<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<title>UTas ePrints - Effects of spatial resolution on the performance and interpretation of marine ecosystem models</title>
<script type="text/javascript" src="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/javascript/auto.js"><!-- padder --></script>
<style type="text/css" media="screen">@import url(http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/auto.css);</style>
<style type="text/css" media="print">@import url(http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/print.css);</style>
<link rel="icon" href="/images/eprints/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" />
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="/images/eprints/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" />
<link rel="Top" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/" />
<link rel="Search" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/search" />
<meta content="Fulton, Elizabeth A." name="eprints.creators_name" />
<meta content="Smith, Anthony D.M." name="eprints.creators_name" />
<meta content="Johnson, Craig R." name="eprints.creators_name" />
<meta content="beth.fulton@csiro.au" name="eprints.creators_id" />
<meta name="eprints.creators_id" />
<meta content="craig.johnson@utas.edu.au" name="eprints.creators_id" />
<meta content="article" name="eprints.type" />
<meta content="2007-05-28" name="eprints.datestamp" />
<meta content="2008-02-04T05:20:18Z" name="eprints.lastmod" />
<meta content="show" name="eprints.metadata_visibility" />
<meta content="Effects of spatial resolution on the performance and interpretation of marine ecosystem models" name="eprints.title" />
<meta content="pub" name="eprints.ispublished" />
<meta content="270702" name="eprints.subjects" />
<meta content="restricted" name="eprints.full_text_status" />
<meta content="Spatial structure; Biogeochemistry; Ecosystems; Models " name="eprints.keywords" />
<meta content="The definitive online version of this article is available at http://www.sciencedirect.com/" name="eprints.note" />
<meta content="Simplifying models by using coarse spatial resolution can be desirable because it reduces structural, computational and data
requirements and can make model interpretation easier. However, spatially simplified models may be incapable of reproducing
important dynamics observed in nature. To consider this issue the effect of spatial structure on the output of two trophic ecosystem
models (Bay Model 2 (BM2) and the Integrated Generic Bay Ecosystem Model (IGBEM)) was considered using a theoretical
approach known as 'deep-shallow model' comparison. This involved comparing simulation runs of 1-, 3-, and 8-box versions of
the ecosystem models (the 'shallow' models) with a 59-box version that was used to represent the real world (the 'deep' model).
The results indicate that simpler spatial configurations (geometries) can result in less short-term variation, changes in predicted
spatial patterns and trophic self-simplification (loss of functional groups), as the opportunity for spatial refuges is reduced.
More importantly, models with very little spatial resolution (i.e. 1- and 3-box models) do not capture the effects of changes in
nutrient loads or fishing pressure as well as more complex models. The results for the 8-box models used here indicate that
some simplification is acceptable, as overall model performance is not overwhelmed by the impacts of trophic self-simplification
and a loss of spatial heterogeneity. However, using models with very little spatial resolution (i.e. 1- and 3-box models) can be
misleading, as the impacts on system dynamics of the reduced heterogeneity increase." name="eprints.abstract" />
<meta content="2004-08" name="eprints.date" />
<meta content="published" name="eprints.date_type" />
<meta content="Ecological Modelling" name="eprints.publication" />
<meta content="176" name="eprints.volume" />
<meta content="1-2" name="eprints.number" />
<meta content="27-42" name="eprints.pagerange" />
<meta content="10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2003.10.026" name="eprints.id_number" />
<meta content="UNSPECIFIED" name="eprints.thesis_type" />
<meta content="TRUE" name="eprints.refereed" />
<meta content="0304-3800" name="eprints.issn" />
<meta content="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2003.10.026" name="eprints.official_url" />
<meta content="Baretta, J.W., Ebenhoh, W., Ruardij, P., 1995. The European
Regional Seas Ecosystem Model, a complex marine ecosystem
model. Neth. J. Sea Res. 33, 233-246.
Baretta-Bekker, J.G., Baretta, J.W. (Eds.), 1997. Special Issue:
European Regional Seas Ecosystem Model II. J. Sea Res. 38
(3/4).
Bax, N., Eliassen, J.-E., 1990. Multispecies analysis in Balsfjord,
northern Norway: solution and sensitivity analysis of a simple
ecosystem model. J. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer. 47, 175-204.
Chesson, P., 2000. General theory of competitive coexistence in
spatially-varying environments. Theor. Popul. Biol. 58, 211-
237.
