not the two disputed paragraphs in Polycarp&#8217;s Epistle to the Philippians vary in authorship style from the rest of that epistle. Third, it compare authorship style in the two inserted paragraphs of Polycarp&#8217;s Epistle with that of the Ignatian corpus in order to make some observations on the hypothesis that a single author was responsible for both.</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp1994-01.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 885 KB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp9402"></a><h3>94/2: Management perceptions of IS research and development issues</h3>
<h4>P.J. Sallis</h4>

<p><a href="papers/dp1994-02.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 599 KB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp9403"></a><h3>94/3: Assessing the graphical and algorithmic structure of hierarchical coloured Petri net models</h3>
<h4>G.L. Benwell and S.G. MacDonell</h4>

<p><a href="papers/dp1994-03.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 427 KB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp9404"></a><h3>94/4: Phoneme recognition with hierarchical self organised neural networks and fuzzy systems</h3>
<h4>N.K. Kasabov and E. Peev</h4>

<p><a href="papers/dp1994-04.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 258 KB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp9405"></a><h3>94/5: A model for exploiting associative matching in AI production systems</h3>
<h4>N.K. Kasabov, S.H. Lavington, S. Lin and C. Wang</h4>

<p>A Content-Addressable Model of Production Systems, &#8216;CAMPUS&#8217;, has been developed. The main idea is to achieve high execution performance in production systems by exploiting the potential fine-grain data parallelism. The facts and the rules of a production system are uniformly represented as CAM tables. CAMPUS differs from other CAM-inspired models in that it is based on a non-state saving and &#8216;lazy&#8217; matching algorithm. The production system execution cycle is represented by a small number of associative search operations over the CAM tables which number does not depend, or depends slightly, on the number of the rules and the number of the facts in the production system. The model makes efficient implementation of large production systems on fast CAM possible.  An experimental CAMPUS realisation of the production language CLIPS is also reported. The production systems execution time for large number of processed facts is about 1,000 times less than the corresponding CLIPS execution time on a standard computer architecture.</p>

<p><strong>Keywords: </strong>associative matching,
content-addressable memory (CAM),
production systems</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp1994-05.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 301 KB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp9406"></a><h3>94/6: A system development methodology for geomatics as derived from informatics</h3>
<h4>G.L. Benwell</h4>

<p><a href="papers/dp1994-06.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 1.3 MB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp9407"></a><h3>94/7: Software metrics in New Zealand: Recent trends</h3>
<h4>M.K. Purvis, S.G. MacDonell and J. Westland</h4>

<hr>

<a name="dp9408"></a><h3>94/8: A comparative review of functional complexity assessment methods for effort estimation</h3>
<h4>S.G. MacDonell</h4>

<p>Budgetary constraints are placing increasing pressure on project managers to effectively estimate development effort requirements at the earliest opportunity. With the rising impact of automation on commercial software development the attention of researchers developing effort estimation models has recently been focused on functional representations of systems, in response to the assertion that development effort is a function of specification content. A number of such models exist&#8212;several, however, have received almost no research or industry attention. Project managers wishing to implement a functional assessment and estimation programme are therefore unlikely to be aware of the various methods or how they compare. This paper therefore attempts to provide this information, as well as forming a basis for the development and improvement of new methods.</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp1994-08.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 259 KB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp9409"></a><h3>94/9: Viruses: What can we really do?</h3>
<h4>H.B. Wolfe</h4>

<hr>

<a name="dp9410"></a><h3>94/10: Stochastic models of the behaviour of scrubweeds in Southland and Otago</h3>
<h4>L. Gonzalez and G.L. Benwell</h4>

<p><strong>Keywords: </strong>canonical correlation,
kriging,
log-linear models,
logistic regression,
spatial correlation,
variogram analysis</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp9411"></a><h3>94/11: Towards using hybrid connectionist fuzzy production systems for speech recognition</h3>
<h4>N.K. Kasabov</h4>

<hr>

<a name="dp9412"></a><h3>94/12: Connectionist fuzzy production systems</h3>
<h4>N.K. Kasabov</h4>

<hr>

<a name="dp9413"></a><h3>94/13: Information display design: A survey of visual display formats</h3>
<h4>W.B.L. Wong</h4>

<p><strong>Keywords: </strong>information display design,
output information,
visual display formats,</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp1994-13.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 1.6 MB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp9414"></a><h3>94/14: A conceptual data modelling framework incorporating the notion of a thematic layer</h3>
<h4>P.G. Firns</h4>

<p><a href="papers/dp1994-14.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 1.1 MB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp9415">94/15: Recording, placement and presentation of M<span style="text-decoration:overline"></a><h3>a</span>ori place names in a spatial information system</h3>
<h4>I.J. Cranwell and G.L. Benwell</h4>

<p><a href="papers/dp1994-15.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 1.1 MB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp9416"></a><h3>94/16: Towards the deductive synthesis of nonlinear plans</h3>
<h4>S.J.S. Cranefield</h4>

<p>Recently there has been a resurgence of interest in the deductive approach to planning. There are many benefits of this approach but one shortcoming is the difficulty of performing nonlinear planning in this framework. This paper argues that these problems are caused by a flaw in the partial order approach&#8212;the lack of structure in such a representation&#8212;and proposes an alternative, dynamic programming style approach based on a more structured representation of plans.</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp9417"></a><h3>94/17: Hybrid fuzzy connectionist rule-based systems and the role of fuzzy rules extraction</h3>
<h4>N.K. Kasabov</h4>

<hr>

<a name="dp9418"></a><h3>94/18: Integrating neural networks and fuzzy systems for speech recognition</h3>
<h4>N.K. Kasabov, C.I. Watson, S. Sinclair and R. Kilgour</h4>

<p>The paper presents a framework of an integrated environment for speech recognition and a methodology of using such environment. The integrated environment includes a signal processing unit, neural networks and fuzzy rule-based systems. Neural networks are used for &#8220;blind&#8221; pattern recognition of the phonemic labels of the segments of the speech. Fuzzy rules are used for reducing the ambiguities of the correctly recognised phonemic labels, for final recognition of the phonemes,  and for language understanding. The fuzzy system part is organised as multi-level, hierarchical structure. As an illustration, a model for phoneme recognition of New Zealand English is developed which exploits the advantages of the integrated environment. The model is illustrated on a small set of phonemes.</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp9419"></a><h3>94/19: The visual display test: A test to assess the usefulness of a visual speech aid</h3>
<h4>C.I. Watson</h4>

<p>The facility to be able to display features of speech in a visual speech aid does not by itself guarantee that the aid will be effective in speech therapy. An effective visual speech aid must provide a visual representation of an utterance from which a judgement on the &#8220;goodness&#8221; of the utterance can be made. Two things are required for an aid to be effective. Firstly, the clusters of acceptable utterances must be separate from the unacceptable utterances in display space. Secondly, the acoustic features which distinguish acceptable utterances from unacceptable utterances must be evident in the displays of the speech aid. A two part test, called the Visual Display Test (VDT), has been developed to assess a visual speech aid&#8217;s capacity to fulfil these requirements.</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp1994-19.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 257 KB)</p>

Ignore Space Show notes View Website/dp1995-abstracts-contents.htm
<div class="sectionTitle">Information Science Discussion Papers Series: 1995 Abstracts</div> <hr> <a name="dp1995-01"></a><h3>95/1: Semantic data modelling for hypermedia database applications</h3> <h4>R. J. Pegler and P. G. Firns</h4> <p>This paper develops an approach to data modelling for the design of hypermedia databases. First, the use of data modelling for the design of hypermedia database systems is investigated. A specific example, that of a car parts database, is used as a means of illustrating a generic problem, namely the difficulty associated with interrogating a large database when the exact data element being sought is unknown. The use of hypermedia as a basis for data retrieval in such situations is then discussed. The data contained within hypermedia database systems is typically unstructured, which has led to systems being developed using ad hoc design approaches with little regard for formal data modelling techniques. Hence, the main contribution of the paper is the illustration of a hybrid data modelling approach of suitable semantic richness to capture the complexities of hypermedia databases.</p> <hr> <a name="dp1995-02"></a><h3>95/2: Pursuing a national policy for information technology in school education: A New Zealand odyssey</h3> <h4>P. J. Sallis and T. McMahon</h4> <p>In September 1994, the government of New Zealand published a document entitled Education for the 21st Century. The document sets out targets and challenges for the education system in New Zealand to meet by 2001. One of the targets, and the associated fiscal challenge, is to improve the access of New Zealand students to information technology, so that by 2001 there is at least one computer for every five students at all levels of school education.</p> <p>This bold policy statement follows a chain of reports and government initiatives extending over approximately 15 years.</p> <p>This paper describes government policy initiatives, the reports which gave rise to them, and the changes in curriculum, teacher, and classroom practice which have taken place since computers were first used in New Zealand classrooms in the 1970s.</p> <p>The short history of educational computing in New Zealand has spanned a period of massive political and economic reform, and enormous structural change in the education system. The authors have been observers of, and contributors to, aspects of the development of New Zealand’s use of information technology in education over the whole of this period.</p> <hr> <a name="dp1995-03"></a><h3>95/3: Information portrayal for intentional processes: A framework for analysis</h3> <h4>W. B. L. Wong and P. J. Sallis and D. P. O’Hare</h4> <p>It is increasingly recognised that the manner in which information required by a decision maker is portrayed is as important as providing appropriate information. In dynamic intentional process environments such as emergency dispatch control, where the problems are non-trivial and time is tightly constrained, it is important to portray information that is used together, close to one another or appropriately integrated. This is important in speeding up the decision maker’s interpretation of the information and assessment of the state of the situation.</p> <p>But how should information be portrayed so that the information may be assimilated quickly in such situations? To answer this question, a framework for analysis was developed to guide the investigation. This framework brings together the decisions made, the information used, the source and accessibility of the source, and how the information is used in each decision, thereby identifying the information portrayal requirements. This framework will be presented in this paper.</p> <p>However, before discussing the framework, it is necessary to introduce the concept of decision making in naturalistic environments as it is within this context of dynamic decision making that the problem of information portrayal is studied. The paper will examine the characteristics of dynamic intentional processes, and then briefly describe the environment of one example of an intentional process environment, an emergency control center, that formed the basis of the study. The cognitive task analysis techniques use to elicit the decision processes and the information portrayal requirements will also be described, and then finally, the initial results of the study will be presented.</p> <hr> <a name="dp1995-04"></a><h3>95/4: An object repository model for the storage of spatial metadata</h3> <h4>S. K. S. Cockcroft</h4> <p>The design of spatial information systems has traditionally been carried out independently of mainstream database developments. It is contended that the adoption of mainstream database design techniques is important to progress in the spatial information systems development field. An accepted approach to the development of information systems is through an integrated development environment with a design repository at its core. This paper proposes a skeleton model for the design of a repository to store spatial metadata. An object oriented modelling approach is adopted in preference to an entity relationship approach because of its ability to model functional and dynamic aspects of the repository.</p> <p><a href="papers/dp1995-04.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 184 KB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp1995-05"></a><h3>95/5: Establishing relationships between specification size and software process effort in CASE environments</h3> <h4>S. G. MacDonell</h4> <p>Advances in software process technology have rendered many existing methods of size assessment and effort estimation inapplicable. The use of automation in the software process, however, provides an opportunity for the development of more appropriate software size-based effort estimation models. A specification-based size assessment method has therefore been developed and tested in relation to process effort on a preliminary set of systems. The results of the analysis confirm the assertion that, within the automated environment class, specification size indicators (that may be automatically and objectively derived) are strongly related to process effort requirements.</p> <p><strong>Keywords:</strong> CASE, process effort, software metrics</p> <p><a href="papers/dp1995-05.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 264 KB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp1995-06"></a><h3>95/6: Information portrayal for decision support in dynamic intentional process environments</h3> <h4>W. B. L. Wong and P. J. Sallis and D. P. O’Hare</h4> <p>This paper reports on preliminary findings of a cognitive task analysis conducted at an ambulance despatch control center. The intense and dynamic nature of the decision making environment is first described, and the decision process modelled in an attempt to identify decision strategies used by the Communications Officers. Some information portrayal requirements stemming from one of the decision processes are then discussed, and these requirements are then translated into a proposed display solution.</p> <p><strong>Keywords:</strong> information portrayal, information display design, decision support design, decision modelling, naturalistic decision making, critical decision method, ambulance service</p> <p><a href="papers/dp1995-06.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 244 KB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp1995-07"></a><h3>95/7: Communicating agents: An emerging approach for distributed heterogeneous systems</h3> <h4>S. J. S. Cranefield and P. Gorman and M. K. Purvis</h4> <p>The concept of an intelligent software agent has emerged from its origins in artificial intelligence laboratories to become an important basis for the development of distributed systems in the mainstream computer science community. This paper provides a review of some of the ideas behind the intelligent agent approach and addresses the question “what is an agent?” Some principal application areas for agent-based computing are outlined and related research programmes at the University of Otago are discussed.</p> <p><a href="papers/dp1995-07.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 188 KB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp1995-08"></a><h3>95/8: Causal agent modelling: A unifying paradigm for systems and organisations</h3> <h4>M. K. Purvis and S. J. S. Cranefield</h4> <p>With the increasing size, complexity and interconnectedness of systems and organisations, there is a growing need for high level modelling approaches that span the range of application domains. Causal agent modelling offers an intuitive and powerful approach for the development of dynamic models for any application area. This paper outlines some of the basic ideas behind the nature of causal agent models, why they are fundamental to the modelling enterprise, and compares developments in this area to those in the related field of coordination theory. It also describes some research activities using causal agent models at the University of Otago.</p> <p><a href="papers/dp1995-08.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 180 KB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp1995-09"></a><h3>95/9: Case-based reasoning and spatial analysis</h3> <h4>A. Holt and G. L. Benwell</h4> <p>This paper brings emphasis to the plausible concept of case-based reasoning being integrated with spatial information systems, and the adaptation of artificial intelligence techniques to improve the analytical strength in spatial information systems. This adaptation of artificial intelligence techniques may include examples of expert systems, fuzzy logic, hybrid connectionist systems and neural networks, all integrated with spatial information systems. The unique process of case-based reasoning is described. The research into the possible integration of case-based reasoning and spatial information systems is outlined. The benefits of a case-based reasoning spatial information hybrid system are discussed.</p> <hr> <a name="dp1995-10"></a><h3>95/10: Modelling and simulation of the New Zealand Resource Management Act</h3> <h4>M. K. Purvis and M. A. Purvis and G. L. Benwell</h4> <p>A single piece of legislation, the Resource Management Act, governs the management of environmental resources in New Zealand. It establishes procedural requirements and time constraints for all decision-making activities related to governmental environmental management. The present paper describes a model, based on coloured Petri nets, that is under development to facilitate understanding of the Act and to examine performance characteristics of legal processes defined in the Act.</p> <hr> <a name="dp1995-11"></a><h3>95/11: Fuzzy concepts, land and cultural confidentiality</h3> <h4>B. A. Ballantyne and G. L. Benwell and N. C. Sutherland</h4> <p>Fuzzy concepts might have potential for protecting and preserving land which has special cultural or spiritual significance for indigenous peoples, because it might support any tangata whenua (indigenous peoples) desires for secrecy and confidentiality. These issues are examined in terms of New Zealand and from the technical perspective of Information Science. The various meanings of fuzzy are discussed. Some pertinent questions are: Is a fuzzy concept a useful tool to apply? Do the tangata whenua wish to make use of this tool?</p> <hr> <a name="dp1995-12"></a><h3>95/12: A case study in environmental decision making</h3> <h4>S. A. Mann</h4> <p>Resource management in New Zealand is fraught with debate and controversy. Regional Councils often seem stuck in the middle of two opposing groups, the farmers and the environmentalists. There are areas, however, where the Regional Councils could be seen to be hindering progress towards resolution of problems. By avoiding policy formulations of certain issues eg: vegetation burning, Councils are creating difficulties for their own staff, landholders and environmental groups. This paper examines one debate that could be greatly simplified by a few policy direction decisions.</p> <hr> <a name="dp1995-13"></a><h3>95/13: Local government GIS in New Zealand since 1989</h3> <h4>A. J. Marr and G. L. Benwell</h4> <p>This paper draws together existing data with recent survey results and compares the development of local government GIS with the evolution of Information Systems (IS). These comparisons are made using the philosophy that organisational GIS can be modelled. Using this model, various stages of GIS maturity are evaluated.</p> <p><a href="papers/dp1995-13.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 268 KB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp1995-14"></a><h3>95/14: Integrating modelling and simulation into a problem solving paradigm for improved regional and environmental decision making</h3> <h4>G. L. Benwell and T. Fletcher and C. B. Smith</h4> <p>In New Zealand the management of the environment is now largely embodied in the Resource Management Act. Within this context there is a clear need to support regionally significant decisions. Furthermore it is important that such decisions are scale invariant, that is, they are appropriately implementable at the micro and macro levels. This demands that decision makers at these diametrically opposed levels are cognisant of the influence of their domain on other domains. A difficult concept. It also implies that there is consensus on what are the significant regional decisions and also how decisions and consequences interact across all scales and, possibly, even regions. As a region is a scale dependent term it is important that the different views can be perceived and conveyed to the different proponents and opponents. This paper develops the case that it is important to make appropriate use of technology when attempting to make decisions at the regional level. This is particularly so in the fragile environments of the high country of southern New Zealand. Furthermore, this paper embodies a concept of the Six Thinking Hats of E. de Bono in developing a simulation modelling tool which presents interactive management scenarios of agricultural areas of the high country. The modelling concept is presented along with the reasons for adopting the de Bono concept.</p> <hr> <a name="dp1995-15"></a><h3>95/15: Agent-based integration of general-purpose tools</h3> <h4>S. J. S. Cranefield and M. K. Purvis</h4> <p>Agent-Based Software Integration (ABSI) entails the development of intelligent software agents and knowledge-sharing protocols that enhance interoperability of multiple software packages. Although some past ABSI projects reported in the literature have been concerned with the integration of relatively large software frameworks from separate engineering disciplines, the discussion in this paper concerns the integration of general-purpose software utilities and hand-crafted tools. With such smaller-scale ABSI projects, it may be difficult to justify the expense of constructing an overall ontology for the application. There are cases, however, when the project involves general-purpose tools that manipulate the same general entity types (such as files) but at different levels of abstraction. In such cases it is appropriate to have ontologies appropriate for the general usage of each tool and constraint descriptions that enable the ontological specifications to be mapped across the various levels of abstraction. This paper discusses issues associated with this type of ABSI project and describes an example information management application associated with university course administration. For the information management application presented the key issues are the provision of standard agent wrappers for standard desktop information management tools and the design of standard ontologies describing information stored in relational databases as well as in structured text files. Examples of a conceptual model describing such a database ontology are presented in connection with the example application. It is also suggested that a general planning agent, distinct from the notion of a facilitator agent, be employed in this context to assist in the use of various agents to manipulate information and move items from one data format to another.</p> <hr> <a name="dp1995-16"></a><h3>95/16: Applying case-based reasoning to spatial phenomena</h3> <h4>A. Holt and G. L. Benwell</h4> <p>This paper outlines a unique approach applying artificial intelligence techniques to the solving of environmental problems. The approach combines case-based reasoning with spatial information systems, enabling technologies and techniques from each domain to be applied to environmental problems. This paper defines a possible case-based reasoning/spatial information system hybrid that would allow spatial cases to be defined and analysed by both technologies. The example used in this paper involves soil series classification which, using case-based reasoning, is performed according to spatial criteria. Evaluations and spatial criteria are then used to predict properties of new cases based on similar previous spatial cases.</p> <div class="sectionTitle">Information Science Discussion Papers Series: 1995 Abstracts</div> <hr> <a name="dp9501"></a><h3>95/1: Semantic data modelling for hypermedia database applications</h3> <h4>R.J. Pegler and P.G. Firns</h4> <p>This paper develops an approach to data modelling for the design of hypermedia databases. First, the use of data modelling for the design of hypermedia database systems is investigated. A specific example, that of a car parts database, is used as a means of illustrating a generic problem, namely the difficulty associated with interrogating a large database when the exact data element being sought is unknown. The use of hypermedia as a basis for data retrieval in such situations is then discussed. The data contained within hypermedia database systems is typically unstructured, which has led to systems being developed using ad hoc design approaches with little regard for formal data modelling techniques. Hence, the main contribution of the paper is the illustration of a hybrid data modelling approach of suitable semantic richness to capture the complexities of hypermedia databases.</p> <hr> <a name="dp9502"></a><h3>95/2: Pursuing a national policy for information technology in school education: A New Zealand odyssey</h3> <h4>P.J. Sallis and T. McMahon</h4> <p>In September 1994, the government of New Zealand published a document entitled <EM>Education for the 21st Century</EM>. The document sets out targets and challenges for the education system in New Zealand to meet by 2001. One of the targets, and the associated fiscal challenge, is to improve the access of New Zealand students to information technology, so that by 2001 there is at least one computer for every five students at all levels of school education.</p> <p>This bold policy statement follows a chain of reports and government initiatives extending over approximately 15 years.</p> <p>This paper describes government policy initiatives, the reports which gave rise to them, and the changes in curriculum, teacher, and classroom practice which have taken place since computers were first used in New Zealand classrooms in the 1970s.</p> <p>The short history of educational computing in New Zealand has spanned a period of massive political and economic reform, and enormous structural change in the education system. The authors have been observers of, and contributors to, aspects of the development of New Zealand’s use of information technology in education over the whole of this period.</p> <hr> <a name="dp9503"></a><h3>95/3: Information portrayal for intentional processes: A framework for analysis</h3> <h4>W.B.L. Wong, P.J. Sallis and D.P. O’Hare</h4> <p>It is increasingly recognised that the manner in which information required by a decision maker is portrayed is as important as providing appropriate information. In dynamic intentional process environments such as emergency dispatch control, where the problems are non-trivial and time is tightly constrained, it is important to portray information that is used together, close to one another or appropriately integrated. This is important in speeding up the decision maker’s interpretation of the information and assessment of the state of the situation.</p> <p>But how should information be portrayed so that the information may be assimilated quickly in such situations? To answer this question, a framework for analysis was developed to guide the investigation. This framework brings together the decisions made, the information used, the source and accessibility of the source, and how the information is used in each decision, thereby identifying the information portrayal requirements. This framework will be presented in this paper.</p> <p>However, before discussing the framework, it is necessary to introduce the concept of decision making in naturalistic environments as it is within this context of dynamic decision making that the problem of information portrayal is studied. The paper will examine the characteristics of dynamic intentional processes, and then briefly describe the environment of one example of an intentional process environment, an emergency control center, that formed the basis of the study. The cognitive task analysis techniques use to elicit the decision processes and the information portrayal requirements will also be described, and then finally, the initial results of the study will be presented.</p> <hr> <a name="dp9504"></a><h3>95/4: An object repository model for the storage of spatial metadata</h3> <h4>S.K.S. Cockcroft</h4> <p>The design of spatial information systems has traditionally been carried out independently of mainstream database developments. It is contended that the adoption of mainstream database design techniques is important to progress in the spatial information systems development field. An accepted approach to the development of information systems is through an integrated development environment with a design repository at its core. This paper proposes a skeleton model for the design of a repository to store spatial metadata. An object oriented modelling approach is adopted in preference to an entity relationship approach because of its ability to model functional and dynamic aspects of the repository.</p> <p><a href="papers/dp9504so.pdf.gz">Download</a> (gzipped PDF, 138KB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp9505"></a><h3>95/5: Establishing relationships between specification size and software process effort in CASE environments</h3> <h4>S.G. MacDonell</h4> <p>Advances in software process technology have rendered many existing methods of size assessment and effort estimation inapplicable. The use of automation in the software process, however, provides an opportunity for the development of more appropriate software size-based effort estimation models. A specification-based size assessment method has therefore been developed and tested in relation to process effort on a preliminary set of systems. The results of the analysis confirm the assertion that, within the automated environment class, specification size indicators (that may be automatically and objectively derived) are strongly related to process effort requirements.</p> <p><strong>Keywords: </strong>CASE, process effort, software metrics</p> <p><a href="papers/dp9505sm.pdf.gz">Download</a> (gzipped PDF, 205KB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp9506"></a><h3>95/6: Information portrayal for decision support in dynamic intentional process environments</h3> <h4>W.B.L. Wong, P.J. Sallis and D.P. O’Hare</h4> <p>This paper reports on preliminary findings of a cognitive task analysis conducted at an ambulance despatch control center. The intense and dynamic nature of the decision making environment is first described, and the decision process modelled in an attempt to identify decision strategies used by the Communications Officers. Some information portrayal requirements stemming from one of the decision processes are then discussed, and these requirements are then translated into a proposed display solution.</p> <p><strong>Keywords: </strong>information portrayal, information display design, decision support design, decision modelling, naturalistic decision making, critical decision method, ambulance service</p> <p><a href="papers/dp9506ww.pdf.gz">Download</a> (gzipped PDF, 189KB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp9507"></a><h3>95/7: Communicating agents: An emerging approach for distributed heterogeneous systems</h3> <h4>S.J.S. Cranefield, P. Gorman and M.K. Purvis</h4> <p>The concept of an intelligent software agent has emerged from its origins in artificial intelligence laboratories to become an important basis for the development of distributed systems in the mainstream computer science community. This paper provides a review of some of the ideas behind the intelligent agent approach and addresses the question “what is an agent?” Some principal application areas for agent-based computing are outlined and related research programmes at the University of Otago are discussed.</p> <p><a href="papers/dp9507sc.pdf.gz">Download</a> (gzipped PDF, 143KB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp9508"></a><h3>95/8: Causal agent modelling: A unifying paradigm for systems and organisations</h3> <h4>M.K. Purvis and S.J.S. Cranefield</h4> <p>With the increasing size, complexity and interconnectedness of systems and organisations, there is a growing need for high level modelling approaches that span the range of application domains. Causal agent modelling offers an intuitive and powerful approach for the development of dynamic models for any application area. This paper outlines some of the basic ideas behind the nature of causal agent models, why they are fundamental to the modelling enterprise, and compares developments in this area to those in the related field of coordination theory. It also describes some research activities using causal agent models at the University of Otago.</p> <p><a href="papers/dp9508mp.pdf.gz">Download</a> (gzipped PDF, 132KB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp9509"></a><h3>95/9: Case-based reasoning and spatial analysis</h3> <h4>A. Holt and G.L. Benwell</h4> <p>This paper brings emphasis to the plausible concept of case-based reasoning being integrated with spatial information systems, and the adaptation of artificial intelligence techniques to improve the analytical strength in spatial information systems. This adaptation of artificial intelligence techniques may include examples of expert systems, fuzzy logic, hybrid connectionist systems and neural networks, all integrated with spatial information systems. The unique process of case-based reasoning is described. The research into the possible integration of case-based reasoning and spatial information systems is outlined. The benefits of a case-based reasoning spatial information hybrid system are discussed.</p> <hr> <a name="dp9510"></a><h3>95/10: Modelling and simulation of the New Zealand Resource Management Act</h3> <h4>M.K. Purvis, M.A. Purvis and G.L. Benwell</h4> <p>A single piece of legislation, the Resource Management Act, governs the management of environmental resources in New Zealand. It establishes procedural requirements and time constraints for all decision-making activities related to governmental environmental management. The present paper describes a model, based on coloured Petri nets, that is under development to facilitate understanding of the Act and to examine performance characteristics of legal processes defined in the Act.</p> <hr> <a name="dp9511"></a><h3>95/11: Fuzzy concepts, land and cultural confidentiality</h3> <h4>B.A. Ballantyne, G.L. Benwell and N.C. Sutherland</h4> <p>Fuzzy concepts might have potential for protecting and preserving land which has special cultural or spiritual significance for indigenous peoples, because it might support any tangata whenua (indigenous peoples) desires for secrecy and confidentiality. These issues are examined in terms of New Zealand and from the technical perspective of Information Science. The various meanings of <EM>fuzzy</EM> are discussed. Some pertinent questions are: Is a fuzzy concept a useful tool to apply? Do the tangata whenua wich to make use of this tool?</p> <hr> <a name="dp9512"></a><h3>95/12: A case study in environmental decision making</h3> <h4>S.A. Mann</h4> <p>Resource management in New Zealand is fraught with debate and controversy. Regional Councils often seem stuck in the middle of two opposing groups, the farmers and the environmentalists. There are areas, however, where the Regional Councils could be seen to be hindering progress towards resolution of problems. By avoiding policy formulations of certain issues eg: vegetation burning, Councils are creating difficulties for their own staff, landholders and environmental groups. This paper examines one debate that could be greatly simplified by a few policy direction decisions.</p> <hr> <a name="dp9513"></a><h3>95/13: Local government GIS in New Zealand since 1989</h3> <h4>A.J. Marr and G.L. Benwell</h4> <p>This paper draws together existing data with recent survey results and compares the development of local government GIS with the evolution of Information Systems (IS). These comparisons are made using the philosophy that organisational GIS can be modelled. Using this model, various stages of GIS maturity are evaluated.</p> <p><a href="papers/dp9513gb.pdf.gz">Download</a> (gzipped PDF, 212KB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp9514"></a><h3>95/14: Integrating modelling and simulation into a problem solving paradigm for improved regional and environmental decision making</h3> <h4>G.L. Benwell, S.A. Mann and C.B. Smith</h4> <p>In New Zealand the management of the environment is now largely embodied in the Resource Management Act. Within this context there is a clear need to support regionally significant decisions. Furthermore it is important that such decisions are scale invariant, that is, they are appropriately implementable at the micro and macro levels. This demands that decision makers at these diametrically opposed levels are cognisant of the influence of their domain on other domains. A difficult concept. It also implies that there is consensus on what are the significant regional decisions and also how decisions and consequences interact across all scales and, possibly, even regions. As a region is a scale dependent term it is important that the different views can be perceived and conveyed to the different proponents and opponents. This paper develops the case that it is important to make appropriate use of technology when attempting to make decisions at the regional level. This is particularly so in the fragile environments of the high country of southern New Zealand. Furthermore, this paper embodies a concept of the <EM>Six Thinking Hats</EM> of E. de Bono in developing a simulation modelling tool which presents interactive management scenarios of agricultural areas of the high country. The modelling concept is presented along with the reasons for adopting the de Bono concept.</p> <hr> <a name="dp9515"></a><h3>95/15: Agent-based integration of general-purpose tools</h3> <h4>S.J.S. Cranefield and M.K. Purvis</h4> <p>Agent-Based Software Integration (ABSI) entails the development of intelligent software agents and knowledge-sharing protocols that enhance interoperability of multiple software packages. Although some past ABSI projects reported in the literature have been concerned with the integration of relatively large software frameworks from separate engineering disciplines, the discussion in this paper concerns the integration of general-purpose software utilities and hand-crafted tools. With such smaller-scale ABSI projects, it may be difficult to justify the expense of constructing an overall ontology for the application. There are cases, however, when the project involves general-purpose tools that manipulate the same general entity types (such as files) but at different levels of abstraction. In such cases it is appropriate to have ontologies appropriate for the general usage of each tool and constraint descriptions that enable the ontological specifications to be mapped across the various levels of abstraction. This paper discusses issues associated with this type of ABSI project and describes an example information management application associated with university course administration. For the information management application presented the key issues are the provision of standard agent wrappers for standard desktop information management tools and the design of standard ontologies describing information stored in relational databases as well as in structured text files. Examples of a conceptual model describing such a database ontology are presented in connection with the example application. It is also suggested that a general planning agent, distinct from the notion of a facilitator agent, be employed in this context to assist in the use of various agents to manipulate information and move items from one data format to another.</p> <hr> <a name="dp9516"></a><h3>95/16: Applying case-based reasoning to spatial phenomena</h3> <h4>A. Holt and G.L. Benwell</h4> <p>This paper outlines a unique approach applying artificial intelligence techniques to the solving of environmental problems. The approach combines case-based reasoning with spatial information systems, enabling technologies and techniques from each domain to be applied to environmental problems. This paper defines a possible case-based reasoning/spatial information system hybrid that would allow spatial cases to be defined and analysed by both technologies. The example used in this paper involves soil series classification which, using case-based reasoning, is performed according to spatial criteria. Evaluations and spatial criteria are then used to predict properties of new cases based on similar previous spatial cases.</p>

