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The commodification of labour this entails is familiar from the history of economic change in many nations. This article seeks to go beyond re-stating the obvious parallels. In particular, because the specificities of these changes in each nation reveal underpinning attitudes to work, we believe that they have significance for understanding worker attitudes and therefore for decision making on both labour policy and management practice. Some Thais defining work will recite a 1950's slogan introduced by the military dictator Sarit that states 'ngan khu ngern, ngern khu ngan, banda suk', which means work is money, money is work and this brings us happiness. This article seeks an understanding of what this means in practice. It begins by looking generally at broad concepts of work and economic development. It then considers how this has impacted on language and normative values in other nations, and looks at how economic change in Thailand has led to a profound shift in attitudes to work. In particular attention is focused on the language used to describe work because this language is redolent of the process of cultural legitimisation by which working for money becomes normative. The article uses both Thai and Isarn (the name given to the dialect and region in Northeast Thailand) illustrations to show usage change in both urban and rural areas." name="eprints.abstract" /> <meta content="2001-03" name="eprints.date" /> <meta content="submitted" name="eprints.date_type" /> <meta content="Journal of Comparative International Management" name="eprints.publication" /> <meta content="4" name="eprints.volume" /> <meta content="1" name="eprints.number" /> <meta content="33-52" name="eprints.pagerange" /> <meta content="UNSPECIFIED" name="eprints.thesis_type" /> <meta content="TRUE" name="eprints.refereed" /> <meta content="1481-0468" name="eprints.issn" /> <meta content="Alevesson, M. (1993). Cultural Perspectives on Organisations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Alston, J.P. (1985). The American Samurai: Blending American and Japanese Management Practices. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. Andres, T. (1981). Underlying Filipino Values. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. Applebaum, H.A. (ed) (1984). Perspectives in Cultural Anthropology. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. Aungles, S. and Parker, S.R. (1988). Work Organisation and Change: Themes and Perspectives in Australia. Sydney: Allen and Unwin. Bate, P. (1984). The impact of organisational culture appraoches to problem solving. Organisational Studies, 5, 43-66. Beer M., Spector, B., Lawrence, P., Mills, D.Q., and Walton, E., (1985). Human Resource Management: A General Manager's Perspective. New York: Free Press. Bonneff, M. (1994). Ki Ageng Suryomentaraman: Javanese Prince and Philosopher. Indonesia, 57, 49-70. Chandravithum, N. (1995). Thailand: The Social Costs of Becoming the Fifth Tiger. Washington, DC: The Woodrow Wilson Center Asian Program. Child, J. (1981). Culture, contingency and capitalism in the cross-national study of organisations. In L.L.Cummings and B.B.Shaw (eds.), Research in Organisational Behaviour, 3, 303-356. Child, J. and Tayeb, M. (1983). Theoretical perspectives in cross-national organisational research. International Studies of Management and Organisation, 12(4), 23-70. de Leon, C. (1987). Social categorisation in Philippine organisations: values toward collective identity and management through intergroup relations. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 5(1), 28-37. Page 16 Duncan, B. (1996). The EC-MOAC Rural Development Projects: Adapting to Social and Economic Changes. Khon Kaen: NEWMASIP. Falkus, M. (1991). The economic history of Thailand. Australian Economic History Review, 31(1), 53-71. Falkus, M. (1995). Thai industrialization: an overview. Thailand's Industrialization and its Consequences. New York: St. Martin's Press, 13-32. Fassel, D. (1990). Working Ourselves to Death. San Francisco: Harper. Form, W. (1979). Comparative industrial sociology and the convergence hypothesis. Annual Review of Sociology, 5, 1-25. Fox, A. (1994). Beyond Contract: Work, Power and Trust Relations. London: Faber and Faber. Geertz, H. (1961). The Javanese Family: A Study in Kinship and Socialisation. Glencoe: The Free Press. Gordon, B. (1994). Theological positions and economic perspectives in ancient literature. In H.G.Brennan and A.M.C. Waterman (eds.), Economics and Religion: Are They Distinct? Massachusetts: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 237-48. Guthrie, G. (ed), (1968). Philippine temprement. In his Six Perspectives on the Philippines. Manila: The Bankanak. Haas, D.F. (1979). Interaction in the Thai Bureaucracy: Structure, Culture and Social Exchange. Colarado: Westview Press. Hardjowiroyo, M. (1982). Manusia Jawa. Jakarta: Yayasan Idayu. Hall, R.H. and Xu, W. (1990). Research note: run silent, run deep - cultural influences on organisations in the far east. Organisational Studies, 11(4), 569-76. Havanon, N. (1992). Rice, labor, and children: a study of peasants' livelihood strategies in Northeast Thailand. In Fertility Transitions, Family Structure, and Population Policy. C. Goldscheider (ed.), Boulder: Westview Press, 209-229. Hickson, D.J. (1993). Management in Western Europe: Society, Culture and Organisation in Twelve Countries. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. Jocano, F.L. (1990). Management by Culture: Fine-tuning Management to Filipino Culture, Quezon City: Punlad Research House. Page 17 Johnson, S., (1963). Dictionary of the English Language: A Modern Selection by E.L. Adams and G. Milne. New York: Pantheon Books. Kemp, J. (1991). The dialectics of village and state in modern Thailand. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 22(2), 312-326. Killinger, B. (1991). Workaholics: The Respectable Addicts. Toronto: Key Porter Books. Leavitt, T. (1983). The globalisation of markets. Harvard Business Review, 61(3), 92- 102. Lynch, F. (1964). Four Findings of Philippine Values. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila Press Morre, L.F. and Jennings, O.D. (eds.), (1995). Human Resources Management on the Pacific Rim: Institutions, Practices and Attitudes. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter,. Monsell-Davis, M. (1993). Safety Net or Disincentive? Wantoks and Relatives in the Urban Pacific. Port Moresby: National Research Institute. Mullins, L.J. (1989). Management and Organisational Behaviour. London: Pitman. National Statistical Office (2000). Labour Force Survey, Round 3. Bangkok: National Statistical Office. Negandhi, A.R. (1979). Convergence in organisational practices: an empiracle study of industrial enterprise in developing countries. In C.J. Lammers and D.J. Hickson (eds.), Organisations Alike and Unalike. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 323-345. Negandhi, A.R. (1985). Management in the third world. In P.Joynt and M.Warner (eds.), Managing in Different Cultures. Oslo, Universeitforlaget, 69-97. Nicrowattanayingyong, S. (1991). Development Planning, Politics, and Paradox: A Study of Khon Kaen, a Regional City in Northeast Thailand. Syracuse: Syracuse University. Ortigas, C.D. (ed) (1994). Human Resource Development the Philippine Experience: Readings for the Practitioner. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. Ortner, S. (1973). On key symbols. American Anthropologist, 75, 1336-1346. Pascale, R.T. and Athos, A.G. (1981). The Art of Japanese Management: Applications for American Executives. New York: Simon and Schuster. Phongpaichit, P. and C. Baker (1996). Thailand's Boom. Sydney: Allen and Unwin. Page 18 Pinches, M. and Lakha, S. (eds.), (1987). Wage Labour and Social Change: The Proletariate in Asia and the Pacific. Melbourne: Centre for South East Asian Studies, Monash University. Podhisita, C. and U. Pattaravanich (1995). Youth in Contemporary Thailand: Results from the Family and Youth Survey. Salaya: Institute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University. Ramoi, G. (1986). Ethics and leadership. In S.Stratigos and J.P.Hughes (eds.), The Ethics of Development: The Pacific in the Twenty First Century. Port Moresby: UPNG. Redding, S.G. (1993). Cultural effects on the marketing process in South-east Asia. In T.D. Weinshall (ed.), Social Culture and Management. Berlin: Walter de Grutyer. Richards, D. (1993) Flying against the wind? Culture and management development in South East Asia. In Peter Blunt and David Richards (eds.), Readings in Management, Organisation and Culture in East and South East Asia. Darwin: NTU Press, 356-371. Rigg, J. (1988). Land ownership and land tenure as measures of wealth and marginalisation: evidence from Northeast Thailand. Area, 20(4), 339-345. Roces, A. and G. (1982). Culture Shock! Philippines. Singapore: Times Books International. Ruktham, A., (1981). Prutikarn Karachakarn (Behaviour of Thai Bureaucrats). Bangkok: Odian Store Press. Schein, E. (1985). Organisational Culture and Leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Schor, J. B. (1991). The Overworked American. New York: Harper Collins. Shor, E.L. (1962). The Public Service. In L.J. Sutton (ed), Problems and Politics of Administration in Thailand. Institute of Training for Public Service: Indiana University, 23-40. Sievers, B. (1994). Work, Death and Life Itself. Berlin: Walter de Grutyer. Siffin, W. (1966). The Thai Bureaucracy: Institutional Change and Development. Honolulu: East West Centre. Sunyoto, A.1(995). Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia. Jakarta: IPWI,. Sussangkarn, C. (1993). Labour markets. In The Thai Economy in Transition. P. Warr (ed.), Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 355-400. Page 19 Sussangkarn, C. (1995). Labour market adjustments and migration in Thailand. ASEAN Economic Bulletin, 12(2), 237-254. Taruna, J.C.T. (1987). Ciri Budaya manusia Jawa, Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius. Thompson, P., (1983). The Nature of Work. Basingstoke: Macmillan. Tyler, E.B. (1973). Primitive Culture. New York: Henry Holt. Vengroff, R., Ndiaye, M. and Lubatkin, M. (1994). Culture and management: are Western management styles transferable? In A. Farazmand (ed.), Handbook of Bureaucracy, New York: Marcel Dekker: 253-64. Vente, R.E. and Chen, P.S.J. (eds.), (1980). Culture and Industrialisation: An Asian Dilemma. Singapore: McGraw Hill. " name="eprints.referencetext" /> <meta content="Baker, Simon and Hess, Michael (2001) Changing concepts of work in Thailand. Journal of Comparative International Management, 4 (1). pp. 33-52. 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In particular, because the specificities of these changes in each nation reveal underpinning attitudes to work, we believe that they have significance for understanding worker attitudes and therefore for decision making on both labour policy and management practice. Some Thais defining work will recite a 1950's slogan introduced by the military dictator Sarit that states 'ngan khu ngern, ngern khu ngan, banda suk', which means work is money, money is work and this brings us happiness. This article seeks an understanding of what this means in practice. It begins by looking generally at broad concepts of work and economic development. It then considers how this has impacted on language and normative values in other nations, and looks at how economic change in Thailand has led to a profound shift in attitudes to work. In particular attention is focused on the language used to describe work because this language is redolent of the process of cultural legitimisation by which working for money becomes normative. The article uses both Thai and Isarn (the name given to the dialect and region in Northeast Thailand) illustrations to show usage change in both urban and rural areas." name="DC.description" /> <meta content="2001-03" name="DC.date" /> <meta content="Article" name="DC.type" /> <meta content="PeerReviewed" name="DC.type" /> <meta content="application/pdf" name="DC.format" /> <meta content="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/1595/1/Baker_%26_Hess_2001.pdf" name="DC.identifier" /> <meta content="Baker, Simon and Hess, Michael (2001) Changing concepts of work in Thailand. Journal of Comparative International Management, 4 (1). pp. 33-52. 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border: solid 1px #ccc; padding: 3px"><tr> <td align="left"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/users/home">Login</a> | <a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/register">Create Account</a></td> <td align="right" style="white-space: nowrap"> <form method="get" accept-charset="utf-8" action="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/search" style="display:inline"> <input class="ep_tm_searchbarbox" size="20" type="text" name="q" /> <input class="ep_tm_searchbarbutton" value="Search" type="submit" name="_action_search" /> <input type="hidden" name="_order" value="bytitle" /> <input type="hidden" name="basic_srchtype" value="ALL" /> <input type="hidden" name="_satisfyall" value="ALL" /> </form> </td> </tr></table></td></tr> <tr> <td class="toplinks"><!-- InstanceBeginEditable name="content" --> <div align="center"> <table width="720" class="ep_tm_main"><tr><td align="left"> <h1 class="ep_tm_pagetitle">Changing concepts of work in Thailand</h1> <p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><span class="person_name">Baker, Simon</span> and <span class="person_name">Hess, Michael</span> (2001) <xhtml:em>Changing concepts of work in Thailand.</xhtml:em> Journal of Comparative International Management, 4 (1). pp. 33-52. ISSN 1481-0468</p><p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"></p><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><tr><td valign="top" style="text-align:center"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/1595/1/Baker_%26_Hess_2001.pdf"><img alt="[img]" src="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/images/fileicons/application_pdf.png" class="ep_doc_icon" border="0" /></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/1595/1/Baker_%26_Hess_2001.pdf"><span class="ep_document_citation">PDF</span></a> - Full text restricted - Requires a PDF viewer<br />1160Kb</td></tr></table><div class="not_ep_block"><h2>Abstract</h2><p style="padding-bottom: 16px; text-align: left; margin: 1em auto 0em auto">Historically in Thai society 'work' has been defined broadly but recent economic changes have led to a narrowing of ideas about what constitutes work. The commodification of labour this entails is familiar from the history of economic change in many nations. This article seeks to go beyond re-stating the obvious parallels. In particular, because the specificities of these changes in each nation reveal underpinning attitudes to work, we believe that they have significance for understanding worker attitudes and therefore for decision making on both labour policy and management practice. Some Thais defining work will recite a 1950's slogan introduced by the military dictator Sarit that states 'ngan khu