Christensen, V., Walters, C.J., Pauly, D., 2000. ECOPATH
with ECOSIM: a user'ÃÂÃÂs guide, October 2000 ed. Fisheries
Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada and
International Centre for Living Aquatic Resources Management,
Penang, Malaysia.
Cohen, J.E., Newman, C.M., 1988. Dynamic basis of food web
organization. Ecology 69, 1655-1664.
Connell, J., 1961. The influence of interspecific competition and
other factors on the distribution of the barnacle Chthamalus
stellatus. Ecology 42, 710-723.
Donalson, D.D., Nisbet, R.M., 1999. Population dynamics and
spatial scale: effects of system size on population persistence.
Ecology 80, 2492-2507.
Fransz, H.G., Mommaerts, J.P., Radach, G., 1991. Ecological
modelling of the North Sea. Neth. J. Sea Res. 28, 67-140.
Fulton, E.A., 2001. The effects of model structure and complexity
on the behaviour and performance of marine ecosystem models.
Ph.D. thesis, School of Zoology, University of Tasmania,
Hobart, Tasmania.
Fulton, E.A., Parslow, J.S., Smith A.D.M., Johnson, C.R.
Biogeochemical Marine Ecosystem Models II: the effect of
physiological detail on model performance, submitted-a for
publication.
Fulton, E.A., Smith, A.D.M., Johnson, C.R. Biogeochemical
Marine Ecosystem Models I: a model of marine bay ecosystems,
submitted-b for publication.
Gurney, W.S.C., Nisbet, R.M., 1978. Predator-prey fluctuations in
patchy environments. J. Anim. Ecol. 47, 85-102.
Harris, G., Batley, G., Fox, D., Hall, D., Jernakoff, P., Molloy,
R., Murray, A., Newell, B., Parslow, J., Skyring G., Walker,
S., 1996. Port Phillip Bay Environmental Study Final Report.
CSIRO, Canberra, Australia.
Hassell, M.P., Comins, H.N., May, R., 1994. Species coexistence
and self-organizing spatial dynamics. Nature 370, 290-292.
Huffaker, C.B., 1958. Experimental studies on predation:
dispersion factors and predator-prey oscillations. Hilgardia 27,
343-383.
Johnson, C.R., 1997. Self-organizing in spatial competition
systems. In: Klomp, N.I., Lunt, I.D. (Eds.), Frontiers in
Ecology-Building the Links. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 245-
263.
Johnson, C.R., Seinen, I., 2002. Selection for restraint in
competitive ability in spatial competition systems. Proc. R. Soc.
Lond. Ser. B: Biol. Sci. 269, 655-663.
Keitt, T.H., 1997. Stability and complexity on a lattice: coexistence
of species in an individual-based food web model. Ecol. Model.
102, 243-258.
Leibold, M.A., 1996. A graphical model of keystone predators
in food webs: trophic regulation of abundance, incidence, and
diversity patterns in communities. Am. Nat. 147, 784-812.
Levin, S.A., 1992. The problem of pattern and scale in ecology.
Ecology 73, 1943-1967.
Levins, R., 1970. Extinction. In: Gerstenhaber, M. (Ed.), Some
Mathematical Problems in Biology, Lectures on Mathematics
in Life Sciences, vol. II. The American Mathematical Society,
Providence, pp. 77-107.
MacArthur, R.H., Wilson, E.O., 1967. The Theory of Island
Biogeography. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
May, R.M., 1974. Stability and Complexity in Model Ecosystems,
2nd ed. Monographs in Population Biology No. 6. Princeton
University Press, Princeton.
Maynard Smith, J., 1974. Models in Ecology. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge.
Murray, A.G., 2001. The use of simple models in the design
and calibration of a dynamic 2D model of a semi-enclosed
Australian bay. Ecol. Model. 136, 15-30.
Murray, A., Parslow, J., 1997. Port Phillip Bay Integrated Model:
Final Report. Technical Report No. 44, Port Phillip Bay
Environmental Study, CSIRO, Canberra, Australia.
Murray, A.G., Parslow, J.S., 1999. Modelling of nutrient impacts
in Port Phillip Bay-ÃÂÃÂa semi-enclosed marine Australian
ecosystem. Mar. Freshwater Res. 50, 597-611.