Ignore Space Show notes View

Website/dp1995-abstracts-contents.htm

<div class="sectionTitle">Information Science Discussion Papers Series: 1995 Abstracts</div>

<hr>

<a name="dp1995-01"></a><h3>95/1: Semantic data modelling for hypermedia database applications</h3>

<h4>R. J. Pegler and P. G. Firns</h4>

<p>This paper develops an approach to data modelling for the design of hypermedia databases. First, the use of data modelling for the design of hypermedia database systems is investigated. A specific example, that of a car parts database, is used as a means of illustrating a generic problem, namely the difficulty associated with interrogating a large database when the exact data element being sought is unknown. The use of hypermedia as a basis for data retrieval in such situations is then discussed. The data contained within hypermedia database systems is typically unstructured, which has led to systems being developed using ad hoc design approaches with little regard for formal data modelling techniques. Hence, the main contribution of the paper is the illustration of a hybrid data modelling approach of suitable semantic richness to capture the complexities of hypermedia databases.</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1995-02"></a><h3>95/2: Pursuing a national policy for information technology in school education: A New Zealand odyssey</h3>

<h4>P. J. Sallis and T. McMahon</h4>

<p>In September 1994, the government of New Zealand published a document entitled Education for the 21st Century. The document sets out targets and challenges for the education system in New Zealand to meet by 2001. One of the targets, and the associated fiscal challenge, is to improve the access of New Zealand students to information technology, so that by 2001 there is at least one computer for every five students at all levels of school education.</p>

<p>This bold policy statement follows a chain of reports and government initiatives extending over approximately 15 years.</p>

<p>This paper describes government policy initiatives, the reports which gave rise to them, and the changes in curriculum, teacher, and classroom practice which have taken place since computers were first used in New Zealand classrooms in the 1970s.</p>

<p>The short history of educational computing in New Zealand has spanned a period of massive political and economic reform, and enormous structural change in the education system. The authors have been observers of, and contributors to, aspects of the development of New Zealand&rsquo;s use of information technology in education over the whole of this period.</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1995-03"></a><h3>95/3: Information portrayal for intentional processes: A framework for analysis</h3>

<h4>W. B. L. Wong and P. J. Sallis and D. P. O&rsquo;Hare</h4>

<p>It is increasingly recognised that the manner in which information required by a decision maker is portrayed is as important as providing appropriate information. In dynamic intentional process environments such as emergency dispatch control, where the problems are non-trivial and time is tightly constrained, it is important to portray information that is used together, close to one another or appropriately integrated. This is important in speeding up the decision maker&rsquo;s interpretation of the information and assessment of the state of the situation.</p>

<p>But how should information be portrayed so that the information may be assimilated quickly in such situations? To answer this question, a framework for analysis was developed to guide the investigation. This framework brings together the decisions made, the information used, the source and accessibility of the source, and how the information is used in each decision, thereby identifying the information portrayal requirements. This framework will be presented in this paper.</p>

<p>However, before discussing the framework, it is necessary to introduce the concept of decision making in naturalistic environments as it is within this context of dynamic decision making that the problem of information portrayal is studied. The paper will examine the characteristics of dynamic intentional processes, and then briefly describe the environment of one example of an intentional process environment, an emergency control center, that formed the basis of the study. The cognitive task analysis techniques use to elicit the decision processes and the information portrayal requirements will also be described, and then finally, the initial results of the study will be presented.</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1995-04"></a><h3>95/4: An object repository model for the storage of spatial metadata</h3>

<h4>S. K. S. Cockcroft</h4>

<p>The design of spatial information systems has traditionally been carried out independently of mainstream database developments. It is contended that the adoption of mainstream database design techniques is important to progress in the spatial information systems development field. An accepted approach to the development of information systems is through an integrated development environment with a design repository at its core. This paper proposes a skeleton model for the design of a repository to store spatial metadata. An object oriented modelling approach is adopted in preference to an entity relationship approach because of its ability to model functional and dynamic aspects of the repository.</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp1995-04.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 184 KB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1995-05"></a><h3>95/5: Establishing relationships between specification size and software process effort in CASE environments</h3>

<h4>S. G. MacDonell</h4>

<p>Advances in software process technology have rendered many existing methods of size assessment and effort estimation inapplicable. The use of automation in the software process, however, provides an opportunity for the development of more appropriate software size-based effort estimation models. A specification-based size assessment method has therefore been developed and tested in relation to process effort on a preliminary set of systems. The results of the analysis confirm the assertion that, within the automated environment class, specification size indicators (that may be automatically and objectively derived) are strongly related to process effort requirements.</p>

<p><strong>Keywords:</strong> CASE, process effort, software metrics</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp1995-05.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 264 KB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1995-06"></a><h3>95/6: Information portrayal for decision support in dynamic intentional process environments</h3>

<h4>W. B. L. Wong and P. J. Sallis and D. P. O&rsquo;Hare</h4>

<p>This paper reports on preliminary findings of a cognitive task analysis conducted at an ambulance despatch control center. The intense and dynamic nature of the decision making environment is first described, and the decision process modelled in an attempt to identify decision strategies used by the Communications Officers. Some information portrayal requirements stemming from one of the decision processes are then discussed, and these requirements are then translated into a proposed display solution.</p>

<p><strong>Keywords:</strong> information portrayal, information display design, decision support design, decision modelling, naturalistic decision making, critical decision method, ambulance service</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp1995-06.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 244 KB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1995-07"></a><h3>95/7: Communicating agents: An emerging approach for distributed heterogeneous systems</h3>

<h4>S. J. S. Cranefield and P. Gorman and M. K. Purvis</h4>

<p>The concept of an intelligent software agent has emerged from its origins in artificial intelligence laboratories to become an important basis for the development of distributed systems in the mainstream computer science community. This paper provides a review of some of the ideas behind the intelligent agent approach and addresses the question &ldquo;what is an agent?&rdquo; Some principal application areas for agent-based computing are outlined and related research programmes at the University of Otago are discussed.</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp1995-07.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 188 KB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1995-08"></a><h3>95/8: Causal agent modelling: A unifying paradigm for systems and organisations</h3>

<h4>M. K. Purvis and S. J. S. Cranefield</h4>

<p>With the increasing size, complexity and interconnectedness of systems and organisations, there is a growing need for high level modelling approaches that span the range of application domains. Causal agent modelling offers an intuitive and powerful approach for the development of dynamic models for any application area. This paper outlines some of the basic ideas behind the nature of causal agent models, why they are fundamental to the modelling enterprise, and compares developments in this area to those in the related field of coordination theory. It also describes some research activities using causal agent models at the University of Otago.</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp1995-08.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 180 KB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1995-09"></a><h3>95/9: Case-based reasoning and spatial analysis</h3>

<h4>A. Holt and G. L. Benwell</h4>

<p>This paper brings emphasis to the plausible concept of case-based reasoning being integrated with spatial information systems, and the adaptation of artificial intelligence techniques to improve the analytical strength in spatial information systems. This adaptation of artificial intelligence techniques may include examples of expert systems, fuzzy logic, hybrid connectionist systems and neural networks, all integrated with spatial information systems. The unique process of case-based reasoning is described. The research into the possible integration of  case-based reasoning and spatial information systems is outlined. The benefits of a case-based reasoning spatial information hybrid system are discussed.</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1995-10"></a><h3>95/10: Modelling and simulation of the New Zealand Resource Management Act</h3>

<h4>M. K. Purvis and M. A. Purvis and G. L. Benwell</h4>

<p>A single piece of legislation, the Resource Management Act, governs the management of environmental resources in New Zealand. It establishes procedural requirements and time constraints for all decision-making activities related to governmental environmental management. The present paper describes a model, based on coloured Petri nets, that is under development to facilitate understanding of the Act and to examine performance characteristics of legal processes defined in the Act.</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1995-11"></a><h3>95/11: Fuzzy concepts, land and cultural confidentiality</h3>

<h4>B. A. Ballantyne and G. L. Benwell and N. C. Sutherland</h4>

<p>Fuzzy concepts might have potential for protecting and preserving land which has special cultural or spiritual significance for indigenous peoples, because it might support any tangata whenua (indigenous peoples) desires for secrecy and confidentiality. These issues are examined in terms of New Zealand and from the technical perspective of Information Science. The various meanings of fuzzy are discussed. Some pertinent questions are: Is a fuzzy concept a useful tool to apply? Do the tangata whenua wish to make use of this tool?</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1995-12"></a><h3>95/12: A case study in environmental decision making</h3>

<p>Resource management in New Zealand is fraught with debate and controversy. Regional Councils often seem stuck in the middle of two opposing groups, the farmers and the environmentalists. There are areas, however, where the Regional Councils could be seen to be hindering progress towards resolution of problems. By avoiding policy formulations of certain issues eg: vegetation burning, Councils are creating difficulties for their own staff, landholders and environmental groups. This paper examines one debate that could be greatly simplified by a few policy direction decisions.</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1995-13"></a><h3>95/13: Local government GIS in New Zealand since 1989</h3>

<h4>A. J. Marr and G. L. Benwell</h4>

<p>This paper draws together existing data with recent survey results and compares the development of local government GIS with the evolution of Information Systems (IS). These comparisons are made using the philosophy that organisational GIS can be modelled. Using this model, various stages of GIS maturity are evaluated.</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp1995-13.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 268 KB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1995-14"></a><h3>95/14: Integrating modelling and simulation into a problem solving paradigm for improved regional and environmental decision making</h3>

<h4>G. L. Benwell and T. Fletcher and C. B. Smith</h4>

<p>In New Zealand the management of the environment is now largely embodied in the Resource Management Act. Within this context there is a clear need to support regionally significant decisions. Furthermore it is important that such decisions are scale invariant, that is, they are appropriately implementable at the micro and macro levels. This demands that decision makers at these diametrically opposed levels are cognisant of the influence of their domain on other domains. A difficult concept. It also implies that there is consensus on what are the significant regional decisions and also how decisions and consequences interact across all scales and, possibly, even regions. As a region is a scale dependent term it is important that the different views can be perceived and conveyed to the different proponents and opponents. This paper develops the case that it is important to make appropriate use of technology when attempting to make decisions at the regional level. This is particularly so in the fragile environments of the high country of southern New Zealand. Furthermore, this paper embodies a concept of the Six Thinking Hats of E. de Bono in developing a simulation modelling tool which presents interactive management scenarios of agricultural areas of the high country. The modelling concept is presented along with the reasons for adopting the de Bono concept.</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1995-15"></a><h3>95/15: Agent-based integration of general-purpose tools</h3>

<h4>S. J. S. Cranefield and M. K. Purvis</h4>

<p>Agent-Based Software Integration (ABSI) entails the development of intelligent software agents and knowledge-sharing protocols that enhance interoperability of multiple software packages. Although some past ABSI projects reported in the literature have been concerned with the integration of relatively large software frameworks from separate engineering disciplines, the discussion in this paper concerns the integration of general-purpose software utilities and hand-crafted tools. With such smaller-scale ABSI projects, it may be difficult to justify the expense of constructing an overall ontology for the application. There are cases, however, when the project involves general-purpose tools that manipulate the same general entity types (such as files) but at different levels of abstraction. In such cases it is appropriate to have ontologies appropriate for the general usage of each tool and constraint descriptions that enable the ontological specifications to be mapped across the various levels of abstraction. This paper discusses issues associated with this type of ABSI project and describes an example information management application associated with university course administration. For the information management application presented the key issues are the provision of standard agent wrappers for standard desktop information management tools and the design of standard ontologies describing information stored in relational databases as well as in structured text files. Examples of a conceptual model describing such a database ontology are presented in connection with the example application. It is also suggested that a general planning agent, distinct from the notion of a facilitator agent, be employed in this context to assist in the use of various agents to manipulate information and move items from one data format to another.</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1995-16"></a><h3>95/16: Applying case-based reasoning to spatial phenomena</h3>

<h4>A. Holt and G. L. Benwell</h4>

<p>This paper outlines a unique approach applying artificial intelligence techniques to the solving of environmental problems. The approach combines case-based reasoning with spatial information systems, enabling technologies and techniques from each domain to be applied to environmental problems. This paper defines a possible case-based reasoning/spatial information system hybrid that would allow spatial cases to be defined and analysed by both technologies. The example used in this paper involves soil series classification which, using case-based reasoning, is performed according to spatial criteria. Evaluations and spatial criteria are then used to predict properties of new cases based on similar previous spatial  cases.</p>

<div class="sectionTitle">Information Science Discussion Papers Series: 1995 Abstracts</div>

<hr>

<a name="dp9501"></a><h3>95/1: Semantic data modelling for hypermedia database applications</h3>
<h4>R.J. Pegler and P.G. Firns</h4>

<hr>

<a name="dp9502"></a><h3>95/2: Pursuing a national policy for information technology in school education: A New Zealand odyssey</h3>
<h4>P.J. Sallis and T. McMahon</h4>

<p>In September 1994, the government of New Zealand published a document entitled <EM>Education for the 21st Century</EM>. The document sets out targets and challenges for the education system in New Zealand to meet by 2001. One of the targets, and the associated fiscal challenge, is to improve the access of New Zealand students to information technology, so that by 2001 there is at least one computer for every five students at all levels of school education.</p>

<p>This bold policy statement follows a chain of reports and government initiatives extending over approximately 15 years.</p>

<p>The short history of educational computing in New Zealand has spanned a period of massive political and economic reform, and enormous structural change in the education system. The authors have been observers of, and contributors to, aspects of the development of New Zealand&#8217;s use of information technology in education over the whole of this period.</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp9503"></a><h3>95/3: Information portrayal for intentional processes: A framework for analysis</h3>
<h4>W.B.L. Wong, P.J. Sallis and D.P. O&#8217;Hare</h4>

<p>It is increasingly recognised that the manner in which information required by a decision maker is portrayed is as important as providing appropriate information. In dynamic intentional process environments such as emergency dispatch control, where the problems are non-trivial and time is tightly constrained, it is important to portray information that is used together, close to one another or appropriately integrated. This is important in speeding up the decision maker&#8217;s interpretation of the information and assessment of the state of the situation.</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp9504"></a><h3>95/4: An object repository model for the storage of spatial metadata</h3>
<h4>S.K.S. Cockcroft</h4>

<p><a href="papers/dp9504so.pdf.gz">Download</a> (gzipped PDF, 138KB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp9505"></a><h3>95/5: Establishing relationships between specification size and software process effort in CASE environments</h3>
<h4>S.G. MacDonell</h4>

<p><strong>Keywords: </strong>CASE,
process effort,
software metrics</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp9505sm.pdf.gz">Download</a> (gzipped PDF, 205KB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp9506"></a><h3>95/6: Information portrayal for decision support in dynamic intentional process environments</h3>
<h4>W.B.L. Wong, P.J. Sallis and D.P. O&#8217;Hare</h4>

<p><strong>Keywords: </strong>information portrayal,
information display design,
decision support design,
decision modelling,
naturalistic decision making,
critical decision method,
ambulance service</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp9506ww.pdf.gz">Download</a> (gzipped PDF, 189KB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp9507"></a><h3>95/7: Communicating agents: An emerging approach for distributed heterogeneous systems</h3>
<h4>S.J.S. Cranefield, P. Gorman and M.K. Purvis</h4>

<p>The concept of an intelligent software agent has emerged from its origins in artificial intelligence laboratories to become an important basis for the development of distributed systems in the mainstream computer science community. This paper provides a review of some of the ideas behind the intelligent agent approach and addresses the question  &#8220;what is an agent?&#8221; Some principal application areas for agent-based computing are outlined and related research programmes at the University of Otago are discussed.</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp9507sc.pdf.gz">Download</a> (gzipped PDF, 143KB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp9508"></a><h3>95/8: Causal agent modelling: A unifying paradigm for systems and organisations</h3>
<h4>M.K. Purvis and S.J.S. Cranefield</h4>

<p><a href="papers/dp9508mp.pdf.gz">Download</a> (gzipped PDF, 132KB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp9509"></a><h3>95/9: Case-based reasoning and spatial analysis</h3>
<h4>A. Holt and G.L. Benwell</h4>

<hr>

<a name="dp9510"></a><h3>95/10: Modelling and simulation of the New Zealand Resource Management Act</h3>
<h4>M.K. Purvis, M.A. Purvis and G.L. Benwell</h4>

<hr>

<a name="dp9511"></a><h3>95/11: Fuzzy concepts, land and cultural confidentiality</h3>
<h4>B.A. Ballantyne, G.L. Benwell and N.C. Sutherland</h4>

<p>Fuzzy concepts might have potential for protecting and preserving land which has special cultural or spiritual significance for indigenous peoples, because it might support any tangata whenua (indigenous peoples) desires for secrecy and confidentiality. These issues are examined in terms of New Zealand and from the technical perspective of Information Science. The various meanings of <EM>fuzzy</EM> are discussed. Some pertinent questions are: Is a fuzzy concept a useful tool to apply? Do the tangata whenua wich to make use of this tool?</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp9512"></a><h3>95/12: A case study in environmental decision making</h3>
<h4>S.A. Mann</h4>

<hr>

<a name="dp9513"></a><h3>95/13: Local government GIS in New Zealand since 1989</h3>
<h4>A.J. Marr and G.L. Benwell</h4>

<p><a href="papers/dp9513gb.pdf.gz">Download</a> (gzipped PDF, 212KB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp9514"></a><h3>95/14: Integrating modelling and simulation into a problem solving paradigm for improved regional and environmental decision making</h3>
<h4>G.L. Benwell, S.A. Mann and C.B. Smith</h4>

<p>In New Zealand the management of the environment is now largely embodied in the Resource Management Act. Within this context there is a clear need to support regionally significant decisions. Furthermore it is important that such decisions are scale invariant, that is, they are appropriately implementable at the micro and macro levels. This demands that decision makers at these diametrically opposed levels are cognisant of the influence of their domain on other domains. A difficult concept. It also implies that there is consensus on what are the significant regional decisions and also how decisions and consequences interact across all scales and, possibly, even regions. As a region is a scale dependent term it is important that the different views can be perceived and conveyed to the different proponents and opponents. This paper develops the case that it is important to make appropriate use of technology when attempting to make decisions at the regional level. This is particularly so in the fragile environments of the high country of southern New Zealand. Furthermore, this paper embodies a concept of the <EM>Six Thinking Hats</EM> of E. de Bono in developing a simulation modelling tool which presents interactive management scenarios of agricultural areas of the high country. The modelling concept is presented along with the reasons for adopting the de Bono concept.</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp9515"></a><h3>95/15: Agent-based integration of general-purpose tools</h3>
<h4>S.J.S. Cranefield and M.K. Purvis</h4>

<hr>

<a name="dp9516"></a><h3>95/16: Applying case-based reasoning to spatial phenomena</h3>
<h4>A. Holt and G.L. Benwell</h4>