ngern, ngern khu ngan, banda suk', which means work is money, money is work and this brings us happiness. This article seeks an understanding of what this means in practice. It begins by looking generally at broad concepts of work and economic development. It then considers how this has impacted on language and normative values in other nations, and looks at how economic change in Thailand has led to a profound shift in attitudes to work. In particular attention is focused on the language used to describe work because this language is redolent of the process of cultural legitimisation by which working for money becomes normative. The article uses both Thai and Isarn (the name given to the dialect and region in Northeast Thailand) illustrations to show usage change in both urban and rural areas.</p></div><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" cellpadding="3" class="not_ep_block" border="0"><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Item Type:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">Article</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Keywords:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">Work; work attitudes; labour policy; management practice.</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Subjects:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/view/subjects/340213.html">340000 Economics > 340200 Applied Economics > 340213 Economic Development and Growth</a><br /><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/view/subjects/350299.html">350000 Commerce, Management, Tourism and Services > 350200 Business and Management > 350299 Business and Management not elsewhere classified</a><br /><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/view/subjects/340207.html">340000 Economics > 340200 Applied Economics > 340207 Labour Economics</a></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ID Code:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">1595</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited By:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><span class="ep_name_citation"><span class="person_name">Ms Sophie Jerrim</span></span></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited On:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">17 Sep 2007</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Last Modified:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">09 Jan 2008 02:30</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ePrint Statistics:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a target="ePrintStats" href="/es/index.php?action=show_detail_eprint;id=1595;">View statistics for this ePrint</a></td></tr></table><p align="right">Repository Staff Only: <a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/users/home?screen=EPrint::View&eprintid=1595">item control page</a></p> </td></tr></table> </div> <!-- InstanceEndEditable --></td> </tr> <tr> <td><!-- #BeginLibraryItem "/Library/footer_eprints.lbi" --> <table width="795" border="0" align="left" cellpadding="0" class="footer"> <tr valign="top"> <td colspan="2"><div align="center"><a href="http://www.utas.edu.au">UTAS home</a> | <a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/library/">Library home</a> | <a href="/">ePrints home</a> | <a href="/contact.html">contact</a> | <a href="/information.html">about</a> | <a href="/view/">browse</a> | <a href="/perl/search/simple">search</a> | <a href="/perl/register">register</a> | <a href="/perl/users/home">user area</a> | <a href="/help/">help</a></div><br /></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="2"><p><img src="/images/eprints/footerline.gif" width="100%" height="4" /></p></td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td width="68%" class="footer">Authorised by the University Librarian<br /> © University of Tasmania ABN 30 764 374 782<br /> <a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/cricos/">CRICOS Provider Code 00586B</a> | <a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/copyright/copyright_disclaimers.html">Copyright & Disclaimers</a> | <a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/accessibility/index.html">Accessibility</a> | <a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/feedback/">Site Feedback</a> </td> <td width="32%"><div align="right"> <p align="right" class="NoPrint"><a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/"><img src="http://www.utas.edu.au/shared/logos/unioftasstrip.gif" alt="University of Tasmania Home Page" width="260" height="16" border="0" align="right" /></a></p> <p align="right" class="NoPrint"><a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/"><br /> </a></p> </div></td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><p> </p></td> <td><div align="right"><span class="NoPrint"><a href="http://www.eprints.org/software/"><img src="/images/eprintslogo.gif" alt="ePrints logo" width="77" height="29" border="0" align="bottom" /></a></span></div></td> </tr> </table> <!-- #EndLibraryItem --> <div align="center"></div></td> </tr> </table> </body> </html>