Nihoul, J.C.J., Djenidi, S., 1998. Chapter 18: coupled physical,
chemical and biological models. In: Brink, K.H., Robinson,
A.R. (Eds.), The Sea. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York,
London.
Nisbet, R.M., Gurnney, W.S.C., 1976. A simple mechanism for
population cycles. Nature 334, 147-149.
Paine, R.T., 1966. Food web complexity and species diversity.
Am. Nat. 100, 65-75.
Pimm, S.L., 1982. Food Webs. Chapman & Hall, London.
Polis, G.A., Strong, D.R., 1996. Food web complexity and
community dynamics. Am. Nat. 147, 813-846.
Rhodes, O.E., Chesser, R.K. (Eds.), 1996. Population Dynamics
in Ecological Space and Time. University of Chicago Press,
London.
Roughgarden, J., Gaines, S., Possingham, H., 1988. Recruitment
dynamics in complex life cycles. Science 241, 1460-1466.
Sekine, M., Nakanishi, H., Ukita, M., Murakami, S., 1991.
A shallow-sea ecological model using an object-oriented
programming language. Ecol. Model. 57, 221-236.
Sharov, A.A., 1996. Modeling insect dynamics. In: Korpilahti,
E., Mukkela, H., Salonen, T. (Eds.), Caring for the Forest:
Research in a Changing World. Congress Report, vol. II,
IUFRO XX World Congress, 6-12 August 1995, Tampere,
Finland. Gummerus Printing, Jyvaskyla (Finland), pp. 293-
303.
Skellam, J.G., 1951. Random dispersal in theoretical populations.
Biometrica 38, 196-218.
Walker, S.J., Sherwood, C.R., 1997. A Transport Model of
Port Phillip Bay. Technical Report No. 39, Port Phillip Bay
Environmental Study, CSIRO, Canberra, Australia.
Walker, S.J., 1999. Coupled hydrodynamic and transport models of
Port Phillip Bay, a semi-enclosed bay in south-eastern Australia.
Mar. Freshwater Res. 50, 469-482.
Weins, J.A., 1989. Spatial scaling and ecology. Funct. Ecol. 3,
385-397." name="eprints.referencetext" />
<meta content="Fulton, Elizabeth A. and Smith, Anthony D.M. and Johnson, Craig R. (2004) Effects of spatial resolution on the performance and interpretation of marine ecosystem models. Ecological Modelling, 176 (1-2). pp. 27-42. ISSN 0304-3800" name="eprints.citation" />
<meta content="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/1091/1/2004_Fulton%2C_Smith_%26_Johnson_Ecol_Mod_B.pdf" name="eprints.document_url" />
<link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/" />
<meta content="Effects of spatial resolution on the performance and interpretation of marine ecosystem models" name="DC.title" />
<meta content="Fulton, Elizabeth A." name="DC.creator" />
<meta content="Smith, Anthony D.M." name="DC.creator" />
<meta content="Johnson, Craig R." name="DC.creator" />
<meta content="270702 Marine and Estuarine Ecology (incl. Marine Ichthyology)" name="DC.subject" />
<meta content="Simplifying models by using coarse spatial resolution can be desirable because it reduces structural, computational and data
requirements and can make model interpretation easier. However, spatially simplified models may be incapable of reproducing
important dynamics observed in nature. To consider this issue the effect of spatial structure on the output of two trophic ecosystem
models (Bay Model 2 (BM2) and the Integrated Generic Bay Ecosystem Model (IGBEM)) was considered using a theoretical
approach known as 'deep-shallow model' comparison. This involved comparing simulation runs of 1-, 3-, and 8-box versions of
the ecosystem models (the 'shallow' models) with a 59-box version that was used to represent the real world (the 'deep' model).
The results indicate that simpler spatial configurations (geometries) can result in less short-term variation, changes in predicted
spatial patterns and trophic self-simplification (loss of functional groups), as the opportunity for spatial refuges is reduced.