Ignore Space Show notes View Website/dp1996-abstracts-contents.htm
<div class="sectionTitle">Information Science Discussion Papers Series: 1996 Abstracts</div> <hr> <a name="dp1996-01"></a><h3>96/01: Using data models to estimate required effort in creating a spatial information system</h3> <h4>G. L. Benwell and S. G. MacDonell</h4> <p>The creation of spatial information systems can be viewed from many directions. One such view is to see the creation in terms of data collection, data modelling, codifying spatial processes, information management, analysis and presentation. The amount of effort to create such systems is frequently under-estimated; this is true for each aspect of the above view. The accuracy of the assessment of effort will vary for each aspect. This paper concentrates on the effort required to create the code for spatial processes and analysis. Recent experience has indicated that this is an area where considerable under-estimation is occurring. Function point analysis presented in this paper provides a reliable metric for spatial systems developers to assess required effort based on spatial data models.</p> <hr> <a name="dp1996-02"></a><h3>96/02: The use of a metadata repository in spatial database development</h3> <h4>S. K. S. Cockcroft</h4> <p>Database schemas currently used to define spatial databases are deficient in that they do not incorporate facilities to specify business rules/integrity constraints. This shortcoming has been noted by Günther and Lamberts [Günther & Lamberts, 1994] who commented that geographical information systems (GIS) do not generally offer any functionality to preserve semantic integrity. It is desirable that this functionality be incorporated for reasons of consistency and so that an estimate of the accuracy of data entry can be made. Research into constraints upon spatial relationships at the conceptual level is well documented. A number of researchers have shown that the transition from conceptual to logical spatial data models is possible [Firns, 1994; Hadzilacos & Tryfona, 1995]. The algorithmic accomplishment of this transition is a subject of current research. This paper presents one approach to incorporating spatial business rules in spatially referenced database schemas by means of a repository. It is demonstrated that the repository has an important role to play in spatial data management and in particular automatic schema generation for spatially referenced databases.</p> <p><a href="papers/dp1996-02.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 188 KB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp1996-03"></a><h3>96/03: Connectionist-based information systems: A proposed research theme</h3> <h4>N. K. Kasabov and M. K. Purvis and P. J. Sallis</h4> <p>General Characteristics of the Theme</p> <p>* Emerging technology with rapidly growing practical applications<br/>* Nationally and internationally recognised leadership of the University of Otago<br/>* Already established organisation for research and working teams<br/>* Growing number of postgraduate students working on the theme<br/>* Growing number of research projects in this area <br/>* Growing number of publications by members of the team</p> <p><a href="papers/dp1996-03.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 180 KB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp1996-04"></a><h3>96/04: Agent modelling with Petri nets</h3> <h4>M. K. Purvis and S. J. S. Cranefield</h4> <p>The use of intelligent software agents is a modelling paradigm that is gaining increasing attention in the applications of distributed systems. This paper identifies essential characteristics of agents and shows how they can be mapped into a coloured Petri net representation so that the coordination of activities both within agents and between interacting agents can be visualised and analysed. The detailed structure and behaviour of an individual agent in terms of coloured Petri nets is presented, as well as a description of how such agents interact. A key notion is that the essential functional components of an agent are explicitly represented by means of coloured Petri net constructs in this representation.</p> <hr> <a name="dp1996-05"></a><h3>96/05: A comparison of alternatives to regression analysis as model building techniques to develop predictive equations for software metrics</h3> <h4>A. R. Gray and S. G. MacDonell</h4> <p>The almost exclusive use of regression analysis to derive predictive equations for software development metrics found in papers published before 1990 has recently been complemented by increasing numbers of studies using non-traditional methods, such as neural networks, fuzzy logic models, case-based reasoning systems, rule-based systems, and regression trees. There has also been an increasing level of sophistication in the regression-based techniques used, including robust regression methods, factor analysis, resampling methods, and more effective and efficient validation procedures. This paper examines the implications of using these alternative methods and provides some recommendations as to when they may be appropriate. A comparison between standard linear regression, robust regression, and the alternative techniques is also made in terms of their modelling capabilities with specific reference to software metrics.</p> <hr> <a name="dp1996-06"></a><h3>96/06: Process management for geographical information system development</h3> <h4>S. G. MacDonell and G. L. Benwell</h4> <p>The controlled management of software processes, an area of ongoing research in the business systems domain, is equally important in the development of geographical information systems (GIS). Appropriate software processes must be defined, used and managed in order to ensure that, as much as possible, systems are developed to quality standards on time and within budget. However, specific characteristics of geographical information systems, in terms of their inherent need for graphical output, render some process management tools and techniques less appropriate. This paper examines process management activities that are applicable to GIS, and suggests that it may be possible to extend such developments into the visual programming domain. A case study concerned with development effort estimation is presented as a precursor to a discussion of the implications of system requirements for significant graphical output.</p> <p><a href="papers/dp1996-06.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 180 KB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp1996-07"></a><h3>96/07: Experimental transformation of a cognitive schema into a display structure</h3> <h4>W. B. L. Wong and D. P. O’Hare and P. J. Sallis</h4> <p>The purpose of this paper is to report on an experiment conducted to evaluate the feasibility of an empirical approach for translating a cognitive schema into a display structure. This experiment is part of a series of investigations aimed at determining how information about dynamic environments should be portrayed to facilitate decision making. Studies to date have generally derived an information display organisation that is largely based on a designer’s experience, intuition and understanding of the processes. In this study we report on how we attempted to formalise this design process so that if the procedures were adopted, other less experienced designers would still be able to objectively formulate a display organisation that is just as effective. This study is based on the first stage of the emergency dispatch management process, the call-taking stage. The participants in the study were ambulance dispatch officers from the Dunedin-based Southern Regional Communications Centre of the St. John’s Ambulance Service in New Zealand.</p> <hr> <a name="dp1996-08"></a><h3>96/08: Neuro-fuzzy engineering for spatial information processing</h3> <h4>N. K. Kasabov and M. K. Purvis and F. Zhang and G. L. Benwell</h4> <p>This paper proposes neuro-fuzzy engineering as a novel approach to spatial data analysis and for building decision making systems based on spatial information processing, and the development of this approach by the authors is presented in this paper. It has been implemented as a software environment and is illustrated on a case study problem.</p> <p><a href="papers/dp1996-08.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 376 KB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp1996-09"></a><h3>96/09: Improved learning strategies for multimodular fuzzy neural network systems: A case study on image classification</h3> <h4>S. A. Israel and N. K. Kasabov</h4> <p>This paper explores two different methods for improved learning in multimodular fuzzy neural network systems for classification. It demonstrates these methods on a case study of satellite image classification using 3 spectral inputs and 10 coastal vegetation covertype outputs. The classification system is a multimodular one; it has one fuzzy neural network per output. All the fuzzy neural networks are trained in parallel for a small number of iterations. Then, the system performance is tested on new data to determine the types of interclass confusion. Two strategies are developed to improve classification performance. First, the individual modules are additionally trained for a very small number of iterations on a subset of the data to decrease the false positive and the false negative errors. The second strategy is to create new units, ‘experts’, which are individually trained to discriminate only the ambiguous classes. So, if the main system classifies a new input into one of the ambiguous classes, then the new input is passed to the ‘experts’ for final classification. Two learning techniques are presented and applied to both classification performance enhancement strategies; the first one reduces omission, or false negative, error; the second reduces comission, or false positive, error. Considerable improvement is achieved by using these learning techniques and thus, making it feasible to incorporate them into a real adaptive system that improves during operation.</p> <p><a href="papers/dp1996-09.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 440 KB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp1996-10"></a><h3>96/10: Politics and techniques of data encryption</h3> <h4>H. B. Wolfe</h4> <p>Cryptography is the art or science, depending on how you look at it, of keeping messages secure. It has been around for a couple of thousand years in various forms. The Spartan Lysander and even Caesar made use of cryptography in some of their communications. Others in history include Roger Bacon, Edgar Allan Poe, Geoffrey Chaucer, and many more. By today’s standards cryptographic techniques, through the ages right up to the end of World War I, have been pretty primitive. With the development of the electro-mechanical devices cryptography came of age. The subsequent evolution of the computer has raised the level of security that cryptography can provide in communications and data storage.</p> <hr> <a name="dp1996-11"></a><h3>96/11: Reasonable security safeguards for small to medium organisations</h3> <h4>H. B. Wolfe</h4> <p>In today’s world most businesses, large and small, depend on their computer(s) to provide vital functions consistently and without interruption. In many organizations the loss of the computer function could mean the difference between continued operation and shutdown. Reliability and continuity, therefore, become the critical aspect of any computer system(s) currently in use. This paper attempts to describe some of the most important issues any organization should address in order to reduce their risk where it relates to computer related failure.</p> <hr> <a name="dp1996-12"></a><h3>96/12: Information warfare: Where are the threats?</h3> <h4>H. B. Wolfe</h4> <p>(No abstract.)</p> <p><a href="papers/dp1996-12.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 72 KB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp1996-13"></a><h3>96/13: Interactive visualisation tools for analysing NIR data</h3> <h4>H. Munro and K. Novins and G. L. Benwell and A. Moffat</h4> <p>This paper describes a tool being developed to allow users to visualise the ripening characteristics of fruit. These characteristics, such as sugar, acid and moisture content, can be measured using non-destructive Near Infrared Reflectance (NIR) analysis techniques. The four dimensional nature of the NIR data introduces some interesting visualisation problems. The display device only provides two dimensions, making it necessary to design two dimensional methods for representing the data. In order to help the user fully understand the dataset, a graphical display system is created with an interface that provides flexible visualisation tools.</p> <p><strong>Keywords:</strong> NIR spectroscopy, Polhemus FasTrak™, interaction, interactive graphics, interfaces, visualisation, scientific visualisation</p> <hr> <a name="dp1996-14"></a><h3>96/14: A connectionist computational architecture based on an optical thin-film model</h3> <h4>M. K. Purvis and X. Li</h4> <p>A novel connectionist architecture that differs from conventional architectures based on the neuroanatomy of biological organisms is described. The proposed scheme is based on the model of multilayered optical thin-films, with the thicknesses of the individual thin-film layers serving as adjustable ‘weights’ for the training. A discussion of training techniques for this model and some sample simulation calculations in the area of pattern recognition are presented. These results are shown to compare with results when the same training data are used in connection with a feed-forward neural network with back propagation training. A physical realization of this architecture could largely take advantage of existing optical thin-film deposition technology.</p> <hr> <a name="dp1996-15"></a><h3>96/15: Measurement of database systems: An empirical study</h3> <h4>S. G. MacDonell and M. J. Shepperd and P. J. Sallis</h4> <p>There is comparatively little work, other than function points, that tackles the problem of building prediction systems for software that is dominated by data considerations, in particular systems developed using 4GLs. We describe an empirical investigation of 70 such systems. Various easily obtainable counts were extracted from data models (e.g. number of entities) and from specifications (e.g. number of screens). Using simple regression analysis, prediction systems of implementation size with accuracy of MMRE=21% were constructed. Our work shows that it is possible to develop simple and effective prediction systems based upon metrics easily derived from functional specifications and data models.</p> <p><strong>Keywords:</strong> metrics, entity-relationship models, 4GL, empirical, prediction</p> <p><a href="papers/dp1996-15.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 200 KB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp1996-16"></a><h3>96/16: Teaching a diploma in medical informatics using the World Wide Web</h3> <h4>R. T. Pascoe and D. Abernathy</h4> <p>In this paper is discussed the preliminary development of a Diploma in Medical Informatics which will comprise courses offered entirely through the Internet in the form of World Wide Web documents and electronic mail. Proposed use of such educational technology for the delivery of these courses within a distance learning environment is based upon a conversational framework developed by Laurillard (1993) and an associated classification of this technology according to the length to which elements within the conversational framework is supported.</p> <p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Diploma in Medical Informatics, World Wide Web (WWW), distance learning, educational technology</p> <hr> <a name="dp1996-17"></a><h3>96/17: Alternatives to regression models for estimating software projects</h3> <h4>S. G. MacDonell and A. R. Gray</h4> <p>The use of ‘standard’ regression analysis to derive predictive equations for software development has recently been complemented by increasing numbers of analyses using less common methods, such as neural networks, fuzzy logic models, and regression trees. This paper considers the implications of using these methods and provides some recommendations as to when they may be appropriate. A comparison of techniques is also made in terms of their modelling capabilities with specific reference to function point analysis.</p> <p><a href="papers/dp1996-17.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 232 KB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp1996-18"></a><h3>96/18: A goal-oriented approach for designing decision support displays in dynamic environments</h3> <h4>W. B. L. Wong and D. P. O’Hare and P. J. Sallis</h4> <p>This paper reports on how the Critical Decision Method, a cognitive task analysis technique, was employed to identify the goal states of tasks performed by dispatchers in a dynamic environment, the Sydney Ambulance Co-ordination Centre. The analysis identified five goal states: Notification; Situation awareness; Planning resource to task compatibility; Speedy response; Maintain history of developments. These goals were then used to guide the development of display concepts that support decision strategies invoked by dispatchers in this task environment.</p> <p><strong>Keywords:</strong> critical decision method (CDM), cognitive task analysis, cognitive engineering, ambulance dispatch, command and control, information portrayal, display design, decision support</p> <p><a href="papers/dp1996-18.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 148 KB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp1996-19"></a><h3>96/19: Software process engineering for measurement-driven software quality programs—Realism and idealism</h3> <h4>S. G. MacDonell and A. R. Gray</h4> <p>This paper brings together a set of commonsense recommendations relating to the delivery of software quality, with some emphasis on the adoption of realistic perspectives for software process/product stakeholders in the area of process improvement. The use of software measurement is regarded as an essential component for a quality development program, in terms of prediction, control, and adaptation as well as the communication necessary for stakeholders’ realistic perspectives. Some recipes for failure are briefly considered so as to enable some degree of contrast between what is currently perceived to be good and bad practices. This is followed by an evaluation of the quality-at-all-costs model, including a brief pragmatic investigation of quality in other, more mature, disciplines. Several programs that claim to assist in the pursuit of quality are examined, with some suggestions made as to how they may best be used in practice.</p> <p><a href="papers/dp1996-19.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 240 KB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp1996-20"></a><h3>96/20: Using genetic algorithms for an optical thin-film learning model</h3> <h4>X. Li and M. K. Purvis</h4> <p>A novel connectionist architecture based on an optical thin-film multilayer model (OTFM) is described. The architecture is explored as an alternative to the widely used neuron-inspired models, with the thin-film thicknesses serving as adjustable ‘weights’ for the computation. The use of genetic algorithms for training the thin-film model, along with experimental results on the parity problem and the iris data classification are presented.</p> <p><a href="papers/dp1996-20.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 448 KB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp1996-21"></a><h3>96/21: Early experiences in measuring multimedia systems development effort</h3> <h4>T. Fletcher and W. B. L. Wong and S. G. MacDonell</h4> <p>The development of multimedia information systems must be managed and controlled just as it is for other generic system types. This paper proposes an approach for assessing multimedia component and system characteristics with a view to ultimately using these features to estimate the associated development effort. Given the different nature of multimedia systems, existing metrics do not appear to be entirely useful in this domain; however, some general principles can still be applied in analysis. Some basic assertions concerning the influential characteristics of multimedia systems are made and a small preliminary set of data is evaluated</p> <p><strong>Keywords:</strong> multimedia, management, metrics</p> <p><a href="papers/dp1996-21.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 220 KB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp1996-22"></a><h3>96/22: Applying soft systems methodology to multimedia systems requirements analysis</h3> <h4>D. Z. Butt and T. Fletcher and S. G. MacDonell and B. E. Norris and W. B. L. Wong</h4> <p>The Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) was used to identify requirements for the development of one or more information systems for a local company. The outcome of using this methodology was the development of three multimedia information systems. This paper discusses the use of the SSM when developing for multimedia environments. Namely, this paper covers the problems with traditional methods of requirements analysis (which the SSM addresses), how the SSM can be used to elicit multimedia information system requirements, and our personal experience of the method. Our personal experience is discussed in terms of the systems we developed using the SSM.</p> <p><strong>Keywords:</strong> multimedia information systems, Soft Systems methodology, systems development lifecycle</p> <hr> <a name="dp1996-23"></a><h3>96/23: FuNN/2—A fuzzy neural network architecture for adaptive learning and knowledge acquisition</h3> <h4>N. K. Kasabov and J. Kim and M. J. Watts and A. R. Gray</h4> <p>Fuzzy neural networks have several features that make them well suited to a wide range of knowledge engineering applications. These strengths include fast and accurate learning, good generalisation capabilities, excellent explanation facilities in the form of semantically meaningful fuzzy rules, and the ability to accommodate both data and existing expert knowledge about the problem under consideration. This paper investigates adaptive learning, rule extraction and insertion, and neural/fuzzy reasoning for a particular model of a fuzzy neural network called FuNN. As well as providing for representing a fuzzy system with an adaptable neural architecture, FuNN also incorporates a genetic algorithm in one of its adaptation modes. A version of FuNN—FuNN/2, which employs triangular membership functions and correspondingly modified learning and adaptation algorithms, is also presented in the paper.</p> <hr> <a name="dp1996-24"></a><h3>96/24: An agent-based architecture for software tool coordination</h3> <h4>S. J. S. Cranefield and M. K. Purvis</h4> <p>This paper presents a practical multi-agent architecture for assisting users to coordinate the use of both special and general purpose software tools for performing tasks in a given problem domain. The architecture is open and extensible being based on the techniques of agent-based software interoperability (ABSI), where each tool is encapsulated by a KQML-speaking agent. The work reported here adds additional facilities for the user to describe the problem domain, the tasks that are commonly performed in that domain and the ways in which various software tools are commonly used by the user. Together, these features provide the computer with a degree of autonomy in the user’s problem domain in order to help the user achieve tasks through the coordinated use of disparate software tools.</p> <p>This research focuses on the representational and planning capabilities required to extend the existing benefits of the ABSI architecture to include domain-level problem-solving skills. In particular, the paper proposes a number of standard ontologies that are required for this type of problem, and discusses a number of issues related to planning the coordinated use of agent-encapsulated tools.</p> <p><a href="papers/dp1996-24.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 72 KB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp1996-25"></a><h3>96/25: Special issue: GeoComputation ’96</h3> <h4>Various</h4> <p>A collection of papers authored by members of the Information Science department and presented at the 1st International Conference on GeoComputation, Leeds, United Kingdom. It comprises the nine papers listed below.</p> <a name="dp1996-25a"></a><h3>96/25a: Spatial databases—Creative future concepts and use</h3> <h4>G. L. Benwell</h4> <p>There is continuing pressure to develop spatial information systems. This paper develops two concepts that could emerge. The first is a new spatial paradigm—an holistic model—which is less of an abstraction from reality than current models. Second, is the concept of federated databases for the improved and transparent access to data by disparate users. The latter concept is hardly new and is included in this paper to emphasize its growing importance. These two developments are presented after a introductory discussion of the present state of the discipline of geographical information systems and spatial analysis.</p> <p style="color: green;">(Not in the electronic version.)</p> <a name="dp1996-25b"></a><h3>96/25b: First experiences in implementing a spatial metadata repository</h3> <h4>S. Cockcroft</h4> <p>Integrated software engineering environments (ISEE) for traditional non spatial information systems are well developed, incorporating Database Management Systems (DBMS) and Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE) tools. The core component of the ISEE is the repository. It brings all the other components together and provides a common area to which all tools can link. In this fashion it also provides a central point for control. No such facility exists for the management of spatial data. This paper describes the development of such a facility in the form of a spatial metadata repository.</p> <p style="color: green;">(Not in the electronic version.)</p> <a name="dp1996-25c"></a><h3>96/25c: Incorporating a new computational reasoning approach to spatial modelling</h3> <h4>A. Holt</h4> <p>Decision support systems, statistics and expert systems were some of the mainstay techniques used for modelling environmental phenomena. Now modelling systems utilise artificial intelligence (AI) techniques for the extra computational analysis they provide. Whilst operating in a toolbox environment and by adopting AI techniques, the geographic information system (GIS) modellers have greater options available for solving problems. This paper outlines a new approach in applying artificial intelligence techniques to solve spatial problems. The approach combines case-based reasoning (CBR) with geographic information systems and allows both techniques to be applied to solve spatial problems. More specifically this paper examines techniques applied to the problem of soil classification. Spatial cases are defined and analysed using the case-based reasoning techniques of retrieve, reuse, revise and retain. Once the structure of cases are defined a case base is compiled. When the case base is of sufficient size, the problem of soil classification is tested using this new approach. The problem is solved by searching the case base for another spatial phenomena similar to that which exists. Then the knowledge from that searched case is used to formulate an answer to the problem. A comparison of the results obtained by this approach and a traditional method of soil classification is then undertaken. This paper also documents the saving data concept in translating from decision trees to CBR. The logistics of the problems that are characteristic of case-based reasoning systems are discussed, for example, how should the spatial domain of an environmental phenomena be best represented in a case base? What are the constraints of CBR, what data are lost, and what functions are gained? Finally, the following question is posed: “to what real world level can the environment be modelled using GIS and case-based reasoning techniques”?</p> <p><a href="papers/dp1996-25c.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 1 MB)</p> <a name="dp1996-25d"></a><h3>96/25d: GIS, expert systems and interoperability</h3> <h4>L. Lilburne and G. Benwell and R. Buick</h4> <p>How should geographic information systems be developed? There is a strong demand from users for enhanced functionality and power. Vendors can and do respond to these demands. But where will this lead? Will the result be one all-embracing and all-conquering program or geographic information system (GIS)? A GIS could grow to incorporate all statistical functions, all visualisation techniques, all data management functions etc. It is possible to perceive a scenario in which GIS is developed to ‘bloatware’ proportions.</p> <p>An alternative scenario is one in which a GIS is interfaced with other software systems. Embedding database bridges and other product-specific links, providing data import and export routines, and system calls are all ways of interfacing GIS with other systems. GIS vendors could opt to produce a ‘linkware’ GIS, interfaced to as many third party systems as possible.</p> <p>Given these two alternatives to GIS development, an interesting set of questions arises. How far do vendors go with enhancing their systems compared with interfacing with third party systems? Is there a balance? Or do GIS users just keep calling for ‘more’, regardless of the solution set?</p> <p>There is a balance. GIS is likely to be developed by being enhanced AND by being interfaced with third party software. In a way, this is a third developmental track leading to an increasingly functional GIS whose ability to interact with other systems is greatly improved. This interoperable GIS allows flexible combinations of systems components while still providing a comprehensive range of spatial operations and analytical functions.</p> <p>Of these three developmental tracks, this paper presents an example of what can be achieved with the interoperable GIS. Expert systems are introduced along with the client/server and object-oriented paradigms. By using these paradigms, a generic, spatial, rule-based toolbox called SES (spatial expert shell) has been created. SES is described using examples and contrasted with other documented expert system-GIS linkages. But first integration is modelled in three dimensions to highlight the need for improvements in how GISs can interact with other systems.</p> <p><a href="papers/dp1996-25d.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 564 KB)</p> <a name="dp1996-25e"></a><h3>96/25e: Environmental decisions with spatial process modelling</h3> <h4>S. Mann</h4> <p>This paper first describes the difficulties inherent in supporting a class of environmental problems, those involved in Regional Environmental Decision Making. A set of conceptual criteria are presented along with discussion on how the criteria might be approached. It is shown that a major obstacle is the need for a system that integrates components of Geographic Information Systems with process modelling functions. A new approach, Spatial Process Modelling is proposed. More detailed design criteria for this system are developed which are then used to develop a prototype system. The system is described and benefits and limitations discussed.</p> <p><a href="papers/dp1996-25e.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 348 KB)</p> <a name="dp1996-25f"></a><h3>96/25f: GIS maturity and integration</h3> <h4>A. J. Marr and G. L. Benwell</h4> <p>This paper discusses the concept of maturity in the use of GIS and then formulates a computational method for measuring an organisations maturity level from the construction of a surrogate indicator. Generation of this model is made under the proposition that maturity is linked to the level that GIS has been integrated and utilised on an organisation wide basis in day to day activities. The research focuses on New Zealand local government and incorporates parallel studies of conventional information technology (IT) with recently collected data to provide support for the concepts and techniques used. It is postulated that due to similarities of function found in other local authorities, that the model has the potential, with further research for wide application.</p> <p><a href="papers/dp1996-25f.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 500 MB)</p> <a name="dp1996-25g"></a><h3>96/25g: Wildlife population analysis with GIS: Conservation management of royal albatross</h3> <h4>B. R. McLennan and M. K. Purvis and C. J. R. Robertson</h4> <p>This paper describes the use of a prototype spatial information system to facilitate exploratory analyses of 60 years of scientific observation data concerning a breeding population of royal albatrosses at Taiaroa Head, on the east coast of New Zealand’s South Island. This system shall form the basis on an on-going data collection, management and analysis effort. Incorporation of breeding records with spatial and landscape data permits the investigation of spatial interactions between the location of nest sites and other phenomena. Three example analyses that explore these interactions are described and discussed.</p> <p style="color: green;">(Not in the electronic version.)</p> <a name="dp1996-25h"></a><h3>96/25h: Data sharing using the X.500 directory</h3> <h4>R. T. Pascoe</h4> <p>Sharing geographical data sets is highly desirable for economical and technical reasons. In this paper the author describes the development of an agency for sharing geographical data which is based on the use of the ISODE implementation of the X.500 Directory Service and a collection of software agents which collaborate with each other to perform the various task associated with sharing data.</p> <p style="color: green;">(Not in the electronic version.)</p> <a name="dp1996-25i"></a><h3>96/25i: Spatial data acquisition from motion video</h3> <h4>M. Williams</h4> <p>Geographic information systems are an important tool for the field of geocomputing. A key component of every system is the data—spatial data has traditionally been labour-intensive to collect, and hence expensive. This paper establishes a new method of acquiring spatial data from motion video. The proposed method is based upon the principles of photogrammetry, but allows position to be calculated with feature tracking rather than point correspondence. By doing so, it avoids many constraints imposed by previous solutions. The new method is demonstrated with linear and rotational motion.</p> <p><a href="papers/dp1996-25i.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 808 KB)</p> <div class="sectionTitle">Information Science Discussion Papers Series: 1996 Abstracts</div> <hr> <a name="dp9601"></a><h3>96/01: Using data models to estimate required effort in creating a spatial information system</h3> <h4>G.L. Benwell and S.G. MacDonell</h4> <p>The creation of spatial information systems can be viewed from many directions. One such view is to see the creation in terms of data collection, data modelling, codifying spatial processes, information management, analysis and presentation. The amount of effort to create such systems is frequently under-estimated; this is true for each aspect of the above view. The accuracy of the assessment of effort will vary for each aspect. This paper concentrates on the effort required to create the code for spatial processes and analysis. Recent experience has indicated that this is an area where considerable under-estimation is occurring. Function point analysis presented in this paper provides a reliable metric for spatial systems developers to assess required effort based on spatial data models.</p> <hr> <a name="dp9602"></a><h3>96/02: The use of a metadata repository in spatial database development</h3> <h4>S.K.S. Cockcroft</h4> <p>Database schemas currently used to define spatial databases are deficient in that they do not incorporate facilities to specify business rules/integrity constraints. This shortcoming has been noted by Günther and Lamberts [Günther & Lamberts, 1994] who commented that geographical information systems (GIS) do not generally offer any functionality to preserve semantic integrity. It is desirable that this functionality be incorporated for reasons of consistency and so that an estimate of the accuracy of data entry can be made. Research into constraints upon spatial relationships at the conceptual level is well documented. A number of researchers have shown that the transition from conceptual to logical spatial data models is possible [Firns, 1994; Hadzilacos & Tryfona, 1995]. The algorithmic accomplishment of this transition is a subject of current research. This paper presents one approach to incorporating spatial business rules in spatially referenced database schemas by means of a repository. It is demonstrated that the repository has an important role to play in spatial data management and in particular automatic schema generation for spatially referenced databases.</p> <p><a href="papers/dp9602so.pdf.gz">Download</a> (gzipped PDF, 141KB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp9603"></a><h3>96/03: Connectionist-based information systems: A proposed research theme</h3> <h4>N.K. Kasabov, M.K. Purvis and P.J. Sallis</h4> <p>General Characteristics of the Theme</p> <blockquote> <ul> <li>Emerging technology with rapidly growing practical applications</li> <li>Nationally and internationally recognised leadership of the University of Otago</li> <li>Already established organisation for research and working teams</li> <li>Growing number of postgraduate students working on the theme</li> <li>Growing number of research projects in this area </li> <li>Growing number of publications by members of the team</p></li> </ul> </blockquote> <p><a href="papers/dp9603nk.pdf.gz">Download</a> (gzipped PDF, 168KB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp9604"></a><h3>96/04: Agent modelling with Petri nets</h3> <h4>M.K. Purvis and S.J.S. Cranefield</h4> <p>The use of intelligent software agents is a modelling paradigm that is gaining increasing attention in the applications of distributed systems. This paper identifies essential characteristics of agents and shows how they can be mapped into a coloured Petri net representation so that the coordination of activities both within agents and between interacting agents can be visualised and analysed. The detailed structure and behaviour of an individual agent in terms of coloured Petri nets is presented, as well as a description of how such agents interact. A key notion is that the essential functional components of an agent are explicitly represented by means of coloured Petri net constructs in this representation.</p> <hr> <a name="dp9605"></a><h3>96/05: A comparison of alternatives to regression analysis as model building techniques to develop predictive equations for software metrics</h3> <h4>A.R. Gray and S.G. MacDonell</h4> <p>The almost exclusive use of regression analysis to derive predictive equations for software development metrics found in papers published before 1990 has recently been complemented by increasing numbers of studies using non-traditional methods, such as neural networks, fuzzy logic models, case-based reasoning systems, rule-based systems, and regression trees. There has also been an increasing level of sophistication in the regression-based techniques used, including robust regression methods, factor analysis, resampling methods, and more effective and efficient validation procedures. This paper examines the implications of using these alternative methods and provides some recommendations as to when they may be appropriate. A comparison between standard linear regression, robust regression, and the alternative techniques is also made in terms of their modelling capabilities with specific reference to software metrics.</p> <hr> <a name="dp9606"></a><h3>96/06: Process management for geographical information system development</h3> <h4>S.G. MacDonell and G.L. Benwell</h4> <p>The controlled management of software processes, an area of ongoing research in the business systems domain, is equally important in the development of geographical information systems (GIS). Appropriate software processes must be defined, used and managed in order to ensure that, as much as possible, systems are developed to quality standards on time and within budget. However, specific characteristics of geographical information systems, in terms of their inherent need for graphical output, render some process management tools and techniques less appropriate. This paper examines process management activities that are applicable to GIS, and suggests that it may be possible to extend such developments into the visual programming domain. A case study concerned with development effort estimation is presented as a precursor to a discussion of the implications of system requirements for significant graphical output.</p> <p><a href="papers/dp9606sm.pdf.gz">Download</a> (gzipped PDF, 134KB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp9607"></a><h3>96/07: Experimental transformation of a cognitive schema into a display structure</h3> <h4>W.B.L. Wong, D.P. O’Hare and P.J. Sallis</h4> <p>The purpose of this paper is to report on an experiment conducted to evaluate the feasibility of an empirical approach for translating a cognitive schema into a display structure. This experiment is part of a series of investigations aimed at determining how information about dynamic environments should be portrayed to facilitate decision making. Studies to date have generally derived an information display organisation that is largely based on a designer’s experience, intuition and understanding of the processes. In this study we report on how we attempted to formalise this design process so that if the procedures were adopted, other less experienced designers would still be able to objectively formulate a display organisation that is just as effective. This study is based on the first stage of the emergency dispatch management process, the call-taking stage. The participants in the study were ambulance dispatch officers from the Dunedin-based Southern Regional Communications Centre of the St. John’s Ambulance Service in New Zealand.</p> <hr> <a name="dp9608"></a><h3>96/08: Neuro-fuzzy engineering for spatial information processing</h3> <h4>N.K. Kasabov, M.K. Purvis, F. Zhang and G.L. Benwell</h4> <p>This paper proposes neuro-fuzzy engineering as a novel approach to spatial data analysis and for building decision making systems based on spatial information processing, and the development of this approach by the authors is presented in this paper. It has been implemented as a software environment and is illustrated on a case study problem.</p> <p><a href="papers/dp9608nk.pdf.gz">Download</a> (gzipped PDF, 285KB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp9609"></a><h3>96/09: Improved learning strategies for multimodular fuzzy neural network systems: A case study on image classification</h3> <h4>S.A. Israel and N.K. Kasabov</h4> <p>This paper explores two different methods for improved learning in multimodular fuzzy neural network systems for classification. It demonstrates these methods on a case study of satellite image classification using 3 spectral inputs and 10 coastal vegetation covertype outputs. The classification system is a multimodular one; it has one fuzzy neural network per output. All the fuzzy neural networks are trained in parallel for a small number of iterations. Then, the system performance is tested on new data to determine the types of interclass confusion. Two strategies are developed to improve classification performance. First, the individual modules are additionally trained for a very small number of iterations on a subset of the data to decrease the false positive and the false negative errors. The second strategy is to create new units, ‘experts’, which are individually trained to discriminate only the ambiguous classes. So, if the main system classifies a new input into one of the ambiguous classes, then the new input is passed to the ‘experts’ for final classification. Two learning techniques are presented and applied to both classification performance enhancement strategies; the first one reduces omission, or false negative, error; the second reduces comission, or false positive, error. Considerable improvement is achieved by using these learning techniques and thus, making it feasible to incorporate them into a real adaptive system that improves during operation.</p> <p><a href="papers/dp9609nk.pdf.gz">Download</a> (gzipped PDF, 364KB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp9610"></a><h3>96/10: Politics and techniques of data encryption</h3> <h4>H.B. Wolfe</h4> <p>Cryptography is the art or science, depending on how you look at it, of keeping messages secure. It has been around for a couple of thousand years in various forms. The Spartan Lysander and even Caesar made use of cryptography in some of their communications. Others in history include Roger Bacon, Edgar Allan Poe, Geoffrey Chaucer, and many more. By today’s standards cryptographic techniques, through the ages right up to the end of World War I, have been pretty primitive. With the development of the electro-mechanical devices cryptography came of age. The subsequent evolution of the computer has raised the level of security that cryptography can provide in communications and data storage.</p> <hr> <a name="dp9611"></a><h3>96/11: Reasonable security safeguards for small to medium organisations</h3> <h4>H.B. Wolfe</h4> <p>In today’s world most businesses, large and small, depend on their computer(s) to provide vital functions consistently and without interruption. In many organizations the loss of the computer function could mean the difference between continued operation and shutdown. Reliability and continuity, therefore, become the critical aspect of any computer system(s) currently in use. This paper attempts to describe some of the most important issues any organization should address in order to reduce their risk where it relates to computer related failure.</p> <hr> <a name="dp9612"></a><h3>96/12: Information warfare: Where are the threats?</h3> <h4>H.B. Wolfe</h4> <p>(No abstract.)</p> <p><a href="papers/dp9612hw.pdf.gz">Download</a> (gzipped PDF, 57KB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp9613"></a><h3>96/13: Interactive visualisation tools for analysing NIR data</h3> <h4>H. Munro, K. Novins, G.L. Benwell and A. Moffat</h4> <p>This paper describes a tool being developed to allow users to visualise the ripening characteristics of fruit. These characteristics, such as sugar, acid and moisture content, can be measured using non-destructive Near Infrared Reflectance (NIR) analysis techniques. The four dimensional nature of the NIR data introduces some interesting visualisation problems. The display device only provides two dimensions, making it necessary to design two dimensional methods for representing the data. In order to help the user fully understand the dataset, a graphical display system is created with an interface that provides flexible visualisation tools.</p> <p><strong>Keywords: </strong>NIR spectroscopy, Polhemus FasTrak™, interaction, interactive graphics, interfaces, visualisation, scientific visualisation</p> <hr> <a name="dp9614"></a><h3>96/14: A connectionist computational architecture based on an optical thin-film model</h3> <h4>M.K. Purvis and X. Li</h4> <p>A novel connectionist architecture that differs from conventional architectures based on the neuroanatomy of biological organisms is described. The proposed scheme is based on the model of multilayered optical thin-films, with the thicknesses of the individual thin-film layers serving as adjustable ‘weights’ for the training. A discussion of training techniques for this model and some sample simulation calculations in the area of pattern recognition are presented. These results are shown to compare with results when the same training data are used in connection with a feed-forward neural network with back propagation training. A physical realization of this architecture could largely take advantage of existing optical thin-film deposition technology.</p> <hr> <a name="dp9615"></a><h3>96/15: Measurement of database systems: An empirical study</h3> <h4>S.G. MacDonell, M.J. Shepperd and P.J. Sallis</h4> <p>There is comparatively little work, other than function points, that tackles the problem of building prediction systems for software that is dominated by data considerations, in particular systems developed using 4GLs. We describe an empirical investigation of 70 such systems. Various easily obtainable counts were extracted from data models (e.g. number of entities) and from specifications (e.g. number of screens). Using simple regression analysis, prediction systems of implementation size with accuracy of MMRE=21% were constructed. Our work shows that it is possible to develop simple and effective prediction systems based upon metrics easily derived from functional specifications and data models.</p> <p><strong>Keywords: </strong>metrics, entity-relationship models, 4GL, empirical, prediction</p> <p><a href="papers/dp9615sm.pdf.gz">Download</a> (gzipped PDF, 151KB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp9616"></a><h3>96/16: Teaching a diploma in medical informatics using the World Wide Web</h3> <h4>R.T. Pascoe and D. Abernathy</h4> <p>In this paper is discussed the preliminary development of a Diploma in Medical Informatics which will comprise courses offered entirely through the Internet in the form of World Wide Web documents and electronic mail. Proposed use of such educational technology for the delivery of these courses within a distance learning environment is based upon a conversational framework developed by Laurillard (1993) and an associated classification of this technology according to the length to which elements within the conversational framework is supported.</p> <p><strong>Keywords: </strong>Diploma in Medical Informatics, World Wide Web (WWW), distance learning, educational technology</p> <hr> <a name="dp9617"></a><h3>96/17: Alternatives to regression models for estimating software projects</h3> <h4>S.G. MacDonell and A.R. Gray</h4> <p>The use of ‘standard’ regression analysis to derive predictive equations for software development has recently been complemented by increasing numbers of analyses using less common methods, such as neural networks, fuzzy logic models, and regression trees. This paper considers the implications of using these methods and provides some recommendations as to when they may be appropriate. A comparison of techniques is also made in terms of their modelling capabilities with specific reference to function point analysis.</p> <p><a href="papers/dp9617sm.pdf.gz">Download</a> (gzipped PDF, 176KB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp9618"></a><h3>96/18: A goal-oriented approach for designing decision support displays in dynamic environments</h3> <h4>W.B.L. Wong, D.P. O’Hare and P.J. Sallis</h4> <p>This paper reports on how the Critical Decision Method, a cognitive task analysis technique, was employed to identify the goal states of tasks performed by dispatchers in a dynamic environment, the Sydney Ambulance Co-ordination Centre. The analysis identified five goal states: Notification; Situation awareness; Planning resource to task compatibility; Speedy response; Maintain history of developments. These goals were then used to guide the development of display concepts that support decision strategies invoked by dispatchers in this task environment.</p> <p><strong>Keywords: </strong>critical decision method (CDM), cognitive task analysis, cognitive engineering, ambulance dispatch, command and control, information portrayal, display design, decision support</p> <p><a href="papers/dp9618ww.pdf.gz">Download</a> (gzipped PDF, 117KB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp9619"></a><h3>96/19: Software process engineering for measurement-driven software quality programs—Realism and idealism</h3> <h4>S.G. MacDonell and A.R. Gray</h4> <p>This paper brings together a set of commonsense recommendations relating to the delivery of software quality, with some emphasis on the adoption of realistic perspectives for software process/product stakeholders in the area of process improvement. The use of software measurement is regarded as an essential component for a quality development program, in terms of prediction, control, and adaptation as well as the communication necessary for stakeholders’ realistic perspectives. Some recipes for failure are briefly considered so as to enable some degree of contrast between what is currently perceived to be good and bad practices. This is followed by an evaluation of the quality-at-all-costs model, including a brief pragmatic investigation of quality in other, more mature, disciplines. Several programs that claim to assist in the pursuit of quality are examined, with some suggestions made as to how they may best be used in practice.</p> <p><a href="papers/dp9619sm.pdf.gz">Download</a> (gzipped PDF, 189KB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp9620"></a><h3>96/20: Using genetic algorithms for an optical thin-film learning model</h3> <h4>X. Li and M.K. Purvis</h4> <p>A novel connectionist architecture based on an optical thin-film multilayer model (OTFM) is described. The architecture is explored as an alternative to the widely used neuron-inspired models, with the thin-film thicknesses serving as adjustable ‘weights’ for the computation. The use of genetic algorithms for training the thin-film model, along with experimental results on the parity problem and the iris data classification are presented.</p> <p><a href="papers/dp9620mp.pdf.gz">Download</a> (gzipped PDF, 437KB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp9621"></a><h3>96/21: Early experiences in measuring multimedia systems development effort</h3> <h4>T. Fletcher, W.B.L. Wong and S.G. MacDonell</h4> <p>The development of multimedia information systems must be managed and controlled just as it is for other generic system types. This paper proposes an approach for assessing multimedia component and system characteristics with a view to ultimately using these features to estimate the associated development effort. Given the different nature of multimedia systems, existing metrics do not appear to be entirely useful in this domain; however, some general principles can still be applied in analysis. Some basic assertions concerning the influential characteristics of multimedia systems are made and a small preliminary set of data is evaluated</p> <p><strong>Keywords: </strong>multimedia, management, metrics</p> <p><a href="papers/dp9621sm.pdf.gz">Download</a> (gzipped PDF, 171KB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp9622"></a><h3>96/22: Applying soft systems methodology to multimedia systems requirements analysis</h3> <h4>D.Z. Butt, T. Fletcher, S.G. MacDonell, B.E. Norris and W.B.L. Wong</h4> <p>The Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) was used to identify requirements for the development of one or more information systems for a local company. The outcome of using this methodology was the development of three multimedia information systems. This paper discusses the use of the SSM when developing for multimedia environments. Namely, this paper covers the problems with traditional methods of requirements analysis (which the SSM addresses), how the SSM can be used to elicit multimedia information system requirements, and our personal experience of the method. Our personal experience is discussed in terms of the systems we developed using the SSM.</p> <p><strong>Keywords: </strong>multimedia information systems, Soft Systems methodology, systems development lifecycle</p> <hr> <a name="dp9623"></a><h3>96/23: FuNN/2—A fuzzy neural network architecture for adaptive learning and knowledge acquisition</h3> <h4>N.K. Kasabov, J. Kim, M.J. Watts and A.R. Gray</h4> <p>Fuzzy neural networks have several features that make them well suited to a wide range of knowledge engineering applications. These strengths include fast and accurate learning, good generalisation capabilities, excellent explanation facilities in the form of semantically meaningful fuzzy rules, and the ability to accommodate both data and existing expert knowledge about the problem under consideration. This paper investigates adaptive learning, rule extraction and insertion, and neural/fuzzy reasoning for a particular model of a fuzzy neural network called FuNN. As well as providing for representing a fuzzy system with an adaptable neural architecture, FuNN also incorporates a genetic algorithm in one of its adaptation modes. A version of FuNN—FuNN/2, which employs triangular membership functions and correspondingly modified learning and adaptation algorithms, is also presented in the paper.</p> <hr> <a name="dp9624"></a><h3>96/24: An agent-based architecture for software tool coordination</h3> <h4>S.J.S. Cranefield and M.K. Purvis</h4> <p>This paper presents a practical multi-agent architecture for assisting users to coordinate the use of both special and general purpose software tools for performing tasks in a given problem domain. The architecture is open and extensible being based on the techniques of agent-based software interoperability (ABSI), where each tool is encapsulated by a KQML-speaking agent. The work reported here adds additional facilities for the user to describe the problem domain, the tasks that are commonly performed in that domain and the ways in which various software tools are commonly used by the user. Together, these features provide the computer with a degree of autonomy in the user’s problem domain in order to help the user achieve tasks through the coordinated use of disparate software tools. This research focuses on the representational and planning capabilities required to extend the existing benefits of the ABSI architecture to include domain-level problem-solving skills. In particular, the paper proposes a number of standard ontologies that are required for this type of problem, and discusses a number of issues related to planning the coordinated use of agent-encapsulated tools.</p> <p><a href="papers/dp9624sc.pdf.gz">Download</a> (gzipped PDF, 55KB)</p> <hr> <a name="dp9625"></a><h3>96/25: Special issue: GeoComputation ’96</h3> <p>A collection of papers authored by members of the Information Science department and presented at the 1st International Conference on GeoComputation, Leeds, United Kingdom. It comprises the nine papers listed below.</p> <p><a href="papers/dp9625.pdf.gz">Download</a> (gzipped PDF, 2.3MB) Note that the electronic version currently does not include all of the papers listed below.</p> <h4><a name="dp9625a">G.L. Benwell.</a> <em>Spatial databases—Creative future concepts and use</em></h4> <p class="note">(Not in the electronic version.)</p> <p>There is continuing pressure to develop spatial information systems. This paper develops two concepts that could emerge. The first is a new spatial paradigm—an holistic model—which is less of an abstraction from reality than current models. Second, is the concept of federated databases for the improved and transparent access to data by disparate users. The latter concept is hardly new and is included in this paper to emphasize its growing importance. These two developments are presented after a introductory discussion of the present state of the discipline of geographical information systems and spatial analysis.</p> <h4><a name="dp9625b">S. Cockcroft.</a> <em>First experiences in implementing a spatial metadata repository</em></h4> <p class="note">(Not in the electronic version.)</p> <p>Integrated software engineering environments (ISEE) for traditional non spatial information systems are well developed, incorporating Database Management Systems (DBMS) and Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE) tools. The core component of the ISEE is the repository. It brings all the other components together and provides a common area to which all tools can link. In this fashion it also provides a central point for control. No such facility exists for the management of spatial data. This paper describes the development of such a facility in the form of a spatial metadata repository.</p> <h4><a name="dp9625c">A. Holt.</a> <em>Incorporating a new computational reasoning approach to spatial modelling</em></h4> <p>Decision support systems, statistics and expert systems were some of the mainstay techniques used for modelling environmental phenomena. Now modelling systems utilise artificial intelligence (AI) techniques for the extra computational analysis they provide. Whilst operating in a toolbox environment and by adopting AI techniques, the geographic information system (GIS) modellers have greater options available for solving problems. This paper outlines a new approach in applying artificial intelligence techniques to solve spatial problems. The approach combines case-based reasoning (CBR) with geographic information systems and allows both techniques to be applied to solve spatial problems. More specifically this paper examines techniques applied to the problem of soil classification. Spatial cases are defined and analysed using the case-based reasoning techniques of retrieve, reuse, revise and retain. Once the structure of cases are defined a case base is compiled. When the case base is of sufficient size, the problem of soil classification is tested using this new approach. The problem is solved by searching the case base for another spatial phenomena similar to that which exists. Then the knowledge from that searched case is used to formulate an answer to the problem. A comparison of the results obtained by this approach and a traditional method of soil classification is then undertaken. This paper also documents the saving data concept in translating from decision trees to CBR. The logistics of the problems that are characteristic of case-based reasoning systems are discussed, for example, how should the spatial domain of an environmental phenomena be best represented in a case base? What are the constraints of CBR, what data are lost, and what functions are gained? Finally, the following question is posed: “to what real world level can the environment be modelled using GIS and case-based reasoning techniques”?</p> <h4><a name="dp9625d">L. Lilburne, G. Benwell and R. Buick.</a> <em>GIS, expert systems and interoperability</em></h4> <p>How should geographic information systems be developed? There is a strong demand from users for enhanced functionality and power. Vendors can and do respond to these demands. But where will this lead? Will the result be one all-embracing and all-conquering program or geographic information system (GIS)? A GIS could grow to incorporate all statistical functions, all visualisation techniques, all data management functions etc. It is possible to perceive a scenario in which GIS is developed to ‘bloatware’ proportions.</p> <p>An alternative scenario is one in which a GIS is interfaced with other software systems. Embedding database bridges and other product-specific links, providing data import and export routines, and system calls are all ways of interfacing GIS with other systems. GIS vendors could opt to produce a ‘linkware’ GIS, interfaced to as many third party systems as possible.</p> <p>Given these two alternatives to GIS development, an interesting set of questions arises. How far do vendors go with enhancing their systems compared with interfacing with third party systems? Is there a balance? Or do GIS users just keep calling for ‘more’, regardless of the solution set?</p> <p>There is a balance. GIS is likely to be developed by being enhanced AND by being interfaced with third party software. In a way, this is a third developmental track leading to an increasingly functional GIS whose ability to interact with other systems is greatly improved. This interoperable GIS allows flexible combinations of systems components while still providing a comprehensive range of spatial operations and analytical functions.</p> <p>Of these three developmental tracks, this paper presents an example of what can be achieved with the interoperable GIS. Expert systems are introduced along with the client/server and object-oriented paradigms. By using these paradigms, a generic, spatial, rule-based toolbox called SES (spatial expert shell) has been created. SES is described using examples and contrasted with other documented expert system-GIS linkages. But first integration is modelled in three dimensions to highlight the need for improvements in how GISs can interact with other systems.</p> <h4><a name="dp9625e">S. Mann.</a> <em>Environmental decisions with spatial process modelling</em></h4> <p>This paper first describes the difficulties inherent in supporting a class of environmental problems, those involved in Regional Environmental Decision Making. A set of conceptual criteria are presented along with discussion on how the criteria might be approached. It is shown that a major obstacle is the need for a system that integrates components of Geographic Information Systems with process modelling functions. A new approach, Spatial Process Modelling is proposed. More detailed design criteria for this system are developed which are then used to develop a prototype system. The system is described and benefits and limitations discussed.</p> <h4><a name="dp9625f">A.J. Marr and G.L. Benwell.</a> <em>GIS maturity and integration</em></h4> <p>This paper discusses the concept of maturity in the use of GIS and then formulates a computational method for measuring an organisations maturity level from the construction of a surrogate indicator. Generation of this model is made under the proposition that maturity is linked to the level that GIS has been integrated and utilised on an organisation wide basis in day to day activities. The research focuses on New Zealand local government and incorporates parallel studies of conventional information technology (IT) with recently collected data to provide support for the concepts and techniques used. It is postulated that due to similarities of function found in other local authorities, that the model has the potential, with further research for wide application.</p> <h4><a name="dp9625g">B.R. McLennan, M.K. Purvis and C.J.R. Robertson.</a> <em>Wildlife population analysis with GIS: Conservation management of royal albatross</em></h4> <p class="note">(Not in the electronic version.)</p> <p>This paper describes the use of a prototype spatial information system to facilitate exploratory analyses of 60 years of scientific observation data concerning a breeding population of royal albatrosses at Taiaroa Head, on the east coast of New Zealand’s South Island. This system shall form the basis on an on-going data collection, management and analysis effort. Incorporation of breeding records with spatial and landscape data permits the investigation of spatial interactions between the location of nest sites and other phenomena. Three example analyses that explore these interactions are described and discussed.</p> <h4><a name="dp9625h">R.T. Pascoe.</a> <em>Data sharing using the X.500 directory</em></h4> <p class="note">(Not in the electronic version.)</p> <p>Sharing geographical data sets is highly desirable for economical and technical reasons. In this paper the author describes the development of an agency for sharing geographical data which is based on the use of the ISODE implementation of the X.500 Directory Service and a collection of software agents which collaborate with each other to perform the various task associated with sharing data.</p> <h4><a name="dp9625i">M. Williams.</a> <em>Spatial data acquisition from motion video</em></h4> <p>Geographic information systems are an important tool for the field of geocomputing. A key component of every system is the data—spatial data has traditionally been labour-intensive to collect, and hence expensive. This paper establishes a new method of acquiring spatial data from motion video. The proposed method is based upon the principles of photogrammetry, but allows position to be calculated with feature tracking rather than point correspondence. By doing so, it avoids many constraints imposed by previous solutions. The new method is demonstrated with linear and rotational motion.</p>