More importantly, models with very little spatial resolution (i.e. 1- and 3-box models) do not capture the effects of changes in
nutrient loads or fishing pressure as well as more complex models. The results for the 8-box models used here indicate that
some simplification is acceptable, as overall model performance is not overwhelmed by the impacts of trophic self-simplification
and a loss of spatial heterogeneity. However, using models with very little spatial resolution (i.e. 1- and 3-box models) can be
misleading, as the impacts on system dynamics of the reduced heterogeneity increase." name="DC.description" />
<meta content="2004-08" name="DC.date" />
<meta content="Article" name="DC.type" />
<meta content="PeerReviewed" name="DC.type" />
<meta content="application/pdf" name="DC.format" />
<meta content="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/1091/1/2004_Fulton%2C_Smith_%26_Johnson_Ecol_Mod_B.pdf" name="DC.identifier" />
<meta content="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2003.10.026" name="DC.relation" />
<meta content="Fulton, Elizabeth A. and Smith, Anthony D.M. and Johnson, Craig R. (2004) Effects of spatial resolution on the performance and interpretation of marine ecosystem models. Ecological Modelling, 176 (1-2). pp. 27-42. ISSN 0304-3800" name="DC.identifier" />
<meta content="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/1091/" name="DC.relation" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/1091/BibTeX/epprod-eprint-1091.bib" title="BibTeX" type="text/plain" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/1091/ContextObject/epprod-eprint-1091.xml" title="OpenURL ContextObject" type="text/xml" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/1091/ContextObject::Dissertation/epprod-eprint-1091.xml" title="OpenURL Dissertation" type="text/xml" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/1091/ContextObject::Journal/epprod-eprint-1091.xml" title="OpenURL Journal" type="text/xml" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/1091/DC/epprod-eprint-1091.txt" title="Dublin Core" type="text/plain" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/1091/DIDL/epprod-eprint-1091.xml" title="DIDL" type="text/xml" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/1091/EndNote/epprod-eprint-1091.enw" title="EndNote" type="text/plain" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/1091/HTML/epprod-eprint-1091.html" title="HTML Citation" type="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/1091/METS/epprod-eprint-1091.xml" title="METS" type="text/xml" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/1091/MODS/epprod-eprint-1091.xml" title="MODS" type="text/xml" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/1091/RIS/epprod-eprint-1091.ris" title="Reference Manager" type="text/plain" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/1091/Refer/epprod-eprint-1091.refer" title="Refer" type="text/plain" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/1091/Simple/epprod-eprint-1091text" title="Simple Metadata" type="text/plain" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/1091/Text/epprod-eprint-1091.txt" title="ASCII Citation" type="text/plain; charset=utf-8" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/1091/XML/epprod-eprint-1091.xml" title="EP3 XML" type="text/xml" />
</head>
<body bgcolor="#ffffff" text="#000000" onLoad="loadRoutine(); MM_preloadImages('images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c5_f2.gif','images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c7_f2.gif','images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c8_f2.gif','images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c9_f2.gif','images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c10_f2.gif','images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c11_f2.gif','images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r6_c4_f2.gif')">
<div class="ep_noprint"><noscript><style type="text/css">@import url(http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/nojs.css);</style></noscript></div>
<table width="795" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td><script language="JavaScript1.2">mmLoadMenus();</script>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="795">
<!-- fwtable fwsrc="eprints_banner_final2.png" fwbase="ePrints_banner.gif" fwstyle="Dreamweaver" fwdocid = "1249563342" fwnested="0" -->
<tr>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="32" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="104" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="44" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="105" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="41" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="16" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="68" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="68" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="68" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="82" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="69" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="98" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="12"><img name="ePrints_banner_r1_c1" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r1_c1.gif" width="795" height="10" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="10" border="0" alt="" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="6"><img name="ePrints_banner_r2_c1" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r2_c1.gif" width="32" height="118" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td rowspan="5"><a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/"><img name="ePrints_banner_r2_c2" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r2_c2.gif" width="104" height="103" border="0" alt="" /></a></td>
<td colspan="10"><img name="ePrints_banner_r2_c3" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r2_c3.gif" width="659" height="41" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="41" border="0" alt="" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/"><img name="ePrints_banner_r3_c3" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r3_c3.gif" width="190" height="31" border="0" alt="" /></a></td>
<td rowspan="2" colspan="7"><img name="ePrints_banner_r3_c6" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r3_c6.gif" width="469" height="37" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="31" border="0" alt="" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3"><img name="ePrints_banner_r4_c3" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r4_c3.gif" width="190" height="6" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="6" border="0" alt="" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c3" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c3.gif" width="149" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/information.html" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0821132634_0,0,25,null,'ePrints_banner_r5_c5');MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r5_c5','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c5_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c5" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c5.gif" width="57" height="25" border="0" alt="About" /></a></td>