Ignore Space Show notes View

Website/dp1996-abstracts-contents.htm

<div class="sectionTitle">Information Science Discussion Papers Series: 1996 Abstracts</div>

<hr>

<a name="dp1996-01"></a><h3>96/01: Using data models to estimate required effort in creating a spatial information system</h3>

<h4>G. L. Benwell and S. G. MacDonell</h4>

<p>The creation of spatial information systems can be viewed from many directions. One such view is to see the creation in terms of data collection, data modelling, codifying spatial processes, information management, analysis and presentation. The amount of effort to create such systems is frequently under-estimated;  this is true for each aspect of the above view. The accuracy of the assessment of effort will vary for each aspect. This paper concentrates on the effort required to create the code for spatial processes and analysis. Recent experience has indicated that this is an area where considerable under-estimation is occurring. Function point analysis presented in this paper provides a reliable metric for spatial systems developers to assess required effort based on spatial data models.</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1996-02"></a><h3>96/02: The use of a metadata repository in spatial database development</h3>

<h4>S. K. S. Cockcroft</h4>

<p>Database schemas currently used to define spatial databases are deficient in that they do not incorporate facilities to specify business rules/integrity constraints. This shortcoming has been noted by G&#252;nther and Lamberts [G&#252;nther &amp; Lamberts, 1994] who commented that geographical information systems (GIS) do not generally offer any functionality to preserve semantic integrity. It is desirable that this functionality be incorporated for reasons of consistency and so that an estimate of the accuracy of data entry can be made. Research into constraints upon spatial relationships at the conceptual level is well documented. A number of researchers have shown that the transition from conceptual to logical spatial data models is possible [Firns, 1994; Hadzilacos &amp; Tryfona, 1995]. The algorithmic accomplishment of this transition is a subject of current research. This paper presents one approach to incorporating spatial business rules in spatially referenced database schemas by means of a repository. It is demonstrated that the repository has an important role to play in spatial data management and in particular automatic schema generation for spatially referenced databases.</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp1996-02.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 188 KB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1996-03"></a><h3>96/03: Connectionist-based information systems: A proposed research theme</h3>

<h4>N. K. Kasabov and M. K. Purvis and P. J. Sallis</h4>

<p>General Characteristics of the Theme</p>

<p>* Emerging technology with rapidly growing practical applications<br/>* Nationally and internationally recognised leadership of the University of Otago<br/>* Already established organisation for research and working teams<br/>* Growing number of postgraduate students working on the theme<br/>* Growing number of research projects in this area <br/>* Growing number of publications by members of the team</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp1996-03.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 180 KB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1996-04"></a><h3>96/04: Agent modelling with Petri nets</h3>

<h4>M. K. Purvis and S. J. S. Cranefield</h4>

<p>The use of intelligent software agents is a modelling paradigm that is gaining increasing attention in the applications of distributed systems. This paper identifies essential characteristics of agents and shows how they can be mapped into a coloured Petri net representation so that the coordination of activities both within agents and between interacting agents can be visualised and analysed. The detailed structure and behaviour of an individual agent in terms of coloured Petri nets is presented, as well as a description of how such agents interact. A key notion is that the essential functional components of an agent are explicitly represented by means of coloured Petri net constructs in this representation.</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1996-05"></a><h3>96/05: A comparison of alternatives to regression analysis as model building techniques to develop predictive equations for software metrics</h3>

<h4>A. R. Gray and S. G. MacDonell</h4>

<p>The almost exclusive use of regression analysis to derive predictive equations for software development metrics found in papers published before 1990 has recently been complemented by increasing numbers of studies using non-traditional methods, such as neural networks, fuzzy logic models, case-based reasoning systems, rule-based systems, and regression trees. There has also been an increasing level of sophistication in the regression-based techniques used, including robust regression methods, factor analysis, resampling methods, and more effective and efficient validation procedures. This paper examines the implications of using these alternative methods and provides some recommendations as to when they may be appropriate. A comparison between standard linear regression, robust regression, and the alternative techniques is also made in terms of their modelling capabilities with specific reference to software metrics.</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1996-06"></a><h3>96/06: Process management for geographical information system development</h3>

<h4>S. G. MacDonell and G. L. Benwell</h4>

<p>The controlled management of software processes, an area of ongoing research in the business systems domain, is equally important in the development of geographical information systems (GIS). Appropriate software processes must be defined, used and managed in order to ensure that, as much as possible, systems are developed to quality standards on time and within budget. However, specific characteristics of geographical information systems, in terms of their inherent need for graphical output, render some process management tools and techniques less appropriate. This paper examines process management activities that are applicable to GIS, and suggests that it may be possible to extend such developments into the visual programming domain. A case study concerned with development effort estimation is presented as a precursor to a discussion of the implications of system requirements for significant graphical output.</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp1996-06.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 180 KB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1996-07"></a><h3>96/07: Experimental transformation of a cognitive schema into a display structure</h3>

<h4>W. B. L. Wong and D. P. O&rsquo;Hare and P. J. Sallis</h4>

<p>The purpose of this paper is to report on an experiment conducted to evaluate the feasibility of an empirical approach for translating a cognitive schema into a display structure. This experiment is part of a series of investigations aimed at determining how information about dynamic environments should be portrayed to facilitate decision making. Studies to date have generally derived an information display organisation that is largely based on a designer&rsquo;s experience, intuition and understanding of the processes. In this study we report on how we attempted to formalise this design process so that if the procedures were adopted, other less experienced designers would still be able to objectively formulate a display organisation that is just as effective. This study is based on the first stage of the emergency dispatch management process, the call-taking stage. The participants in the study were ambulance dispatch officers from the Dunedin-based Southern Regional Communications Centre of the St. John&rsquo;s Ambulance Service in New Zealand.</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1996-08"></a><h3>96/08: Neuro-fuzzy engineering for spatial information processing</h3>

<h4>N. K. Kasabov and M. K. Purvis and F. Zhang and G. L. Benwell</h4>

<p>This paper proposes neuro-fuzzy engineering as a novel approach to spatial data analysis and for building decision making systems based on spatial information processing, and the development of this approach by the authors is presented in this paper. It has been implemented as a software environment and is illustrated on a case study problem.</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp1996-08.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 376 KB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1996-09"></a><h3>96/09: Improved learning strategies for multimodular fuzzy neural network systems: A case study on image classification</h3>

<h4>S. A. Israel and N. K. Kasabov</h4>

<p>This paper explores two different methods for improved learning in multimodular fuzzy neural network systems for classification. It demonstrates these methods on a case study of satellite image classification using 3 spectral inputs and 10 coastal vegetation covertype outputs. The classification system is a multimodular one; it has one fuzzy neural network per output. All the fuzzy neural networks are trained in parallel for a small number of iterations. Then, the system performance is tested on new data to determine the types of interclass confusion. Two strategies are developed to improve classification performance. First, the individual modules are additionally trained for a very small number of iterations on a subset of the data to decrease the false positive and the false negative errors. The second strategy is to create new units, &lsquo;experts&rsquo;, which are individually trained to discriminate only the ambiguous classes. So, if the main system classifies a new input into one of the ambiguous classes, then the new input is passed to the &lsquo;experts&rsquo; for final classification. Two learning techniques are presented and applied to both classification performance enhancement strategies; the first one reduces omission, or false negative, error; the second reduces comission, or false positive, error. Considerable improvement is achieved by using these learning techniques and thus, making it feasible to incorporate them into a real adaptive system that improves during operation.</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp1996-09.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 440 KB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1996-10"></a><h3>96/10: Politics and techniques of data encryption</h3>

<h4>H. B. Wolfe</h4>

<p>Cryptography is the art or science, depending on how you look at it, of keeping messages secure. It has been around for a couple of thousand years in various forms. The Spartan Lysander and even Caesar made use of cryptography in some of their communications. Others in history include Roger Bacon, Edgar Allan Poe, Geoffrey Chaucer, and many more. By today&rsquo;s standards cryptographic techniques, through the ages right up to the end of World War I, have been pretty primitive. With the development of the electro-mechanical devices cryptography came of age. The subsequent evolution of the computer has raised the level of security that cryptography can provide in communications and data storage.</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1996-11"></a><h3>96/11: Reasonable security safeguards for small to medium organisations</h3>

<h4>H. B. Wolfe</h4>

<p>In today&rsquo;s world most businesses, large and small, depend on their computer(s) to provide vital functions consistently and without interruption. In many organizations the loss of the computer function could mean the difference between continued operation and shutdown. Reliability and continuity, therefore, become the critical aspect of any computer system(s) currently in use. This paper attempts to describe some of the most important issues any organization should address in order to reduce their risk where it relates to computer related failure.</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1996-12"></a><h3>96/12: Information warfare: Where are the threats?</h3>

<h4>H. B. Wolfe</h4>

<p>(No abstract.)</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp1996-12.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 72 KB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1996-13"></a><h3>96/13: Interactive visualisation tools for analysing NIR data</h3>

<h4>H. Munro and K. Novins and G. L. Benwell and A. Moffat</h4>

<p>This paper describes a tool being developed to allow users to visualise the ripening characteristics of fruit. These characteristics, such as sugar, acid and moisture content, can be measured using non-destructive Near Infrared Reflectance (NIR) analysis techniques. The four dimensional nature of the NIR data introduces some interesting visualisation problems. The display device only provides two dimensions, making it necessary to design two dimensional methods for representing the data. In order to help the user fully understand the dataset, a graphical display system is created with an interface that provides flexible visualisation tools.</p>

<p><strong>Keywords:</strong> NIR spectroscopy, Polhemus FasTrak&#8482;, interaction, interactive graphics, interfaces, visualisation, scientific visualisation</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1996-14"></a><h3>96/14: A connectionist computational architecture based on an optical thin-film model</h3>

<h4>M. K. Purvis and X. Li</h4>

<p>A novel connectionist architecture that differs from conventional architectures based on the neuroanatomy of biological organisms is described. The proposed scheme is based on the model of multilayered optical thin-films, with the thicknesses of the individual thin-film layers serving as adjustable &lsquo;weights&rsquo; for the training. A discussion of training techniques for this model and some sample simulation calculations in the area of pattern recognition are presented. These results are shown to compare with results when the same training data are used in connection with a feed-forward neural network with back propagation training. A physical realization of this architecture could largely take advantage of existing optical thin-film deposition technology.</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1996-15"></a><h3>96/15: Measurement of database systems: An empirical study</h3>

<h4>S. G. MacDonell and M. J. Shepperd and P. J. Sallis</h4>

<p>There is comparatively little work, other than function points, that tackles the problem of building prediction systems for software that is dominated by data considerations, in particular systems developed using 4GLs. We describe an empirical investigation of 70 such systems. Various easily obtainable counts were extracted from data models (e.g. number of entities) and from specifications (e.g. number of screens). Using simple regression analysis, prediction systems of implementation size with accuracy of MMRE=21% were constructed. Our work shows that it is possible to develop simple and effective prediction systems based upon metrics easily derived from functional specifications and data models.</p>

<p><strong>Keywords:</strong> metrics, entity-relationship models, 4GL, empirical, prediction</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp1996-15.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 200 KB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1996-16"></a><h3>96/16: Teaching a diploma in medical informatics using the World Wide Web</h3>

<h4>R. T. Pascoe and D. Abernathy</h4>

<p>In this paper is discussed the preliminary development of a Diploma in Medical Informatics which will comprise courses offered entirely through the Internet in the form of World Wide Web documents and electronic mail. Proposed use of such educational technology for the delivery of these courses within a distance learning environment is based upon a conversational framework developed by Laurillard (1993) and an associated classification of this technology according to the length to which elements within the conversational framework is supported.</p>

<p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Diploma in Medical Informatics, World Wide Web (WWW), distance learning, educational technology</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1996-17"></a><h3>96/17: Alternatives to regression models for estimating software projects</h3>

<h4>S. G. MacDonell and A. R. Gray</h4>

<p>The use of &lsquo;standard&rsquo; regression analysis to derive predictive equations for software development has recently been complemented by increasing numbers of analyses using less common methods, such as neural networks, fuzzy logic models, and regression trees. This paper considers the implications of using these methods and provides some recommendations as to when they may be appropriate. A comparison of techniques is also made in terms of their modelling capabilities with specific reference to function point analysis.</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp1996-17.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 232 KB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1996-18"></a><h3>96/18: A goal-oriented approach for designing decision support displays in dynamic environments</h3>

<h4>W. B. L. Wong and D. P. O&rsquo;Hare and P. J. Sallis</h4>

<p>This paper reports on how the Critical Decision Method, a cognitive task analysis technique, was employed to identify the goal states of tasks performed by dispatchers in a dynamic environment, the Sydney Ambulance Co-ordination Centre. The analysis identified five goal states: Notification; Situation awareness; Planning resource to task compatibility; Speedy response; Maintain history of developments. These goals were then used to guide the development of display concepts  that support decision strategies invoked by dispatchers in this task environment.</p>

<p><strong>Keywords:</strong> critical decision method (CDM), cognitive task analysis, cognitive engineering, ambulance dispatch, command and control, information portrayal, display design, decision support</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp1996-18.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 148 KB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1996-19"></a><h3>96/19: Software process engineering for measurement-driven software quality programs&mdash;Realism and idealism</h3>

<h4>S. G. MacDonell and A. R. Gray</h4>

<p>This paper brings together a set of commonsense recommendations relating to the delivery of software quality, with some emphasis on the adoption of realistic perspectives for software process/product stakeholders in the area of process improvement. The use of software measurement is regarded as an essential component for a quality development program, in terms of prediction, control, and adaptation as well as the communication necessary for stakeholders&rsquo; realistic perspectives. Some recipes for failure are briefly considered so as to enable some degree of contrast between what is currently perceived to be good and bad practices. This is followed by an evaluation of the quality-at-all-costs model, including a brief pragmatic investigation of quality in other, more mature, disciplines. Several programs that claim to assist in the pursuit of quality are examined, with some suggestions made as to how they may best be used in practice.</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp1996-19.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 240 KB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1996-20"></a><h3>96/20: Using genetic algorithms for an optical thin-film learning model</h3>

<h4>X. Li and M. K. Purvis</h4>

<p>A novel connectionist architecture based on an optical thin-film multilayer model (OTFM) is described. The architecture is explored as an alternative to the widely used neuron-inspired models, with the thin-film thicknesses serving as adjustable &lsquo;weights&rsquo; for the computation. The use of genetic algorithms for training the thin-film model, along with experimental results on the parity problem and the iris data classification are presented.</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp1996-20.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 448 KB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1996-21"></a><h3>96/21: Early experiences in measuring multimedia systems development effort</h3>

<h4>T. Fletcher and W. B. L. Wong and S. G. MacDonell</h4>

<p>The development of multimedia information systems must be managed and controlled just as it is for other generic system types. This paper proposes an approach for assessing multimedia component and system characteristics with a view to ultimately using these features to estimate the associated development effort. Given the different nature of multimedia systems, existing metrics do not appear to be entirely useful in this domain; however, some general principles can still be applied in analysis. Some basic assertions concerning the influential characteristics of multimedia systems are made and a small preliminary set of data is evaluated</p>

<p><strong>Keywords:</strong> multimedia, management, metrics</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp1996-21.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 220 KB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1996-22"></a><h3>96/22: Applying soft systems methodology to multimedia systems requirements analysis</h3>

<h4>D. Z. Butt and T. Fletcher and S. G. MacDonell and B. E. Norris and W. B. L. Wong</h4>

<p>The Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) was used to identify requirements for the development of one or more information systems for a local company. The outcome of using this methodology was the development of three multimedia information systems. This paper discusses the use of the SSM when developing for multimedia environments. Namely, this paper covers the problems with traditional methods of requirements analysis (which the SSM addresses), how the SSM can be used to elicit multimedia information system requirements, and our personal experience of the method. Our personal experience is discussed in terms of the systems we developed using the SSM.</p>

<p><strong>Keywords:</strong> multimedia information systems, Soft Systems methodology, systems development lifecycle</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1996-23"></a><h3>96/23: FuNN/2&mdash;A fuzzy neural network architecture for adaptive learning and knowledge acquisition</h3>

<h4>N. K. Kasabov and J. Kim and M. J. Watts and A. R. Gray</h4>

<p>Fuzzy neural networks have several features that make them well suited to a wide range of knowledge engineering applications. These strengths include fast and accurate learning, good generalisation capabilities, excellent explanation facilities in the form of semantically meaningful fuzzy rules, and the ability to accommodate both data and existing expert knowledge about the problem under consideration. This paper investigates adaptive learning, rule extraction and insertion, and neural/fuzzy reasoning for a particular model of a fuzzy neural network called FuNN. As well as providing for representing a fuzzy system with an adaptable neural architecture, FuNN also incorporates a genetic algorithm in one of its adaptation modes. A version of FuNN&mdash;FuNN/2, which employs triangular membership functions and correspondingly modified learning and adaptation algorithms, is also presented in the paper.</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1996-24"></a><h3>96/24: An agent-based architecture for software tool coordination</h3>

<h4>S. J. S. Cranefield and M. K. Purvis</h4>

<p>This paper presents a practical multi-agent architecture for assisting users to coordinate the use of both special and general purpose software tools for performing tasks in a given problem domain. The architecture is open and extensible being based on the techniques of agent-based software interoperability (ABSI), where each tool is encapsulated by a KQML-speaking agent. The work reported here adds additional facilities for the user to describe the problem domain, the tasks that are commonly performed in that domain and the ways in which various software tools are commonly used by the user. Together, these features provide the computer with a degree of autonomy in the user&rsquo;s problem domain in order to help the user achieve tasks through the coordinated use of disparate software tools.</p>

<p>This research focuses on the representational and planning capabilities required to extend the existing benefits of the ABSI architecture to include domain-level problem-solving skills. In particular, the paper proposes a number of standard ontologies that are required for this type of problem, and discusses a number of issues related to planning the coordinated use of agent-encapsulated tools.</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp1996-24.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 72 KB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp1996-25"></a><h3>96/25: Special issue: GeoComputation &rsquo;96</h3>

<h4>Various</h4>

<p>A collection of papers authored by members of the Information Science department and presented at the 1st International Conference on GeoComputation, Leeds, United Kingdom. It comprises the nine papers listed below.</p>

<a name="dp1996-25a"></a><h3>96/25a: Spatial databases&mdash;Creative future concepts and use</h3>

<h4>G. L. Benwell</h4>

<p>There is continuing pressure to develop spatial information systems. This paper develops two concepts that could emerge. The first is a new spatial paradigm&mdash;an holistic model&mdash;which is less of an abstraction from reality than current models. Second, is the concept of federated databases for the improved and transparent access to data by disparate users. The latter concept is hardly new and is included in this paper to emphasize its growing importance. These two developments are presented after a introductory discussion of the present state of the discipline of geographical information systems and spatial analysis.</p>

<p style="color: green;">(Not in the electronic version.)</p>

<a name="dp1996-25b"></a><h3>96/25b: First experiences in implementing a spatial metadata repository</h3>

<h4>S. Cockcroft</h4>

<p>Integrated software engineering environments (ISEE) for traditional non spatial information systems are well developed, incorporating Database Management Systems (DBMS) and Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE) tools. The core component of the ISEE is the repository. It brings all the other components together and provides a common area to which all tools can link. In this fashion it also provides a central point for control. No such facility exists for the management of spatial data. This paper describes the development of such a facility in the form of a spatial metadata repository.</p>

<p style="color: green;">(Not in the electronic version.)</p>

<a name="dp1996-25c"></a><h3>96/25c: Incorporating a new computational reasoning approach to spatial modelling</h3>

<p>Decision support systems, statistics and expert systems were some of the mainstay techniques used for modelling environmental phenomena. Now modelling systems utilise artificial intelligence (AI) techniques for the extra computational analysis they provide. Whilst operating in a toolbox environment and by adopting AI techniques, the geographic information system (GIS) modellers have greater options available for solving problems. This paper outlines a new approach in applying artificial intelligence techniques to solve spatial problems. The approach combines case-based reasoning (CBR) with geographic information systems and allows both techniques to be applied to solve spatial problems. More specifically this paper examines techniques applied to the problem of soil classification. Spatial cases are defined and analysed using the case-based reasoning techniques of retrieve, reuse, revise and retain. Once the structure of cases are defined a case base is compiled. When the case base is of sufficient size, the problem of soil classification is tested using this new approach. The problem is solved by searching the case base for another spatial phenomena similar to that which exists. Then the knowledge from that searched case is used to formulate an answer to the problem. A comparison of the results obtained by this approach and a traditional method of soil classification is then undertaken. This paper also documents the saving data concept in translating from decision trees to CBR. The logistics of the problems that are characteristic of case-based reasoning systems are discussed, for example, how should the spatial domain of an environmental phenomena be best represented in a case base? What are the constraints of CBR, what data are lost, and what functions are gained? Finally, the following question is posed:  &ldquo;to what real world level can the environment be modelled using GIS and case-based reasoning techniques&rdquo;?</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp1996-25c.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 1 MB)</p>

<a name="dp1996-25d"></a><h3>96/25d: GIS, expert systems and interoperability</h3>

<h4>L. Lilburne and G. Benwell and R. Buick</h4>

<p>How should geographic information systems be developed? There is a strong demand from users for enhanced functionality and power. Vendors can and do respond to these demands. But where will this lead? Will the result be one all-embracing and all-conquering program or geographic information system (GIS)? A GIS could grow to incorporate all statistical functions, all visualisation techniques, all data management functions etc. It is possible to perceive a scenario in which GIS is developed to &lsquo;bloatware&rsquo; proportions.</p>

<p>An alternative scenario is one in which a GIS is interfaced with other software systems. Embedding database bridges and other product-specific links, providing data import and export routines, and system calls are all ways of interfacing GIS with other systems. GIS vendors could opt to produce a &lsquo;linkware&rsquo; GIS, interfaced to as many third party systems as possible.</p>

<p>Given these two alternatives to GIS development, an interesting set of questions arises. How far do vendors go with enhancing their systems compared with interfacing with third party systems? Is there a balance? Or do GIS users just keep calling for &lsquo;more&rsquo;, regardless of the solution set?</p>

<p>There is a balance. GIS is likely to be developed by being enhanced AND by being interfaced with third party software. In a way, this is a third developmental track leading to an increasingly functional GIS whose ability to interact with other systems is greatly improved. This interoperable GIS allows flexible combinations of systems components while still providing a comprehensive range of spatial operations and analytical functions.</p>

<p>Of these three developmental tracks, this paper presents an example of what can be achieved with the interoperable GIS. Expert systems are introduced along with the client/server and object-oriented paradigms. By using these paradigms, a generic, spatial, rule-based toolbox called SES (spatial expert shell) has been created. SES is described using examples and contrasted with other documented expert system-GIS linkages. But first integration is modelled in three dimensions to highlight the need for improvements in how GISs can interact with other systems.</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp1996-25d.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 564 KB)</p>

<a name="dp1996-25e"></a><h3>96/25e: Environmental decisions with spatial process modelling</h3>

<p>This paper first describes the difficulties inherent in supporting a class of environmental problems, those involved in Regional Environmental Decision Making. A set of conceptual criteria are presented along with discussion on how the criteria might be approached. It is shown that a major obstacle is the need for a system that integrates components of Geographic Information Systems with process modelling functions. A new approach, Spatial Process Modelling is proposed. More detailed design criteria for this system are developed which are then used to develop a prototype system. The system is described and benefits and limitations discussed.</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp1996-25e.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 348 KB)</p>

<a name="dp1996-25f"></a><h3>96/25f: GIS maturity and integration</h3>

<h4>A. J. Marr and G. L. Benwell</h4>

<p>This paper discusses the concept of maturity in the use of GIS and then formulates a computational method for measuring an organisations maturity level from the construction of a surrogate indicator. Generation of this model is made under the proposition that maturity is linked to the level that GIS has been integrated and utilised on an organisation wide basis in day to day activities. The research focuses on New Zealand local government and incorporates parallel studies of conventional information technology (IT) with recently collected data to provide support for the concepts and techniques used. It is postulated that due to similarities of function found in other local authorities, that the model has the potential, with further research for wide application.</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp1996-25f.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 500 MB)</p>

<a name="dp1996-25g"></a><h3>96/25g: Wildlife population analysis with GIS: Conservation management of royal albatross</h3>

<h4>B. R. McLennan and M. K. Purvis and C. J. R. Robertson</h4>

<p>This paper describes the use of a prototype spatial information system to facilitate exploratory analyses of 60 years of scientific observation data concerning a breeding population of royal albatrosses at Taiaroa Head, on the east coast of New Zealand&rsquo;s South Island. This system shall form the basis on an on-going data collection, management and analysis effort. Incorporation of breeding records with spatial and landscape data permits the investigation of spatial interactions between the location of nest sites and other phenomena. Three example analyses that explore these interactions are described and discussed.</p>

<p style="color: green;">(Not in the electronic version.)</p>

<a name="dp1996-25h"></a><h3>96/25h: Data sharing using the X.500 directory</h3>

<h4>R. T. Pascoe</h4>

<p>Sharing geographical data sets is highly desirable for economical and technical reasons. In this paper the author describes the development of an agency for sharing geographical data which is based on the use of the ISODE implementation of the X.500 Directory Service and a collection of software agents which collaborate with each other to perform the various task associated with sharing data.</p>

<p style="color: green;">(Not in the electronic version.)</p>

<a name="dp1996-25i"></a><h3>96/25i: Spatial data acquisition from motion video</h3>

<h4>M. Williams</h4>

<p>Geographic information systems are an important tool for the field of geocomputing. A key component of every system is the data&mdash;spatial data has traditionally been labour-intensive to collect, and hence expensive. This paper establishes a new method of acquiring spatial data from motion video. The proposed method is based upon the principles of photogrammetry, but allows position to be calculated with feature tracking rather than point correspondence. By doing so, it avoids many constraints imposed by previous solutions. The new method is demonstrated with linear and rotational motion.</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp1996-25i.pdf">Download</a> (PDF, 808 KB)</p>

<div class="sectionTitle">Information Science Discussion Papers Series: 1996 Abstracts</div>

<hr>

<a name="dp9601"></a><h3>96/01: Using data models to estimate required effort in creating a spatial information system</h3>
<h4>G.L. Benwell and S.G. MacDonell</h4>

<hr>

<a name="dp9602"></a><h3>96/02: The use of a metadata repository in spatial database development</h3>
<h4>S.K.S. Cockcroft</h4>

<p>Database schemas currently used to define spatial databases are deficient in that they do not incorporate facilities to specify business rules/integrity constraints. This shortcoming has been noted by G&uuml;nther and Lamberts [G&uuml;nther &amp; Lamberts, 1994] who commented that geographical information systems (GIS) do not generally offer any functionality to preserve semantic integrity. It is desirable that this functionality be incorporated for reasons of consistency and so that an estimate of the accuracy of data entry can be made. Research into constraints upon spatial relationships at the conceptual level is well documented. A number of researchers have shown that the transition from conceptual to logical spatial data models is possible [Firns, 1994; Hadzilacos &amp; Tryfona, 1995]. The algorithmic accomplishment of this transition is a subject of current research. This paper presents one approach to incorporating spatial business rules in spatially referenced database schemas by means of a repository. It is demonstrated that the repository has an important role to play in spatial data management and in particular automatic schema generation for spatially referenced databases.</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp9602so.pdf.gz">Download</a> (gzipped PDF, 141KB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp9603"></a><h3>96/03: Connectionist-based information systems: A proposed research theme</h3>
<h4>N.K. Kasabov, M.K. Purvis and P.J. Sallis</h4>

<p>General Characteristics of the Theme</p>

<blockquote>
<ul>
	<li>Emerging technology with rapidly growing practical applications</li>
	<li>Nationally and internationally recognised leadership of the University of Otago</li>
	<li>Already established organisation for research and working teams</li>
	<li>Growing number of postgraduate students working on the theme</li>
	<li>Growing number of research projects in this area </li>
	<li>Growing number of publications by members of the team</p></li>
</ul>
</blockquote>