<td rowspan="2"><a href="/view/" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0821133021_1,0,25,null,'ePrints_banner_r5_c7');MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r5_c7','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c7_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c7" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c7.gif" width="68" height="25" border="0" alt="Browse" /></a></td>
<td rowspan="2"><a href="/perl/search/simple" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0821133201_2,0,25,null,'ePrints_banner_r5_c8');MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r5_c8','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c8_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c8" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c8.gif" width="68" height="25" border="0" alt="Search" /></a></td>
<td rowspan="2"><a href="/perl/register" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout();" onMouseOver="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_1018171924_3,0,25,null,'ePrints_banner_r5_c9');MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r5_c9','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c9_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c9" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c9.gif" width="68" height="25" border="0" alt="register" /></a></td>
<td rowspan="2"><a href="/perl/users/home" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0821133422_4,0,25,null,'ePrints_banner_r5_c10');MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r5_c10','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c10_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c10" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c10.gif" width="82" height="25" border="0" alt="user area" /></a></td>
<td rowspan="2"><a href="/help/" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0821133514_5,0,25,null,'ePrints_banner_r5_c11');MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r5_c11','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c11_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c11" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c11.gif" width="69" height="25" border="0" alt="Help" /></a></td>
<td rowspan="3" colspan="4"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c12" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c12.gif" width="98" height="40" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2"><img name="ePrints_banner_r6_c3" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r6_c3.gif" width="44" height="39" border="0" alt="ePrints home" /></td>
<td><a href="/" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore()" onMouseOver="MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r6_c4','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r6_c4_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r6_c4" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r6_c4.gif" width="105" height="24" border="0" alt="ePrints home" /></a></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="24" border="0" alt="" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><img name="ePrints_banner_r7_c2" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r7_c2.gif" width="104" height="15" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td colspan="8"><img name="ePrints_banner_r7_c4" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r7_c4.gif" width="517" height="15" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="15" border="0" alt="" /></td>
</tr>
</table></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><table width="100%" style="font-size: 90%; border: solid 1px #ccc; padding: 3px"><tr>
<td align="left"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/users/home">Login</a> | <a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/register">Create Account</a></td>
<td align="right" style="white-space: nowrap">
<form method="get" accept-charset="utf-8" action="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/search" style="display:inline">
<input class="ep_tm_searchbarbox" size="20" type="text" name="q" />
<input class="ep_tm_searchbarbutton" value="Search" type="submit" name="_action_search" />
<input type="hidden" name="_order" value="bytitle" />
<input type="hidden" name="basic_srchtype" value="ALL" />
<input type="hidden" name="_satisfyall" value="ALL" />
</form>
</td>
</tr></table></td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="toplinks"><!-- InstanceBeginEditable name="content" -->
<div align="center">
<table width="720" class="ep_tm_main"><tr><td align="left">
<h1 class="ep_tm_pagetitle">Effects of spatial resolution on the performance and interpretation of marine ecosystem models</h1>
<p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><span class="person_name">Fulton, Elizabeth A.</span> and <span class="person_name">Smith, Anthony D.M.</span> and <span class="person_name">Johnson, Craig R.</span> (2004) <xhtml:em>Effects of spatial resolution on the performance and interpretation of marine ecosystem models.</xhtml:em> Ecological Modelling, 176 (1-2). pp. 27-42. ISSN 0304-3800</p><p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"></p><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><tr><td valign="top" style="text-align:center"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/1091/1/2004_Fulton%2C_Smith_%26_Johnson_Ecol_Mod_B.pdf"><img alt="[img]" src="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/images/fileicons/application_pdf.png" border="0" class="ep_doc_icon" /></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/1091/1/2004_Fulton%2C_Smith_%26_Johnson_Ecol_Mod_B.pdf"><span class="ep_document_citation">PDF</span></a> - Full text restricted - Requires a PDF viewer<br />284Kb</td><td><form method="get" accept-charset="utf-8" action="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/request_doc"><input value="1322" name="docid" accept-charset="utf-8" type="hidden" /><div class=""><input value="Request a copy" name="_action_null" class="ep_form_action_button" onclick="return EPJS_button_pushed( '_action_null' )" type="submit" /> </div></form></td></tr></table><p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block">Official URL: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2003.10.026">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2003.10.026</a></p><div class="not_ep_block"><h2>Abstract</h2><p style="padding-bottom: 16px; text-align: left; margin: 1em auto 0em auto">Simplifying models by using coarse spatial resolution can be desirable because it reduces structural, computational and data
requirements and can make model interpretation easier. However, spatially simplified models may be incapable of reproducing
important dynamics observed in nature. To consider this issue the effect of spatial structure on the output of two trophic ecosystem
models (Bay Model 2 (BM2) and the Integrated Generic Bay Ecosystem Model (IGBEM)) was considered using a theoretical
approach known as 'deep-shallow model' comparison. This involved comparing simulation runs of 1-, 3-, and 8-box versions of
the ecosystem models (the 'shallow' models) with a 59-box version that was used to represent the real world (the 'deep' model).