<p><a href="papers/dp9603nk.pdf.gz">Download</a> (gzipped PDF, 168KB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp9604"></a><h3>96/04: Agent modelling with Petri nets</h3>
<h4>M.K. Purvis and S.J.S. Cranefield</h4>

<hr>

<a name="dp9605"></a><h3>96/05: A comparison of alternatives to regression analysis as model building techniques to develop predictive equations for software metrics</h3>
<h4>A.R. Gray and S.G. MacDonell</h4>

<hr>

<a name="dp9606"></a><h3>96/06: Process management for geographical information system development</h3>
<h4>S.G. MacDonell and G.L. Benwell</h4>

<p><a href="papers/dp9606sm.pdf.gz">Download</a> (gzipped PDF, 134KB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp9607"></a><h3>96/07: Experimental transformation of a cognitive schema into a display structure</h3>
<h4>W.B.L. Wong, D.P. O&#8217;Hare and P.J. Sallis</h4>

<p>The purpose of this paper is to report on an experiment conducted to evaluate the feasibility of an empirical approach for translating a cognitive schema into a display structure. This experiment is part of a series of investigations aimed at determining how information about dynamic environments should be portrayed to facilitate decision making. Studies to date have generally derived an information display organisation that is largely based on a designer&#8217;s experience, intuition and understanding of the processes. In this study we report on how we attempted to formalise this design process so that if the procedures were adopted, other less experienced designers would still be able to objectively formulate a display organisation that is just as effective. This study is based on the first stage of the emergency dispatch management process, the call-taking stage. The participants in the study were ambulance dispatch officers from the Dunedin-based Southern Regional Communications Centre of the St. John&#8217;s Ambulance Service in New Zealand.</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp9608"></a><h3>96/08: Neuro-fuzzy engineering for spatial information processing</h3>
<h4>N.K. Kasabov, M.K. Purvis, F. Zhang and G.L. Benwell</h4>

<p><a href="papers/dp9608nk.pdf.gz">Download</a> (gzipped PDF, 285KB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp9609"></a><h3>96/09: Improved learning strategies for multimodular fuzzy neural network systems: A case study on image classification</h3>
<h4>S.A. Israel and N.K. Kasabov</h4>

<p>This paper explores two different methods for improved learning in multimodular fuzzy neural network systems for classification. It demonstrates these methods on a case study of satellite image classification using 3 spectral inputs and 10 coastal vegetation covertype outputs. The classification system is a multimodular one; it has one fuzzy neural network per output. All the fuzzy neural networks are trained in parallel for a small number of iterations. Then, the system performance is tested on new data to determine the types of interclass confusion. Two strategies are developed to improve classification performance. First, the individual modules are additionally trained for a very small number of iterations on a subset of the data to decrease the false positive and the false negative errors. The second strategy is to create new units, &#8216;experts&#8217;, which are individually trained to discriminate only the ambiguous classes. So, if the main system classifies a new input into one of the ambiguous classes, then the new input is passed to the &#8216;experts&#8217; for final classification. Two learning techniques are presented and applied to both classification performance enhancement strategies; the first one reduces omission, or false negative, error; the second reduces comission, or false positive, error. Considerable improvement is achieved by using these learning techniques and thus, making it feasible to incorporate them into a real adaptive system that improves during operation.</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp9609nk.pdf.gz">Download</a> (gzipped PDF, 364KB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp9610"></a><h3>96/10: Politics and techniques of data encryption</h3>
<h4>H.B. Wolfe</h4>

<p>Cryptography is the art or science, depending on how you look at it, of keeping messages secure. It has been around for a couple of thousand years in various forms. The Spartan Lysander and even Caesar made use of cryptography in some of their communications. Others in history include Roger Bacon, Edgar Allan Poe, Geoffrey Chaucer, and many more. By today&#8217;s standards cryptographic techniques, through the ages right up to the end of World War I, have been pretty primitive. With the development of the electro-mechanical devices cryptography came of age. The subsequent evolution of the computer has raised the level of security that cryptography can provide in communications and data storage.</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp9611"></a><h3>96/11: Reasonable security safeguards for small to medium organisations</h3>
<h4>H.B. Wolfe</h4>

<p>In today&#8217;s world most businesses, large and small, depend on their computer(s) to provide vital functions consistently and without interruption. In many organizations the loss of the computer function could mean the difference between continued operation and shutdown. Reliability and continuity, therefore, become the critical aspect of any computer system(s) currently in use. This paper attempts to describe some of the most important issues any organization should address in order to reduce their risk where it relates to computer related failure.</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp9612"></a><h3>96/12: Information warfare: Where are the threats?</h3>
<h4>H.B. Wolfe</h4>

<p>(No abstract.)</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp9612hw.pdf.gz">Download</a> (gzipped PDF, 57KB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp9613"></a><h3>96/13: Interactive visualisation tools for analysing NIR data</h3>
<h4>H. Munro, K. Novins, G.L. Benwell and A. Moffat</h4>

<p><strong>Keywords: </strong>NIR spectroscopy,
Polhemus FasTrak&#8482;,
interaction,
interactive graphics,
interfaces,
visualisation,
scientific visualisation</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp9614"></a><h3>96/14: A connectionist computational architecture based on an optical thin-film model</h3>
<h4>M.K. Purvis and X. Li</h4>

<p>A novel connectionist architecture that differs from conventional architectures based on the neuroanatomy of biological organisms is described. The proposed scheme is based on the model of multilayered optical thin-films, with the thicknesses of the individual thin-film layers serving as adjustable &#8216;weights&#8217; for the training. A discussion of training techniques for this model and some sample simulation calculations in the area of pattern recognition are presented. These results are shown to compare with results when the same training data are used in connection with a feed-forward neural network with back propagation training. A physical realization of this architecture could largely take advantage of existing optical thin-film deposition technology.</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp9615"></a><h3>96/15: Measurement of database systems: An empirical study</h3>
<h4>S.G. MacDonell, M.J. Shepperd and P.J. Sallis</h4>

<p><strong>Keywords: </strong>metrics,
entity-relationship models,
4GL,
empirical,
prediction</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp9615sm.pdf.gz">Download</a> (gzipped PDF, 151KB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp9616"></a><h3>96/16: Teaching a diploma in medical informatics using the World Wide Web</h3>
<h4>R.T. Pascoe and D. Abernathy</h4>

<p><strong>Keywords: </strong>Diploma in Medical Informatics,
World Wide Web (WWW),
distance learning,
educational technology</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp9617"></a><h3>96/17: Alternatives to regression models for estimating software projects</h3>
<h4>S.G. MacDonell and A.R. Gray</h4>

<p>The use of &#8216;standard&#8217; regression analysis to derive predictive equations for software development has recently been complemented by increasing numbers of analyses using less common methods, such as neural networks, fuzzy logic models, and regression trees. This paper considers the implications of using these methods and provides some recommendations as to when they may be appropriate. A comparison of techniques is also made in terms of their modelling capabilities with specific reference to function point analysis.</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp9617sm.pdf.gz">Download</a> (gzipped PDF, 176KB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp9618"></a><h3>96/18: A goal-oriented approach for designing decision support displays in dynamic environments</h3>
<h4>W.B.L. Wong, D.P. O&#8217;Hare and P.J. Sallis</h4>

<p><strong>Keywords: </strong>critical decision method (CDM),
cognitive task analysis,
cognitive engineering,
ambulance dispatch,
command and control,
information portrayal,
display design,
decision support</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp9618ww.pdf.gz">Download</a> (gzipped PDF, 117KB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp9619"></a><h3>96/19: Software process engineering for measurement-driven software quality programs&#8212;Realism and idealism</h3>
<h4>S.G. MacDonell and A.R. Gray</h4>

<p>This paper brings together a set of commonsense recommendations relating to the delivery of software quality, with some emphasis on the adoption of realistic perspectives for software process/product stakeholders in the area of process improvement. The use of software measurement is regarded as an essential component for a quality development program, in terms of prediction, control, and adaptation as well as the communication necessary for stakeholders&#8217; realistic perspectives. Some recipes for failure are briefly considered so as to enable some degree of contrast between what is currently perceived to be good and bad practices. This is followed by an evaluation of the quality-at-all-costs model, including a brief pragmatic investigation of quality in other, more mature, disciplines. Several programs that claim to assist in the pursuit of quality are examined, with some suggestions made as to how they may best be used in practice.</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp9619sm.pdf.gz">Download</a> (gzipped PDF, 189KB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp9620"></a><h3>96/20: Using genetic algorithms for an optical thin-film learning model</h3>
<h4>X. Li and M.K. Purvis</h4>

<p>A novel connectionist architecture based on an optical thin-film multilayer model (OTFM) is described. The architecture is explored as an alternative to the widely used neuron-inspired models, with the thin-film thicknesses serving as adjustable &#8216;weights&#8217; for the computation. The use of genetic algorithms for training the thin-film model, along with experimental results on the parity problem and the iris data classification are presented.</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp9620mp.pdf.gz">Download</a> (gzipped PDF, 437KB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp9621"></a><h3>96/21: Early experiences in measuring multimedia systems development effort</h3>
<h4>T. Fletcher, W.B.L. Wong and S.G. MacDonell</h4>

<p><strong>Keywords: </strong>multimedia,
management,
metrics</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp9621sm.pdf.gz">Download</a> (gzipped PDF, 171KB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp9622"></a><h3>96/22: Applying soft systems methodology to multimedia systems requirements analysis</h3>
<h4>D.Z. Butt, T. Fletcher, S.G. MacDonell, B.E. Norris and W.B.L. Wong</h4>

<p><strong>Keywords: </strong>multimedia information systems,
Soft Systems methodology,
systems development lifecycle</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp9623"></a><h3>96/23: FuNN/2&#8212;A fuzzy neural network architecture for adaptive learning and knowledge acquisition</h3>
<h4>N.K. Kasabov, J. Kim, M.J. Watts and A.R. Gray</h4>

<p>Fuzzy neural networks have several features that make them well suited to a wide range of knowledge engineering applications. These strengths include fast and accurate learning, good generalisation capabilities, excellent explanation facilities in the form of semantically meaningful fuzzy rules, and the ability to accommodate both data and existing expert knowledge about the problem under consideration. This paper investigates adaptive learning, rule extraction and insertion, and neural/fuzzy reasoning for a particular model of a fuzzy neural network called FuNN. As well as providing for representing a fuzzy system with an adaptable neural architecture, FuNN also incorporates a genetic algorithm in one of its adaptation modes. A version of FuNN&#8212;FuNN/2, which employs triangular membership functions and correspondingly modified learning and adaptation algorithms, is also presented in the paper.</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp9624"></a><h3>96/24: An agent-based architecture for software tool coordination</h3>
<h4>S.J.S. Cranefield and M.K. Purvis</h4>

<p>This paper presents a practical multi-agent architecture for assisting users to coordinate the use of both special and general purpose software tools for performing tasks in a given problem domain. The architecture is open and extensible being based on the techniques of agent-based software interoperability (ABSI), where each tool is encapsulated by a KQML-speaking agent. The work reported here adds additional facilities for the user to describe the problem domain, the tasks that are commonly performed in that domain and the ways in which various software tools are commonly used by the user. Together, these features provide the computer with a degree of autonomy in the user&#8217;s problem domain in order to help the user achieve tasks through the coordinated use of disparate software tools.

This research focuses on the representational and planning capabilities required to extend the existing benefits of the ABSI architecture to include domain-level problem-solving skills. In particular, the paper proposes a number of standard ontologies that are required for this type of problem, and discusses a number of issues related to planning the coordinated use of agent-encapsulated tools.</p>

<p><a href="papers/dp9624sc.pdf.gz">Download</a> (gzipped PDF, 55KB)</p>

<hr>

<a name="dp9625"></a><h3>96/25: Special issue: GeoComputation &#8217;96</h3>

<p><a href="papers/dp9625.pdf.gz">Download</a> (gzipped PDF, 2.3MB) Note that the electronic version currently does not include all of the papers listed below.</p>

<h4><a name="dp9625a">G.L. Benwell.</a> <em>Spatial databases&#8212;Creative future concepts and use</em></h4>

<p class="note">(Not in the electronic version.)</p>

<p>There is continuing pressure to develop spatial information systems. This paper develops two concepts that could emerge. The first is a new spatial paradigm&#8212;an holistic model&#8212;which is less of an abstraction from reality than current models. Second, is the concept of federated databases for the improved and transparent access to data by disparate users. The latter concept is hardly new and is included in this paper to emphasize its growing importance. These two developments are presented after a introductory discussion of the present state of the discipline of geographical information systems and spatial analysis.</p>

<h4><a name="dp9625b">S. Cockcroft.</a> <em>First experiences in implementing a spatial metadata repository</em></h4>

<p class="note">(Not in the electronic version.)</p>

<h4><a name="dp9625c">A. Holt.</a> <em>Incorporating a new computational reasoning approach to spatial modelling</em></h4>

<p>Decision support systems, statistics and expert systems were some of the mainstay techniques used for modelling environmental phenomena. Now modelling systems utilise artificial intelligence (AI) techniques for the extra computational analysis they provide. Whilst operating in a toolbox environment and by adopting AI techniques, the geographic information system (GIS) modellers have greater options available for solving problems. This paper outlines a new approach in applying artificial intelligence techniques to solve spatial problems. The approach combines case-based reasoning (CBR) with geographic information systems and allows both techniques to be applied to solve spatial problems. More specifically this paper examines techniques applied to the problem of soil classification. Spatial cases are defined and analysed using the case-based reasoning techniques of retrieve, reuse, revise and retain. Once the structure of cases are defined a case base is compiled. When the case base is of sufficient size, the problem of soil classification is tested using this new approach. The problem is solved by searching the case base for another spatial phenomena similar to that which exists. Then the knowledge from that searched case is used to formulate an answer to the problem. A comparison of the results obtained by this approach and a traditional method of soil classification is then undertaken. This paper also documents the saving data concept in translating from decision trees to CBR. The logistics of the problems that are characteristic of case-based reasoning systems are discussed, for example, how should the spatial domain of an environmental phenomena be best represented in a case base? What are the constraints of CBR, what data are lost, and what functions are gained? Finally, the following question is posed:  &#8220;to what real world level can the environment be modelled using GIS and case-based reasoning techniques&#8221;?</p>

<h4><a name="dp9625d">L. Lilburne, G. Benwell and R. Buick.</a> <em>GIS, expert systems and interoperability</em></h4>

<p>An alternative scenario is one in which a GIS is interfaced with other software systems. Embedding database bridges and other product-specific links, providing data import and export routines, and system calls are all ways of interfacing GIS with other systems. GIS vendors could opt to produce a &#8216;linkware&#8217; GIS, interfaced to as many third party systems as possible.</p>

<p>Given these two alternatives to GIS development, an interesting set of questions arises. How far do vendors go with enhancing their systems compared with interfacing with third party systems? Is there a balance? Or do GIS users just keep calling for &#8216;more&#8217;, regardless of the solution set?</p>

<h4><a name="dp9625e">S. Mann.</a> <em>Environmental decisions with spatial process modelling</em></h4>

<h4><a name="dp9625f">A.J. Marr and G.L. Benwell.</a> <em>GIS maturity and integration</em></h4>

<h4><a name="dp9625g">B.R. McLennan, M.K. Purvis and C.J.R. Robertson.</a> <em>Wildlife population analysis with GIS: Conservation management of royal albatross</em></h4>

<p class="note">(Not in the electronic version.)</p>

<p>This paper describes the use of a prototype spatial information system to facilitate exploratory analyses of 60 years of scientific observation data concerning a breeding population of royal albatrosses at Taiaroa Head, on the east coast of New Zealand&#8217;s South Island. This system shall form the basis on an on-going data collection, management and analysis effort. Incorporation of breeding records with spatial and landscape data permits the investigation of spatial interactions between the location of nest sites and other phenomena. Three example analyses that explore these interactions are described and discussed.</p>

<h4><a name="dp9625h">R.T. Pascoe.</a> <em>Data sharing using the X.500 directory</em></h4>

<p class="note">(Not in the electronic version.)</p>

<h4><a name="dp9625i">M. Williams.</a> <em>Spatial data acquisition from motion video</em></h4>

<p>Geographic information systems are an important tool for the field of geocomputing. A key component of every system is the data&#8212;spatial data has traditionally been labour-intensive to collect, and hence expensive. This paper establishes a new method of acquiring spatial data from motion video. The proposed method is based upon the principles of photogrammetry, but allows position to be calculated with feature tracking rather than point correspondence. By doing so, it avoids many constraints imposed by previous solutions. The new method is demonstrated with linear and rotational motion.</p>

Ignore Space Show notes View Website/dps1993-include.htm
<p><strong>93/1:</strong> P. J. Sallis. <em>A data complexity formula for deriving time-to-build estimates from non-relational to relational databases.</em> <a href="dp1993-abstracts.htm#dp1993-01">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp1993-01.pdf">Download</a> (773 KB)</p> <p><strong>93/2:</strong> G. L. Benwell. <em>Recomputing historical barometric heighting.</em> <a href="dp1993-abstracts.htm#dp1993-02">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp1993-02.pdf">Download</a> (770 KB)</p> <p><strong>93/3:</strong> P. G. Firns. <em>The derivation of thematic map layers from entity-relationship data models.</em> <a href="dp1993-abstracts.htm#dp1993-03">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp1993-03.pdf">Download</a> (1.2 MB)</p> <p><strong>93/4:</strong> S. G. MacDonell. <em>Software development, CASE tools and 4GLs—A survey of New Zealand usage (part 1).</em> <a href="dp1993-abstracts.htm#dp1993-04">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp1993-04.pdf">Download</a> (225 KB)</p> <p><strong>93/5:</strong> I. C. Ezigbalike and G. L. Benwell. <em>Cadastral “reform”—At what cost to developing countries?.</em> <a href="dp1993-abstracts.htm#dp1993-05">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp1993-05.pdf">Download</a> (1.3 MB)</p> <p><strong>93/1:</strong> P.J. Sallis. <em>A data complexity formula for deriving time-to-build estimates from non-relational to relational databases.</em> <a href="dp1993-abstracts.htm#dp9301">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp1993-01.pdf">Download</a> (773 KB)</p> <p><strong>93/2:</strong> G.L. Benwell. <em>Recomputing historical barometric heighting.</em> <a href="dp1993-abstracts.htm#dp9302">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp1993-02.pdf">Download</a> (770 KB)</p> <p><strong>93/3:</strong> P.G. Firns. <em>The derivation of thematic map layers from entity-relationship data models.</em> <a href="dp1993-abstracts.htm#dp9303">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp1993-03.pdf">Download</a> (1.2 MB)</p> <p><strong>93/4:</strong> S.G. MacDonell. <em>Software development, CASE tools and 4GLs—A survey of New Zealand usage (part 1).</em> <a href="dp1993-abstracts.htm#dp9304">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp1993-04.pdf">Download</a> (225 KB)</p> <p><strong>93/5:</strong> I.C. Ezigbalike and G.L. Benwell. <em>Cadastral “reform”—At what cost to developing countries?</em> <a href="dp1993-abstracts.htm#dp9305">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp1993-05.pdf">Download</a> (1.3 MB)</p>

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<p><strong>93/1:</strong> P. J. Sallis. <em>A data complexity formula for deriving time-to-build estimates from non-relational to relational databases.</em> <a href="dp1993-abstracts.htm#dp1993-01">Abstract</a> |  <a href="papers/dp1993-01.pdf">Download</a> (773 KB)</p>

<p><strong>93/2:</strong> G. L. Benwell. <em>Recomputing historical barometric heighting.</em> <a href="dp1993-abstracts.htm#dp1993-02">Abstract</a> |  <a href="papers/dp1993-02.pdf">Download</a> (770 KB)</p>

<p><strong>93/3:</strong> P. G. Firns. <em>The derivation of thematic map layers from entity-relationship data models.</em> <a href="dp1993-abstracts.htm#dp1993-03">Abstract</a> |  <a href="papers/dp1993-03.pdf">Download</a> (1.2 MB)</p>

<p><strong>93/4:</strong> S. G. MacDonell. <em>Software development, CASE tools and 4GLs&mdash;A survey of New Zealand usage (part 1).</em> <a href="dp1993-abstracts.htm#dp1993-04">Abstract</a> |  <a href="papers/dp1993-04.pdf">Download</a> (225 KB)</p>

<p><strong>93/5:</strong> I. C. Ezigbalike and G. L. Benwell. <em>Cadastral &ldquo;reform&rdquo;&mdash;At what cost to developing countries?.</em> <a href="dp1993-abstracts.htm#dp1993-05">Abstract</a> |  <a href="papers/dp1993-05.pdf">Download</a> (1.3 MB)</p>

<p><strong>93/1:</strong> P.J. Sallis. <em>A data complexity formula for deriving time-to-build estimates from non-relational to relational databases.</em> <a href="dp1993-abstracts.htm#dp9301">Abstract</a> | <a href="papers/dp1993-01.pdf">Download</a> (773 KB)</p>

<p><strong>93/2:</strong> G.L. Benwell. <em>Recomputing historical barometric heighting.</em> <a href="dp1993-abstracts.htm#dp9302">Abstract</a> | <a href="papers/dp1993-02.pdf">Download</a> (770 KB)</p>

<p><strong>93/3:</strong> P.G. Firns. <em>The derivation of thematic map layers from entity-relationship data models.</em> <a href="dp1993-abstracts.htm#dp9303">Abstract</a> | <a href="papers/dp1993-03.pdf">Download</a> (1.2 MB)</p>

<p><strong>93/4:</strong> S.G. MacDonell. <em>Software development, CASE tools and 4GLs&#8212;A survey of New Zealand usage (part 1).</em> <a href="dp1993-abstracts.htm#dp9304">Abstract</a> | <a href="papers/dp1993-04.pdf">Download</a> (225 KB)</p>

<p><strong>93/5:</strong> I.C. Ezigbalike and G.L. Benwell. <em>Cadastral &#8220;reform&#8221;&#8212;At what cost to developing countries?</em> <a href="dp1993-abstracts.htm#dp9305">Abstract</a> | <a href="papers/dp1993-05.pdf">Download</a> (1.3 MB)</p>

Ignore Space Show notes View Website/dps1994-include.htm
<p><strong>94/1:</strong> P. J. Sallis. <em>A comparison of authorship style in the document corpus of the Epistles of St.Ignatius of Antioch.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp1994-01">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp1994-01.pdf">Download</a> (885 KB)</p> <p><strong>94/2:</strong> P. J. Sallis. <em>Management perceptions of IS research and development issues.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp1994-02">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp1994-02.pdf">Download</a> (599 KB)</p> <p><strong>94/3:</strong> G. L. Benwell and S. G. MacDonell. <em>Assessing the graphical and algorithmic structure of hierarchical coloured Petri net models.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp1994-03">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp1994-03.pdf">Download</a> (427 KB)</p> <p><strong>94/4:</strong> N. K. Kasabov and E. Peev. <em>Phoneme recognition with hierarchical self organised neural networks and fuzzy systems.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp1994-04">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp1994-04.pdf">Download</a> (258 KB)</p> <p><strong>94/5:</strong> N. K. Kasabov and S. H. Lavington and S. Lin and C. Wang. <em>A model for exploiting associative matching in AI production systems.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp1994-05">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp1994-05.pdf">Download</a> (301 KB)</p> <p><strong>94/6:</strong> G. L. Benwell. <em>A system development methodology for geomatics as derived from informatics.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp1994-06">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp1994-06.pdf">Download</a> (1.3 MB)</p> <p><strong>94/7:</strong> M. K. Purvis and S. G. MacDonell and J. Westland. <em>Software metrics in New Zealand: Recent trends.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp1994-07">Abstract</a></p> <p><strong>94/8:</strong> S. G. MacDonell. <em>A comparative review of functional complexity assessment methods for effort estimation.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp1994-08">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp1994-08.pdf">Download</a> (259 KB)</p> <p><strong>94/9:</strong> H. B. Wolfe. <em>Viruses: What can we really do?.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp1994-09">Abstract</a></p> <p><strong>94/10:</strong> L. Gonzalez and G. L. Benwell. <em>Stochastic models of the behaviour of scrubweeds in Southland and Otago.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp1994-10">Abstract</a></p> <p><strong>94/11:</strong> N. K. Kasabov. <em>Towards using hybrid connectionist fuzzy production systems for speech recognition.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp1994-11">Abstract</a></p> <p><strong>94/12:</strong> N. K. Kasabov. <em>Connectionist fuzzy production systems.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp1994-12">Abstract</a></p> <p><strong>94/13:</strong> W. B. L. Wong. <em>Information display design: A survey of visual display formats.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp1994-13">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp1994-13.pdf">Download</a> (1.6 MB)</p> <p><strong>94/14:</strong> P. G. Firns. <em>A conceptual data modelling framework incorporating the notion of a thematic layer.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp1994-14">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp1994-14.pdf">Download</a> (1.1 MB)</p> <p><strong>94/15:</strong> I. J. Cranwell and G. L. Benwell. <em>Recording, placement and presentation of Māori place names in a spatial information system.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp1994-15">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp1994-15.pdf">Download</a> (1.1 MB)</p> <p><strong>94/16:</strong> S. J. S. Cranefield. <em>Towards the deductive synthesis of nonlinear plans.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp1994-16">Abstract</a></p> <p><strong>94/17:</strong> N. K. Kasabov. <em>Hybrid fuzzy connectionist rule-based systems and the role of fuzzy rules extraction.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp1994-17">Abstract</a></p> <p><strong>94/18:</strong> N. K. Kasabov and C. I. Watson and S. Sinclair and R. Kilgour. <em>Integrating neural networks and fuzzy systems for speech recognition.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp1994-18">Abstract</a></p> <p><strong>94/19:</strong> C. I. Watson. <em>The visual display test: A test to assess the usefulness of a visual speech aid.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp1994-19">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp1994-19.pdf">Download</a> (257 KB)</p> <p><strong>94/1:</strong> P.J. Sallis. <em>A comparison of authorship style in the document corpus of the Epistles of St. Ignatius of Antioch.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp9401">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp1994-01.pdf">Download</a> (885 KB)</p> <p><strong>94/2:</strong> P.J. Sallis. <em>Management perceptions of IS research and development issues.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp9402">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp1994-02.pdf">Download</a> (599 KB)</p> <p><strong>94/3:</strong> G.L. Benwell and S.G. MacDonell. <em>Assessing the graphical and algorithmic structure of hierarchical coloured Petri net models.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp9403">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp1994-03.pdf">Download</a> (427 KB)</p> <p><strong>94/4:</strong> N.K. Kasabov and E. Peev. <em>Phoneme recognition with hierarchical self organised neural networks and fuzzy systems.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp9404">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp1994-04.pdf">Download</a> (258 KB)</p> <p><strong>94/5:</strong> N.K. Kasabov, S.H. Lavington, S. Lin and C. Wang. <em>A model for exploiting associative matching in AI production systems.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp9405">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp1994-05.pdf">Download</a> (301 KB)</p> <p><strong>94/6:</strong> G.L. Benwell. <em>A system development methodology for geomatics as derived from informatics.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp9406">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp1994-06.pdf">Download</a> (1.3 MB)</p> <p><strong>94/7:</strong> M.K. Purvis, S.G. MacDonell and J. Westland. <em>Software metrics in New Zealand: Recent trends.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp9407">Abstract</a> </p> <p><strong>94/8:</strong> S.G. MacDonell. <em>A comparative review of functional complexity assessment methods for effort estimation.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp9408">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp1994-08.pdf">Download</a> (259 KB)</p> <p><strong>94/9:</strong> H.B. Wolfe. <em>Viruses: What can we really do?</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp9409">Abstract</a> </p> <p><strong>94/10:</strong> L. Gonzalez and G.L. Benwell. <em>Stochastic models of the behaviour of scrubweeds in Southland and Otago.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp9410">Abstract</a> </p> <p><strong>94/11:</strong> N.K. Kasabov. <em>Towards using hybrid connectionist fuzzy production systems for speech recognition.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp9411">Abstract</a> </p> <p><strong>94/12:</strong> N.K. Kasabov. <em>Connectionist fuzzy production systems.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp9412">Abstract</a> </p> <p><strong>94/13:</strong> W.B.L. Wong. <em>Information display design: A survey of visual display formats.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp9413">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp1994-13.pdf">Download</a> (1.6 MB)</p> <p><strong>94/14:</strong> P.G. Firns. <em>A conceptual data modelling framework incorporating the notion of a thematic layer.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp9414">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp1994-14.pdf">Download</a> (1.1 MB)</p> <p><strong>94/15:</strong> I.J. Cranwell and G.L. Benwell. <em>Recording, placement and presentation of M<span style="text-decoration:overline">a</span>ori place names in a spatial information system.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp9415">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp1994-15.pdf">Download</a> (1.1 MB)</p> <p><strong>94/16:</strong> S.J.S. Cranefield. <em>Towards the deductive synthesis of nonlinear plans.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp9416">Abstract</a> </p> <p><strong>94/17:</strong> N.K. Kasabov. <em>Hybrid fuzzy connectionist rule-based systems and the role of fuzzy rules extraction.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp9417">Abstract</a> </p> <p><strong>94/18:</strong> N.K. Kasabov, C.I. Watson, S. Sinclair and R. Kilgour. <em>Integrating neural networks and fuzzy systems for speech recognition.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp9418">Abstract</a> </p> <p><strong>94/19:</strong> C.I. Watson. <em>The visual display test: A test to assess the usefulness of a visual speech aid.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp9419">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp1994-19.pdf">Download</a> (257 KB)</p>

Ignore Space Show notes View

Website/dps1994-include.htm

<p><strong>94/1:</strong> P. J. Sallis. <em>A comparison of authorship style in the document corpus of the Epistles of St.Ignatius of Antioch.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp1994-01">Abstract</a> | <a href="papers/dp1994-01.pdf">Download</a> (885 KB)</p>

<p><strong>94/2:</strong> P. J. Sallis. <em>Management perceptions of IS research and development issues.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp1994-02">Abstract</a> | <a href="papers/dp1994-02.pdf">Download</a> (599 KB)</p>

<p><strong>94/3:</strong> G. L. Benwell and S. G. MacDonell. <em>Assessing the graphical and algorithmic structure of hierarchical coloured Petri net models.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp1994-03">Abstract</a> | <a href="papers/dp1994-03.pdf">Download</a> (427 KB)</p>

<p><strong>94/4:</strong> N. K. Kasabov and E. Peev. <em>Phoneme recognition with hierarchical self organised neural networks and fuzzy systems.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp1994-04">Abstract</a> | <a href="papers/dp1994-04.pdf">Download</a> (258 KB)</p>

<p><strong>94/5:</strong> N. K. Kasabov and S. H. Lavington and S. Lin and C. Wang. <em>A model for exploiting associative matching in AI production systems.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp1994-05">Abstract</a> | <a href="papers/dp1994-05.pdf">Download</a> (301 KB)</p>

<p><strong>94/6:</strong> G. L. Benwell. <em>A system development methodology for geomatics as derived from informatics.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp1994-06">Abstract</a> | <a href="papers/dp1994-06.pdf">Download</a> (1.3 MB)</p>

<p><strong>94/7:</strong> M. K. Purvis and S. G. MacDonell and J. Westland. <em>Software metrics in New Zealand: Recent trends.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp1994-07">Abstract</a></p>

<p><strong>94/8:</strong> S. G. MacDonell. <em>A comparative review of functional complexity assessment methods for effort estimation.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp1994-08">Abstract</a> | <a href="papers/dp1994-08.pdf">Download</a> (259 KB)</p>

<p><strong>94/9:</strong> H. B. Wolfe. <em>Viruses: What can we really do?.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp1994-09">Abstract</a></p>

<p><strong>94/10:</strong> L. Gonzalez and G. L. Benwell. <em>Stochastic models of the behaviour of scrubweeds in Southland and Otago.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp1994-10">Abstract</a></p>

<p><strong>94/11:</strong> N. K. Kasabov. <em>Towards using hybrid connectionist fuzzy production systems for speech recognition.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp1994-11">Abstract</a></p>

<p><strong>94/12:</strong> N. K. Kasabov. <em>Connectionist fuzzy production systems.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp1994-12">Abstract</a></p>

<p><strong>94/13:</strong> W. B. L. Wong. <em>Information display design: A survey of visual display formats.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp1994-13">Abstract</a> | <a href="papers/dp1994-13.pdf">Download</a> (1.6 MB)</p>

<p><strong>94/14:</strong> P. G. Firns. <em>A conceptual data modelling framework incorporating the notion of a thematic layer.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp1994-14">Abstract</a> | <a href="papers/dp1994-14.pdf">Download</a> (1.1 MB)</p>

<p><strong>94/15:</strong> I. J. Cranwell and G. L. Benwell. <em>Recording, placement and presentation of M&#257;ori place names in a spatial information system.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp1994-15">Abstract</a> | <a href="papers/dp1994-15.pdf">Download</a> (1.1 MB)</p>

<p><strong>94/16:</strong> S. J. S. Cranefield. <em>Towards the deductive synthesis of nonlinear plans.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp1994-16">Abstract</a></p>

<p><strong>94/17:</strong> N. K. Kasabov. <em>Hybrid fuzzy connectionist rule-based systems and the role of fuzzy rules extraction.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp1994-17">Abstract</a></p>

<p><strong>94/18:</strong> N. K. Kasabov and C. I. Watson and S. Sinclair and R. Kilgour. <em>Integrating neural networks and fuzzy systems for speech recognition.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp1994-18">Abstract</a></p>

<p><strong>94/19:</strong> C. I. Watson. <em>The visual display test: A test to assess the usefulness of a visual speech aid.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp1994-19">Abstract</a> | <a href="papers/dp1994-19.pdf">Download</a> (257 KB)</p>

<p><strong>94/1:</strong> P.J. Sallis. <em>A comparison of authorship style in the document corpus of the Epistles of St. Ignatius of Antioch.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp9401">Abstract</a> | <a href="papers/dp1994-01.pdf">Download</a> (885 KB)</p>

<p><strong>94/2:</strong> P.J. Sallis. <em>Management perceptions of IS research and development issues.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp9402">Abstract</a> | <a href="papers/dp1994-02.pdf">Download</a> (599 KB)</p>

<p><strong>94/3:</strong> G.L. Benwell and S.G. MacDonell. <em>Assessing the graphical and algorithmic structure of hierarchical coloured Petri net models.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp9403">Abstract</a> | <a href="papers/dp1994-03.pdf">Download</a> (427 KB)</p>

<p><strong>94/4:</strong> N.K. Kasabov and E. Peev. <em>Phoneme recognition with hierarchical self organised neural networks and fuzzy systems.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp9404">Abstract</a> | <a href="papers/dp1994-04.pdf">Download</a> (258 KB)</p>

<p><strong>94/5:</strong> N.K. Kasabov, S.H. Lavington, S. Lin and C. Wang. <em>A model for exploiting associative matching in AI production systems.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp9405">Abstract</a> | <a href="papers/dp1994-05.pdf">Download</a> (301 KB)</p>

<p><strong>94/6:</strong> G.L. Benwell. <em>A system development methodology for geomatics as derived from informatics.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp9406">Abstract</a> | <a href="papers/dp1994-06.pdf">Download</a> (1.3 MB)</p>

<p><strong>94/7:</strong> M.K. Purvis, S.G. MacDonell and J. Westland. <em>Software metrics in New Zealand: Recent trends.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp9407">Abstract</a> </p>

<p><strong>94/8:</strong> S.G. MacDonell. <em>A comparative review of functional complexity assessment methods for effort estimation.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp9408">Abstract</a> | <a href="papers/dp1994-08.pdf">Download</a> (259 KB)</p>

<p><strong>94/9:</strong> H.B. Wolfe. <em>Viruses: What can we really do?</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp9409">Abstract</a> </p>

<p><strong>94/10:</strong> L. Gonzalez and G.L. Benwell. <em>Stochastic models of the behaviour of scrubweeds in Southland and Otago.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp9410">Abstract</a> </p>

<p><strong>94/11:</strong> N.K. Kasabov. <em>Towards using hybrid connectionist fuzzy production systems for speech recognition.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp9411">Abstract</a> </p>

<p><strong>94/12:</strong> N.K. Kasabov. <em>Connectionist fuzzy production systems.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp9412">Abstract</a> </p>

<p><strong>94/13:</strong> W.B.L. Wong. <em>Information display design: A survey of visual display formats.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp9413">Abstract</a> | <a href="papers/dp1994-13.pdf">Download</a> (1.6 MB)</p>

<p><strong>94/14:</strong> P.G. Firns. <em>A conceptual data modelling framework incorporating the notion of a thematic layer.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp9414">Abstract</a> | <a href="papers/dp1994-14.pdf">Download</a> (1.1 MB)</p>

<p><strong>94/15:</strong> I.J. Cranwell and G.L. Benwell. <em>Recording, placement and presentation of M<span style="text-decoration:overline">a</span>ori place names in a spatial information system.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp9415">Abstract</a> | <a href="papers/dp1994-15.pdf">Download</a> (1.1 MB)</p>

<p><strong>94/16:</strong> S.J.S. Cranefield. <em>Towards the deductive synthesis of nonlinear plans.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp9416">Abstract</a> </p>

<p><strong>94/17:</strong> N.K. Kasabov. <em>Hybrid fuzzy connectionist rule-based systems and the role of fuzzy rules extraction.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp9417">Abstract</a> </p>

<p><strong>94/18:</strong> N.K. Kasabov, C.I. Watson, S. Sinclair and R. Kilgour. <em>Integrating neural networks and fuzzy systems for speech recognition.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp9418">Abstract</a> </p>

<p><strong>94/19:</strong> C.I. Watson. <em>The visual display test: A test to assess the usefulness of a visual speech aid.</em> <a href="dp1994-abstracts.htm#dp9419">Abstract</a> | <a href="papers/dp1994-19.pdf">Download</a> (257 KB)</p>

Ignore Space Show notes View Website/dps1995-include.htm
<p><strong>95/1:</strong> R. J. Pegler and P. G. Firns. <em>Semantic data modelling for hypermedia database applications.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp1995-01">Abstract</a></p> <p><strong>95/2:</strong> P. J. Sallis and T. McMahon. <em>Pursuing a national policy for information technology in school education: A New Zealand odyssey.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp1995-02">Abstract</a></p> <p><strong>95/3:</strong> W. B. L. Wong and P. J. Sallis and D. P. O’Hare. <em>Information portrayal for intentional processes: A framework for analysis.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp1995-03">Abstract</a></p> <p><strong>95/4:</strong> S. K. S. Cockcroft. <em>An object repository model for the storage of spatial metadata.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp1995-04">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp1995-04.pdf">Download</a> (184 KB)</p> <p><strong>95/5:</strong> S. G. MacDonell. <em>Establishing relationships between specification size and software process effort in CASE environments.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp1995-05">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp1995-05.pdf">Download</a> (264 KB)</p> <p><strong>95/6:</strong> W. B. L. Wong and P. J. Sallis and D. P. O’Hare. <em>Information portrayal for decision support in dynamic intentional process environments.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp1995-06">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp1995-06.pdf">Download</a> (244 KB)</p> <p><strong>95/7:</strong> S. J. S. Cranefield and P. Gorman and M. K. Purvis. <em>Communicating agents: An emerging approach for distributed heterogeneous systems.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp1995-07">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp1995-07.pdf">Download</a> (188 KB)</p> <p><strong>95/8:</strong> M. K. Purvis and S. J. S. Cranefield. <em>Causal agent modelling: A unifying paradigm for systems and organisations.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp1995-08">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp1995-08.pdf">Download</a> (180 KB)</p> <p><strong>95/9:</strong> A. Holt and G. L. Benwell. <em>Case-based reasoning and spatial analysis.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp1995-09">Abstract</a></p> <p><strong>95/10:</strong> M. K. Purvis and M. A. Purvis and G. L. Benwell. <em>Modelling and simulation of the New Zealand Resource Management Act.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp1995-10">Abstract</a></p> <p><strong>95/11:</strong> B. A. Ballantyne and G. L. Benwell and N. C. Sutherland. <em>Fuzzy concepts, land and cultural confidentiality.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp1995-11">Abstract</a></p> <p><strong>95/12:</strong> S. A. Mann. <em>A case study in environmental decision making.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp1995-12">Abstract</a></p> <p><strong>95/13:</strong> A. J. Marr and G. L. Benwell. <em>Local government GIS in New Zealand since 1989.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp1995-13">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp1995-13.pdf">Download</a> (268 KB)</p> <p><strong>95/14:</strong> G. L. Benwell and T. Fletcher and C. B. Smith. <em>Integrating modelling and simulation into a problem solving paradigm for improved regional and environmental decision making.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp1995-14">Abstract</a></p> <p><strong>95/15:</strong> S. J. S. Cranefield and M. K. Purvis. <em>Agent-based integration of general-purpose tools.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp1995-15">Abstract</a></p> <p><strong>95/16:</strong> A. Holt and G. L. Benwell. <em>Applying case-based reasoning to spatial phenomena.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp1995-16">Abstract</a></p> <p><strong>95/1:</strong> R.J. Pegler and P.G. Firns. <em>Semantic data modelling for hypermedia database applications.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp9501">Abstract</a> </p> <p><strong>95/2:</strong> P.J. Sallis and T. McMahon. <em>Pursuing a national policy for information technology in school education: A New Zealand odyssey.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp9502">Abstract</a> </p> <p><strong>95/3:</strong> W.B.L. Wong, P.J. Sallis and D.P. O’Hare. <em>Information portrayal for intentional processes: A framework for analysis.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp9503">Abstract</a> </p> <p><strong>95/4:</strong> S.K.S. Cockcroft. <em>An object repository model for the storage of spatial metadata.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp9504">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp9504so.pdf.gz">Download</a> (138KB)</p> <p><strong>95/5:</strong> S.G. MacDonell. <em>Establishing relationships between specification size and software process effort in CASE environments.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp9505">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp9505sm.pdf.gz">Download</a> (205KB)</p> <p><strong>95/6:</strong> W.B.L. Wong, P.J. Sallis and D.P. O’Hare. <em>Information portrayal for decision support in dynamic intentional process environments.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp9506">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp9506ww.pdf.gz">Download</a> (189KB)</p> <p><strong>95/7:</strong> S.J.S. Cranefield, P. Gorman and M.K. Purvis. <em>Communicating agents: An emerging approach for distributed heterogeneous systems.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp9507">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp9507sc.pdf.gz">Download</a> (143KB)</p> <p><strong>95/8:</strong> M.K. Purvis and S.J.S. Cranefield. <em>Causal agent modelling: A unifying paradigm for systems and organisations.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp9508">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp9508mp.pdf.gz">Download</a> (132KB)</p> <p><strong>95/9:</strong> A. Holt and G.L. Benwell. <em>Case-based reasoning and spatial analysis.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp9509">Abstract</a> </p> <p><strong>95/10:</strong> M.K. Purvis, M.A. Purvis and G.L. Benwell. <em>Modelling and simulation of the New Zealand Resource Management Act.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp9510">Abstract</a> </p> <p><strong>95/11:</strong> B.A. Ballantyne, G.L. Benwell and N.C. Sutherland. <em>Fuzzy concepts, land and cultural confidentiality.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp9511">Abstract</a> </p> <p><strong>95/12:</strong> S.A. Mann. <em>A case study in environmental decision making.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp9512">Abstract</a> </p> <p><strong>95/13:</strong> A.J. Marr and G.L. Benwell. <em>Local government GIS in New Zealand since 1989.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp9513">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp9513gb.pdf.gz">Download</a> (212KB)</p> <p><strong>95/14:</strong> G.L. Benwell, S.A. Mann and C.B. Smith. <em>Integrating modelling and simulation into a problem solving paradigm for improved regional and environmental decision making.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp9514">Abstract</a> </p> <p><strong>95/15:</strong> S.J.S. Cranefield and M.K. Purvis. <em>Agent-based integration of general-purpose tools.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp9515">Abstract</a> </p> <p><strong>95/16:</strong> A. Holt and G.L. Benwell. <em>Applying case-based reasoning to spatial phenomena.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp9516">Abstract</a> </p>

Ignore Space Show notes View

Website/dps1995-include.htm

<p><strong>95/1:</strong> R. J. Pegler and P. G. Firns. <em>Semantic data modelling for hypermedia database applications.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp1995-01">Abstract</a></p>

<p><strong>95/2:</strong> P. J. Sallis and T. McMahon. <em>Pursuing a national policy for information technology in school education: A New Zealand odyssey.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp1995-02">Abstract</a></p>

<p><strong>95/3:</strong> W. B. L. Wong and P. J. Sallis and D. P. O&rsquo;Hare. <em>Information portrayal for intentional processes: A framework for analysis.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp1995-03">Abstract</a></p>

<p><strong>95/4:</strong> S. K. S. Cockcroft. <em>An object repository model for the storage of spatial metadata.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp1995-04">Abstract</a> | <a href="papers/dp1995-04.pdf">Download</a> (184 KB)</p>

<p><strong>95/5:</strong> S. G. MacDonell. <em>Establishing relationships between specification size and software process effort in CASE environments.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp1995-05">Abstract</a> | <a href="papers/dp1995-05.pdf">Download</a> (264 KB)</p>

<p><strong>95/6:</strong> W. B. L. Wong and P. J. Sallis and D. P. O&rsquo;Hare. <em>Information portrayal for decision support in dynamic intentional process environments.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp1995-06">Abstract</a> | <a href="papers/dp1995-06.pdf">Download</a> (244 KB)</p>

<p><strong>95/7:</strong> S. J. S. Cranefield and P. Gorman and M. K. Purvis. <em>Communicating agents: An emerging approach for distributed heterogeneous systems.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp1995-07">Abstract</a> | <a href="papers/dp1995-07.pdf">Download</a> (188 KB)</p>

<p><strong>95/8:</strong> M. K. Purvis and S. J. S. Cranefield. <em>Causal agent modelling: A unifying paradigm for systems and organisations.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp1995-08">Abstract</a> | <a href="papers/dp1995-08.pdf">Download</a> (180 KB)</p>

<p><strong>95/9:</strong> A. Holt and G. L. Benwell. <em>Case-based reasoning and spatial analysis.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp1995-09">Abstract</a></p>

<p><strong>95/10:</strong> M. K. Purvis and M. A. Purvis and G. L. Benwell. <em>Modelling and simulation of the New Zealand Resource Management Act.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp1995-10">Abstract</a></p>

<p><strong>95/11:</strong> B. A. Ballantyne and G. L. Benwell and N. C. Sutherland. <em>Fuzzy concepts, land and cultural confidentiality.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp1995-11">Abstract</a></p>

<p><strong>95/12:</strong> S. A. Mann. <em>A case study in environmental decision making.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp1995-12">Abstract</a></p>

<p><strong>95/13:</strong> A. J. Marr and G. L. Benwell. <em>Local government GIS in New Zealand since 1989.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp1995-13">Abstract</a> | <a href="papers/dp1995-13.pdf">Download</a> (268 KB)</p>

<p><strong>95/14:</strong> G. L. Benwell and T. Fletcher and C. B. Smith. <em>Integrating modelling and simulation into a problem solving paradigm for improved regional and environmental decision making.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp1995-14">Abstract</a></p>

<p><strong>95/15:</strong> S. J. S. Cranefield and M. K. Purvis. <em>Agent-based integration of general-purpose tools.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp1995-15">Abstract</a></p>

<p><strong>95/16:</strong> A. Holt and G. L. Benwell. <em>Applying case-based reasoning to spatial phenomena.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp1995-16">Abstract</a></p>

<p><strong>95/1:</strong> R.J. Pegler and P.G. Firns. <em>Semantic data modelling for hypermedia database applications.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp9501">Abstract</a> </p>

<p><strong>95/2:</strong> P.J. Sallis and T. McMahon. <em>Pursuing a national policy for information technology in school education: A New Zealand odyssey.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp9502">Abstract</a> </p>

<p><strong>95/3:</strong> W.B.L. Wong, P.J. Sallis and D.P. O&#8217;Hare. <em>Information portrayal for intentional processes: A framework for analysis.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp9503">Abstract</a> </p>

<p><strong>95/4:</strong> S.K.S. Cockcroft. <em>An object repository model for the storage of spatial metadata.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp9504">Abstract</a> | <a href="papers/dp9504so.pdf.gz">Download</a> (138KB)</p>

<p><strong>95/5:</strong> S.G. MacDonell. <em>Establishing relationships between specification size and software process effort in CASE environments.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp9505">Abstract</a> | <a href="papers/dp9505sm.pdf.gz">Download</a> (205KB)</p>

<p><strong>95/6:</strong> W.B.L. Wong, P.J. Sallis and D.P. O&#8217;Hare. <em>Information portrayal for decision support in dynamic intentional process environments.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp9506">Abstract</a> | <a href="papers/dp9506ww.pdf.gz">Download</a> (189KB)</p>

<p><strong>95/7:</strong> S.J.S. Cranefield, P. Gorman and M.K. Purvis. <em>Communicating agents: An emerging approach for distributed heterogeneous systems.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp9507">Abstract</a> | <a href="papers/dp9507sc.pdf.gz">Download</a> (143KB)</p>

<p><strong>95/8:</strong> M.K. Purvis and S.J.S. Cranefield. <em>Causal agent modelling: A unifying paradigm for systems and organisations.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp9508">Abstract</a> | <a href="papers/dp9508mp.pdf.gz">Download</a> (132KB)</p>

<p><strong>95/9:</strong> A. Holt and G.L. Benwell. <em>Case-based reasoning and spatial analysis.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp9509">Abstract</a> </p>

<p><strong>95/10:</strong> M.K. Purvis, M.A. Purvis and G.L. Benwell. <em>Modelling and simulation of the New Zealand Resource Management Act.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp9510">Abstract</a> </p>

<p><strong>95/11:</strong> B.A. Ballantyne, G.L. Benwell and N.C. Sutherland. <em>Fuzzy concepts, land and cultural confidentiality.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp9511">Abstract</a> </p>

<p><strong>95/12:</strong> S.A. Mann. <em>A case study in environmental decision making.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp9512">Abstract</a> </p>

<p><strong>95/13:</strong> A.J. Marr and G.L. Benwell. <em>Local government GIS in New Zealand since 1989.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp9513">Abstract</a> | <a href="papers/dp9513gb.pdf.gz">Download</a> (212KB)</p>

<p><strong>95/14:</strong> G.L. Benwell, S.A. Mann and C.B. Smith. <em>Integrating modelling and simulation into a problem solving paradigm for improved regional and environmental decision making.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp9514">Abstract</a> </p>

<p><strong>95/15:</strong> S.J.S. Cranefield and M.K. Purvis. <em>Agent-based integration of general-purpose tools.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp9515">Abstract</a> </p>

<p><strong>95/16:</strong> A. Holt and G.L. Benwell. <em>Applying case-based reasoning to spatial phenomena.</em> <a href="dp1995-abstracts.htm#dp9516">Abstract</a> </p>