The results indicate that simpler spatial configurations (geometries) can result in less short-term variation, changes in predicted
spatial patterns and trophic self-simplification (loss of functional groups), as the opportunity for spatial refuges is reduced.
More importantly, models with very little spatial resolution (i.e. 1- and 3-box models) do not capture the effects of changes in
nutrient loads or fishing pressure as well as more complex models. The results for the 8-box models used here indicate that
some simplification is acceptable, as overall model performance is not overwhelmed by the impacts of trophic self-simplification
and a loss of spatial heterogeneity. However, using models with very little spatial resolution (i.e. 1- and 3-box models) can be
misleading, as the impacts on system dynamics of the reduced heterogeneity increase.</p></div><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" border="0" cellpadding="3" class="not_ep_block"><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Item Type:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">Article</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Additional Information:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">The definitive online version of this article is available at http://www.sciencedirect.com/</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Keywords:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">Spatial structure; Biogeochemistry; Ecosystems; Models </td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Subjects:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/view/subjects/270702.html">270000 Biological Sciences > 270700 Ecology and Evolution > 270702 Marine and Estuarine Ecology (incl. Marine Ichthyology)</a></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Collections:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">UNSPECIFIED</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ID Code:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">1091</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited By:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><span class="ep_name_citation"><span class="person_name">Professor Craig R. Johnson</span></span></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited On:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">28 May 2007</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Last Modified:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">04 Feb 2008 16:20</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ePrint Statistics:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a target="ePrintStats" href="/es/index.php?action=show_detail_eprint;id=1091;">View statistics for this ePrint</a></td></tr></table><p align="right">Repository Staff Only: <a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/users/home?screen=EPrint::View&eprintid=1091">item control page</a></p>
</td></tr></table>
</div>
<!-- InstanceEndEditable --></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><!-- #BeginLibraryItem "/Library/footer_eprints.lbi" -->
<table width="795" border="0" align="left" cellpadding="0" class="footer">
<tr valign="top">
<td colspan="2"><div align="center"><a href="http://www.utas.edu.au">UTAS home</a> | <a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/library/">Library home</a> | <a href="/">ePrints home</a> | <a href="/contact.html">contact</a> | <a href="/information.html">about</a> | <a href="/view/">browse</a> | <a href="/perl/search/simple">search</a> | <a href="/perl/register">register</a> | <a href="/perl/users/home">user area</a> | <a href="/help/">help</a></div><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"><p><img src="/images/eprints/footerline.gif" width="100%" height="4" /></p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td width="68%" class="footer">Authorised by the University Librarian<br />
© University of Tasmania ABN 30 764 374 782<br />
<a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/cricos/">CRICOS Provider Code 00586B</a> | <a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/copyright/copyright_disclaimers.html">Copyright & Disclaimers</a> | <a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/accessibility/index.html">Accessibility</a> | <a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/feedback/">Site Feedback</a> </td>
<td width="32%"><div align="right">
<p align="right" class="NoPrint"><a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/"><img src="http://www.utas.edu.au/shared/logos/unioftasstrip.gif" alt="University of Tasmania Home Page" width="260" height="16" border="0" align="right" /></a></p>
<p align="right" class="NoPrint"><a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/"><br />
</a></p>
</div></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td><p> </p></td>
<td><div align="right"><span class="NoPrint"><a href="http://www.eprints.org/software/"><img src="/images/eprintslogo.gif" alt="ePrints logo" width="77" height="29" border="0" align="bottom" /></a></span></div></td>
</tr>
</table>
<!-- #EndLibraryItem -->
<div align="center"></div></td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