Ignore Space Show notes View Website/dps1996-include.htm
<p><strong>96/01:</strong> G. L. Benwell and S. G. MacDonell. <em>Using data models to estimate required effort in creating a spatial information system.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-01">Abstract</a></p> <p><strong>96/02:</strong> S. K. S. Cockcroft. <em>The use of a metadata repository in spatial database development.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-02">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp1996-02.pdf">Download</a> (188 KB)</p> <p><strong>96/03:</strong> N. K. Kasabov and M. K. Purvis and P. J. Sallis. <em>Connectionist-based information systems: A proposed research theme.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-03">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp1996-03.pdf">Download</a> (180 KB)</p> <p><strong>96/04:</strong> M. K. Purvis and S. J. S. Cranefield. <em>Agent modelling with Petri nets.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-04">Abstract</a></p> <p><strong>96/05:</strong> A. R. Gray and S. G. MacDonell. <em>A comparison of alternatives to regression analysis as model building techniques to develop predictive equations for software metrics.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-05">Abstract</a></p> <p><strong>96/06:</strong> S. G. MacDonell and G. L. Benwell. <em>Process management for geographical information system development.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-06">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp1996-06.pdf">Download</a> (180 KB)</p> <p><strong>96/07:</strong> W. B. L. Wong and D. P. O’Hare and P. J. Sallis. <em>Experimental transformation of a cognitive schema into a display structure.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-07">Abstract</a></p> <p><strong>96/08:</strong> N. K. Kasabov and M. K. Purvis and F. Zhang and G. L. Benwell. <em>Neuro-fuzzy engineering for spatial information processing.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-08">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp1996-08.pdf">Download</a> (376 KB)</p> <p><strong>96/09:</strong> S. A. Israel and N. K. Kasabov. <em>Improved learning strategies for multimodular fuzzy neural network systems: A case study on image classification.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-09">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp1996-09.pdf">Download</a> (440 KB)</p> <p><strong>96/10:</strong> H. B. Wolfe. <em>Politics and techniques of data encryption.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-10">Abstract</a></p> <p><strong>96/11:</strong> H. B. Wolfe. <em>Reasonable security safeguards for small to medium organisations.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-11">Abstract</a></p> <p><strong>96/12:</strong> H. B. Wolfe. <em>Information warfare: Where are the threats?.</em> <a href="papers/dp1996-12.pdf">Download</a> (72 KB)</p> <p><strong>96/13:</strong> H. Munro and K. Novins and G. L. Benwell and A. Moffat. <em>Interactive visualisation tools for analysing NIR data.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-13">Abstract</a></p> <p><strong>96/14:</strong> M. K. Purvis and X. Li. <em>A connectionist computational architecture based on an optical thin-film model.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-14">Abstract</a></p> <p><strong>96/15:</strong> S. G. MacDonell and M. J. Shepperd and P. J. Sallis. <em>Measurement of database systems: An empirical study.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-15">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp1996-15.pdf">Download</a> (200 KB)</p> <p><strong>96/16:</strong> R. T. Pascoe and D. Abernathy. <em>Teaching a diploma in medical informatics using the World Wide Web.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-16">Abstract</a></p> <p><strong>96/17:</strong> S. G. MacDonell and A. R. Gray. <em>Alternatives to regression models for estimating software projects.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-17">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp1996-17.pdf">Download</a> (232 KB)</p> <p><strong>96/18:</strong> W. B. L. Wong and D. P. O’Hare and P. J. Sallis. <em>A goal-oriented approach for designing decision support displays in dynamic environments.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-18">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp1996-18.pdf">Download</a> (148 KB)</p> <p><strong>96/19:</strong> S. G. MacDonell and A. R. Gray. <em>Software process engineering for measurement-driven software quality programs—Realism and idealism.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-19">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp1996-19.pdf">Download</a> (240 KB)</p> <p><strong>96/20:</strong> X. Li and M. K. Purvis. <em>Using genetic algorithms for an optical thin-film learning model.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-20">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp1996-20.pdf">Download</a> (448 KB)</p> <p><strong>96/21:</strong> T. Fletcher and W. B. L. Wong and S. G. MacDonell. <em>Early experiences in measuring multimedia systems development effort.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-21">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp1996-21.pdf">Download</a> (220 KB)</p> <p><strong>96/22:</strong> D. Z. Butt and T. Fletcher and S. G. MacDonell and B. E. Norris and W. B. L. Wong. <em>Applying soft systems methodology to multimedia systems requirements analysis.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-22">Abstract</a></p> <p><strong>96/23:</strong> N. K. Kasabov and J. Kim and M. J. Watts and A. R. Gray. <em>FuNN/2—A fuzzy neural network architecture for adaptive learning and knowledge acquisition.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-23">Abstract</a></p> <p><strong>96/24:</strong> S. J. S. Cranefield and M. K. Purvis. <em>An agent-based architecture for software tool coordination.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-24">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp1996-24.pdf">Download</a> (72 KB)</p> <p><strong>96/25:</strong> Multiple authors. <em>Special issue: GeoComputation ’96.</em> A collection of papers that were presented at the First International Conference on GeoComputation, Leeds, UK. It comprises the following nine papers:</p> <BLOCKQUOTE> <ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"> <li><p>G. L. Benwell. <em>Spatial databases—Creative future concepts and use.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-25a">Abstract</a></li></p> <li><p>S. Cockcroft. <em>First experiences in implementing a spatial metadata repository.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-25b">Abstract</a></li></p> <li><p>A. Holt. <em>Incorporating a new computational reasoning approach to spatial modelling.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-25c">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp1996-25c.pdf">Download</a> (1 MB)</li></p> <li><p>L. Lilburne and G. Benwell and R. Buick. <em>GIS, expert systems and interoperability.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-25d">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp1996-25d.pdf">Download</a> (564 KB)</li></p> <li><p>S. Mann. <em>Environmental decisions with spatial process modelling.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-25e">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp1996-25e.pdf">Download</a> (348 KB)</li></p> <li><p>A. J. Marr and G. L. Benwell. <em>GIS maturity and integration.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-25f">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp1996-25f.pdf">Download</a> (500 MB)</li></p> <li><p>B. R. McLennan and M. K. Purvis and C. J. R. Robertson. <em>Wildlife population analysis with GIS: Conservation management of royal albatross.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-25g">Abstract</a></li></p> <li><p>R. T. Pascoe. <em>Data sharing using the X.500 directory.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-25h">Abstract</a></li></p> <li><p>M. Williams. <em>Spatial data acquisition from motion video.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-25i">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp1996-25i.pdf">Download</a> (808 KB)</li></p> </ol> </BLOCKQUOTE> <p><a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-25">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp1996-25.pdf">Download</a> (2.9 MB) Note that the electronic version currently only includes the five papers above that have electronic versions.</p> <p><strong>96/01:</strong> G.L. Benwell and S.G. MacDonell. <em>Using data models to estimate required effort in creating a spatial information system.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9601">Abstract</a> </p> <p><strong>96/02:</strong> S.K.S. Cockcroft. <em>The use of a metadata repository in spatial database development.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9602">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp9602so.pdf.gz">Download</a> (141KB)</p> <p><strong>96/03:</strong> N.K. Kasabov, M.K. Purvis and P.J. Sallis. <em>Connectionist-based information systems: A proposed research theme.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9603">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp9603nk.pdf.gz">Download</a> (168KB)</p> <p><strong>96/04:</strong> M.K. Purvis and S.J.S. Cranefield. <em>Agent modelling with Petri nets.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9604">Abstract</a> </p> <p><strong>96/05:</strong> A.R. Gray and S.G. MacDonell. <em>A comparison of alternatives to regression analysis as model building techniques to develop predictive equations for software metrics.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9605">Abstract</a> </p> <p><strong>96/06:</strong> S.G. MacDonell and G.L. Benwell. <em>Process management for geographical information system development.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9606">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp9606sm.pdf.gz">Download</a> (134KB)</p> <p><strong>96/07:</strong> W.B.L. Wong, D.P. O’Hare and P.J. Sallis. <em>Experimental transformation of a cognitive schema into a display structure.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9607">Abstract</a> </p> <p><strong>96/08:</strong> N.K. Kasabov, M.K. Purvis, F. Zhang and G.L. Benwell. <em>Neuro-fuzzy engineering for spatial information processing.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9608">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp9608nk.pdf.gz">Download</a> (285KB)</p> <p><strong>96/09:</strong> S.A. Israel and N.K. Kasabov. <em>Improved learning strategies for multimodular fuzzy neural network systems: A case study on image classification.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9609">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp9609nk.pdf.gz">Download</a> (364KB)</p> <p><strong>96/10:</strong> H.B. Wolfe. <em>Politics and techniques of data encryption.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9610">Abstract</a> </p> <p><strong>96/11:</strong> H.B. Wolfe. <em>Reasonable security safeguards for small to medium organisations.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9611">Abstract</a> </p> <p><strong>96/12:</strong> H.B. Wolfe. <em>Information warfare: Where are the threats?</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9612">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp9612hw.pdf.gz">Download</a> (57KB)</p> <p><strong>96/13:</strong> H. Munro, K. Novins, G.L. Benwell and A. Moffat. <em>Interactive visualisation tools for analysing NIR data.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9613">Abstract</a> </p> <p><strong>96/14:</strong> M.K. Purvis and X. Li. <em>A connectionist computational architecture based on an optical thin-film model.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9614">Abstract</a> </p> <p><strong>96/15:</strong> S.G. MacDonell, M.J. Shepperd and P.J. Sallis. <em>Measurement of database systems: An empirical study.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9615">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp9615sm.pdf.gz">Download</a> (151KB)</p> <p><strong>96/16:</strong> R.T. Pascoe and D. Abernathy. <em>Teaching a diploma in medical informatics using the World Wide Web.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9616">Abstract</a> </p> <p><strong>96/17:</strong> S.G. MacDonell and A.R. Gray. <em>Alternatives to regression models for estimating software projects.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9617">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp9617sm.pdf.gz">Download</a> (176KB)</p> <p><strong>96/18:</strong> W.B.L. Wong, D.P. O’Hare and P.J. Sallis. <em>A goal-oriented approach for designing decision support displays in dynamic environments.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9618">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp9618ww.pdf.gz">Download</a> (117KB)</p> <p><strong>96/19:</strong> S.G. MacDonell and A.R. Gray. <em>Software process engineering for measurement-driven software quality programs—Realism and idealism.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9619">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp9619sm.pdf.gz">Download</a> (189KB)</p> <p><strong>96/20:</strong> X. Li and M.K. Purvis. <em>Using genetic algorithms for an optical thin-film learning model.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9620">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp9620mp.pdf.gz">Download</a> (437KB)</p> <p><strong>96/21:</strong> T. Fletcher, W.B.L. Wong and S.G. MacDonell. <em>Early experiences in measuring multimedia systems development effort.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9621">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp9621sm.pdf.gz">Download</a> (171KB)</p> <p><strong>96/22:</strong> D.o.Z. Butt, T. Fletcher, S.G. MacDonell, B.E. Norris and W.B.L. Wong. <em>Applying soft systems methodology to multimedia systems requirements analysis.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9622">Abstract</a> </p> <p><strong>96/23:</strong> N.K. Kasabov, J. Kim, M.J. Watts and A.R. Gray. <em>FuNN/2—A fuzzy neural network architecture for adaptive learning and knowledge acquisition.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9623">Abstract</a> </p> <p><strong>96/24:</strong> S.J.S. Cranefield and M.K. Purvis. <em>An agent-based architecture for software tool coordination.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9624">Abstract</a> \| <a href="papers/dp9624sc.pdf.gz">Download</a> (55KB)</p> <p><strong>96/25:</strong> Various. <em>Special issue: GeoComputation ’96.</em> A collection of papers that were presented at the First International Conference on GeoComputation, Leeds, UK. It comprises the following nine papers:</p> <BLOCKQUOTE> <ol> <li>G.L. Benwell. <em>Spatial databases—Creative future concepts and use.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9625a">Abstract</a></li> <li>S. Cockcroft. <em>First experiences in implementing a spatial metadata repository.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9625b">Abstract</a></li> <li>* A. Holt. <em>Incorporating a new computational reasoning approach to spatial modelling.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9625c">Abstract</a></li> <li>* L. Lilburne, G. Benwell and R. Buick. <em>GIS, expert systems and interoperability.</em></li> <li>* S. Mann. <em>Environmental decisions with spatial process modelling.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9625e">Abstract</a></li> <li>* A.J. Marr and G.L. Benwell. <em>GIS maturity and integration.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9625f">Abstract</a></li> <li>B.R. McLennan, M.K. Purvis and C.J.R. Robertson. <em>Wildlife population analysis with GIS: Conservation management of royal albatross.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9625g">Abstract</a></li> <li>R.T. Pascoe. <em>Data sharing using the X.500 directory.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9625h">Abstract</a></li> <li>* M. Williams. <em>Spatial data acquisition from motion video.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9625i">Abstract</a></li> </ol> </BLOCKQUOTE> <p><a href="papers/dp9625.pdf.gz">Download</a> (2.3MB) Note that the electronic version currently only includes the five papers marked with an asterisk (*) above.</p>

Ignore Space Show notes View

Website/dps1996-include.htm

<p><strong>96/01:</strong> G. L. Benwell and S. G. MacDonell. <em>Using data models to estimate required effort in creating a spatial information system.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-01">Abstract</a></p>

<p><strong>96/02:</strong> S. K. S. Cockcroft. <em>The use of a metadata repository in spatial database development.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-02">Abstract</a> |  <a href="papers/dp1996-02.pdf">Download</a> (188 KB)</p>

<p><strong>96/03:</strong> N. K. Kasabov and M. K. Purvis and P. J. Sallis. <em>Connectionist-based information systems: A proposed research theme.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-03">Abstract</a> |  <a href="papers/dp1996-03.pdf">Download</a> (180 KB)</p>

<p><strong>96/04:</strong> M. K. Purvis and S. J. S. Cranefield. <em>Agent modelling with Petri nets.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-04">Abstract</a></p>

<p><strong>96/05:</strong> A. R. Gray and S. G. MacDonell. <em>A comparison of alternatives to regression analysis as model building techniques to develop predictive equations for software metrics.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-05">Abstract</a></p>

<p><strong>96/06:</strong> S. G. MacDonell and G. L. Benwell. <em>Process management for geographical information system development.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-06">Abstract</a> |  <a href="papers/dp1996-06.pdf">Download</a> (180 KB)</p>

<p><strong>96/07:</strong> W. B. L. Wong and D. P. O&rsquo;Hare and P. J. Sallis. <em>Experimental transformation of a cognitive schema into a display structure.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-07">Abstract</a></p>

<p><strong>96/08:</strong> N. K. Kasabov and M. K. Purvis and F. Zhang and G. L. Benwell. <em>Neuro-fuzzy engineering for spatial information processing.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-08">Abstract</a> |  <a href="papers/dp1996-08.pdf">Download</a> (376 KB)</p>

<p><strong>96/09:</strong> S. A. Israel and N. K. Kasabov. <em>Improved learning strategies for multimodular fuzzy neural network systems: A case study on image classification.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-09">Abstract</a> |  <a href="papers/dp1996-09.pdf">Download</a> (440 KB)</p>

<p><strong>96/10:</strong> H. B. Wolfe. <em>Politics and techniques of data encryption.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-10">Abstract</a></p>

<p><strong>96/11:</strong> H. B. Wolfe. <em>Reasonable security safeguards for small to medium organisations.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-11">Abstract</a></p>

<p><strong>96/12:</strong> H. B. Wolfe. <em>Information warfare: Where are the threats?.</em>  <a href="papers/dp1996-12.pdf">Download</a> (72 KB)</p>

<p><strong>96/13:</strong> H. Munro and K. Novins and G. L. Benwell and A. Moffat. <em>Interactive visualisation tools for analysing NIR data.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-13">Abstract</a></p>

<p><strong>96/14:</strong> M. K. Purvis and X. Li. <em>A connectionist computational architecture based on an optical thin-film model.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-14">Abstract</a></p>

<p><strong>96/15:</strong> S. G. MacDonell and M. J. Shepperd and P. J. Sallis. <em>Measurement of database systems: An empirical study.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-15">Abstract</a> |  <a href="papers/dp1996-15.pdf">Download</a> (200 KB)</p>

<p><strong>96/16:</strong> R. T. Pascoe and D. Abernathy. <em>Teaching a diploma in medical informatics using the World Wide Web.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-16">Abstract</a></p>

<p><strong>96/17:</strong> S. G. MacDonell and A. R. Gray. <em>Alternatives to regression models for estimating software projects.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-17">Abstract</a> |  <a href="papers/dp1996-17.pdf">Download</a> (232 KB)</p>

<p><strong>96/18:</strong> W. B. L. Wong and D. P. O&rsquo;Hare and P. J. Sallis. <em>A goal-oriented approach for designing decision support displays in dynamic environments.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-18">Abstract</a> |  <a href="papers/dp1996-18.pdf">Download</a> (148 KB)</p>

<p><strong>96/19:</strong> S. G. MacDonell and A. R. Gray. <em>Software process engineering for measurement-driven software quality programs&mdash;Realism and idealism.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-19">Abstract</a> |  <a href="papers/dp1996-19.pdf">Download</a> (240 KB)</p>

<p><strong>96/20:</strong> X. Li and M. K. Purvis. <em>Using genetic algorithms for an optical thin-film learning model.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-20">Abstract</a> |  <a href="papers/dp1996-20.pdf">Download</a> (448 KB)</p>

<p><strong>96/21:</strong> T. Fletcher and W. B. L. Wong and S. G. MacDonell. <em>Early experiences in measuring multimedia systems development effort.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-21">Abstract</a> |  <a href="papers/dp1996-21.pdf">Download</a> (220 KB)</p>

<p><strong>96/22:</strong> D. Z. Butt and T. Fletcher and S. G. MacDonell and B. E. Norris and W. B. L. Wong. <em>Applying soft systems methodology to multimedia systems requirements analysis.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-22">Abstract</a></p>

<p><strong>96/23:</strong> N. K. Kasabov and J. Kim and M. J. Watts and A. R. Gray. <em>FuNN/2&mdash;A fuzzy neural network architecture for adaptive learning and knowledge acquisition.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-23">Abstract</a></p>

<p><strong>96/24:</strong> S. J. S. Cranefield and M. K. Purvis. <em>An agent-based architecture for software tool coordination.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-24">Abstract</a> |  <a href="papers/dp1996-24.pdf">Download</a> (72 KB)</p>

<p><strong>96/25:</strong> Multiple authors. <em>Special issue: GeoComputation &rsquo;96.</em> A collection of papers that were presented at the First International Conference on GeoComputation, Leeds, UK. It comprises the following nine papers:</p>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
	<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
		<li><p>G. L. Benwell. <em>Spatial databases&mdash;Creative future concepts and use.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-25a">Abstract</a></li></p>
		<li><p>S. Cockcroft. <em>First experiences in implementing a spatial metadata repository.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-25b">Abstract</a></li></p>
		<li><p>A. Holt. <em>Incorporating a new computational reasoning approach to spatial modelling.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-25c">Abstract</a> |  <a href="papers/dp1996-25c.pdf">Download</a> (1 MB)</li></p>
		<li><p>L. Lilburne and G. Benwell and R. Buick. <em>GIS, expert systems and interoperability.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-25d">Abstract</a> |  <a href="papers/dp1996-25d.pdf">Download</a> (564 KB)</li></p>
		<li><p>S. Mann. <em>Environmental decisions with spatial process modelling.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-25e">Abstract</a> |  <a href="papers/dp1996-25e.pdf">Download</a> (348 KB)</li></p>
		<li><p>A. J. Marr and G. L. Benwell. <em>GIS maturity and integration.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-25f">Abstract</a> |  <a href="papers/dp1996-25f.pdf">Download</a> (500 MB)</li></p>
		<li><p>B. R. McLennan and M. K. Purvis and C. J. R. Robertson. <em>Wildlife population analysis with GIS: Conservation management of royal albatross.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-25g">Abstract</a></li></p>
		<li><p>R. T. Pascoe. <em>Data sharing using the X.500 directory.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-25h">Abstract</a></li></p>
		<li><p>M. Williams. <em>Spatial data acquisition from motion video.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-25i">Abstract</a> |  <a href="papers/dp1996-25i.pdf">Download</a> (808 KB)</li></p>
	</ol>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
	<p><a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp1996-25">Abstract</a> |  <a href="papers/dp1996-25.pdf">Download</a> (2.9 MB) Note that the electronic version currently only includes the five papers above that have electronic versions.</p>

<p><strong>96/01:</strong> G.L. Benwell and S.G. MacDonell. <em>Using data models to estimate required effort in creating a spatial information system.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9601">Abstract</a> </p>

<p><strong>96/02:</strong> S.K.S. Cockcroft. <em>The use of a metadata repository in spatial database development.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9602">Abstract</a> | <a href="papers/dp9602so.pdf.gz">Download</a> (141KB)</p>

<p><strong>96/03:</strong> N.K. Kasabov, M.K. Purvis and P.J. Sallis. <em>Connectionist-based information systems: A proposed research theme.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9603">Abstract</a> | <a href="papers/dp9603nk.pdf.gz">Download</a> (168KB)</p>

<p><strong>96/04:</strong> M.K. Purvis and S.J.S. Cranefield. <em>Agent modelling with Petri nets.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9604">Abstract</a> </p>

<p><strong>96/05:</strong> A.R. Gray and S.G. MacDonell. <em>A comparison of alternatives to regression analysis as model building techniques to develop predictive equations for software metrics.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9605">Abstract</a> </p>

<p><strong>96/06:</strong> S.G. MacDonell and G.L. Benwell. <em>Process management for geographical information system development.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9606">Abstract</a> | <a href="papers/dp9606sm.pdf.gz">Download</a> (134KB)</p>

<p><strong>96/07:</strong> W.B.L. Wong, D.P. O&#8217;Hare and P.J. Sallis. <em>Experimental transformation of a cognitive schema into a display structure.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9607">Abstract</a> </p>

<p><strong>96/08:</strong> N.K. Kasabov, M.K. Purvis, F. Zhang and G.L. Benwell. <em>Neuro-fuzzy engineering for spatial information processing.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9608">Abstract</a> | <a href="papers/dp9608nk.pdf.gz">Download</a> (285KB)</p>

<p><strong>96/09:</strong> S.A. Israel and N.K. Kasabov. <em>Improved learning strategies for multimodular fuzzy neural network systems: A case study on image classification.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9609">Abstract</a> | <a href="papers/dp9609nk.pdf.gz">Download</a> (364KB)</p>

<p><strong>96/10:</strong> H.B. Wolfe. <em>Politics and techniques of data encryption.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9610">Abstract</a> </p>

<p><strong>96/11:</strong> H.B. Wolfe. <em>Reasonable security safeguards for small to medium organisations.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9611">Abstract</a> </p>

<p><strong>96/12:</strong> H.B. Wolfe. <em>Information warfare: Where are the threats?</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9612">Abstract</a> | <a href="papers/dp9612hw.pdf.gz">Download</a> (57KB)</p>

<p><strong>96/13:</strong> H. Munro, K. Novins, G.L. Benwell and A. Moffat. <em>Interactive visualisation tools for analysing NIR data.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9613">Abstract</a> </p>

<p><strong>96/14:</strong> M.K. Purvis and X. Li. <em>A connectionist computational architecture based on an optical thin-film model.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9614">Abstract</a> </p>

<p><strong>96/15:</strong> S.G. MacDonell, M.J. Shepperd and P.J. Sallis. <em>Measurement of database systems: An empirical study.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9615">Abstract</a> | <a href="papers/dp9615sm.pdf.gz">Download</a> (151KB)</p>

<p><strong>96/16:</strong> R.T. Pascoe and D. Abernathy. <em>Teaching a diploma in medical informatics using the World Wide Web.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9616">Abstract</a> </p>

<p><strong>96/17:</strong> S.G. MacDonell and A.R. Gray. <em>Alternatives to regression models for estimating software projects.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9617">Abstract</a> | <a href="papers/dp9617sm.pdf.gz">Download</a> (176KB)</p>

<p><strong>96/18:</strong> W.B.L. Wong, D.P. O&#8217;Hare and P.J. Sallis. <em>A goal-oriented approach for designing decision support displays in dynamic environments.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9618">Abstract</a> | <a href="papers/dp9618ww.pdf.gz">Download</a> (117KB)</p>

<p><strong>96/19:</strong> S.G. MacDonell and A.R. Gray. <em>Software process engineering for measurement-driven software quality programs&#8212;Realism and idealism.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9619">Abstract</a> | <a href="papers/dp9619sm.pdf.gz">Download</a> (189KB)</p>

<p><strong>96/20:</strong> X. Li and M.K. Purvis. <em>Using genetic algorithms for an optical thin-film learning model.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9620">Abstract</a> | <a href="papers/dp9620mp.pdf.gz">Download</a> (437KB)</p>

<p><strong>96/21:</strong> T. Fletcher, W.B.L. Wong and S.G. MacDonell. <em>Early experiences in measuring multimedia systems development effort.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9621">Abstract</a> | <a href="papers/dp9621sm.pdf.gz">Download</a> (171KB)</p>

<p><strong>96/22:</strong> D.o.Z. Butt, T. Fletcher, S.G. MacDonell, B.E. Norris and W.B.L. Wong. <em>Applying soft systems methodology to multimedia systems requirements analysis.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9622">Abstract</a> </p>

<p><strong>96/23:</strong> N.K. Kasabov, J. Kim, M.J. Watts and A.R. Gray. <em>FuNN/2&#8212;A fuzzy neural network architecture for adaptive learning and knowledge acquisition.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9623">Abstract</a> </p>

<p><strong>96/24:</strong> S.J.S. Cranefield and M.K. Purvis. <em>An agent-based architecture for software tool coordination.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9624">Abstract</a> | <a href="papers/dp9624sc.pdf.gz">Download</a> (55KB)</p>

<p><strong>96/25:</strong> Various. <em>Special issue: GeoComputation &#8217;96.</em> A collection of papers that were presented at the First International Conference on GeoComputation, Leeds, UK. It comprises the following nine papers:</p>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
	<ol>
		<li>G.L. Benwell. <em>Spatial databases&#8212;Creative future concepts and use.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9625a">Abstract</a></li>
		<li>S. Cockcroft. <em>First experiences in implementing a spatial metadata repository.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9625b">Abstract</a></li>
		<li>* A. Holt. <em>Incorporating a new computational reasoning approach to spatial modelling.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9625c">Abstract</a></li>
		<li>* L. Lilburne, G. Benwell and R. Buick. <em>GIS, expert systems and interoperability.</em></li>
		<li>* S. Mann. <em>Environmental decisions with spatial process modelling.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9625e">Abstract</a></li>
		<li>* A.J. Marr and G.L. Benwell. <em>GIS maturity and integration.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9625f">Abstract</a></li>
		<li>B.R. McLennan, M.K. Purvis and C.J.R. Robertson. <em>Wildlife population analysis with GIS: Conservation management of royal albatross.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9625g">Abstract</a></li>
		<li>R.T. Pascoe. <em>Data sharing using the X.500 directory.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9625h">Abstract</a></li>
		<li>* M. Williams. <em>Spatial data acquisition from motion video.</em> <a href="dp1996-abstracts.htm#dp9625i">Abstract</a></li>
	</ol>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
	<p><a href="papers/dp9625.pdf.gz">Download</a> (2.3MB) Note that the electronic version currently only includes the five papers marked with an asterisk (*) above.</p>

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