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<meta content="Retallick, Richard W." name="eprints.creators_name" />
<meta content="McCallum, Hamish I." name="eprints.creators_name" />
<meta content="Speare, Richard" name="eprints.creators_name" />
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<meta content="hamish.mccallum@utas.edu.au" name="eprints.creators_id" />
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<meta content="The chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis has been implicated in the decline and extinction of numerous frog
species worldwide. In Queensland, Australia, it has been proposed as the cause of the decline or apparent extinction of at least 14 high-elevation rainforest frog species. One of these, Taudactylus eungellensis, disappeared from rainforest streams in Eungella National Park in 1985–1986, but a few remnant populations were subsequently discovered. Here, we report the analysis of B. dendrobatidis infections in toe tips of T. eungellensis and sympatric species collected in a mark-recapture study between 1994 and 1998. This longitudinal study of the fungus in individually marked frogs sheds new light on the effect of this threatening infectious process in field, as distinct from laboratory, conditions. We found a seasonal peak of infection in the cooler months, with no evidence of interannual variation. The overall prevalence of infection was 18% in T. eungellensis and 28% in Litoria wilcoxii/jungguy, a sympatric frog that appeared not to decline in 1985–1986. No infection was found in any of the other sympatric species. Most importantly, we found no consistent evidence of lower survival in T. eungellensis that were infected at the time of first capture, compared with uninfected individuals. These results refute the hypothesis that remnant populations of T. eungellensis recovered after a B. dendrobatidis epidemic because the pathogen had disappeared. They show that populations of T. eungellensis now persist with stable, endemic infections of B. dendrobatidis." name="eprints.abstract" />
<meta content="2004" name="eprints.date" />
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<meta content="Plos Biology" name="eprints.publication" />
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<meta content="11" name="eprints.number" />
<meta content="1965-1971" name="eprints.pagerange" />
<meta content="10.1371/journal.pbio.0020351" name="eprints.id_number" />
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<meta content="1544-9173" name="eprints.issn" />
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<meta content="Barker J, Grigg G, Tyler M (1995) A field guide to Australian frogs. Chipping Norton: Surrey Beatty and Sons. 407 p.
Berger L (2001) Diseases in Australian frogs [dissertation]. Townsville, Queensland: James Cook University. 331 p Available from: James Cook University library (http://www.jcu.edu).
Berger L, Speare R, Hyatt A (1999a) Chytrid fungus and amphibian declines: Overview, implications and future directions. In: Campbell A, editor. Declines and disappearances of Australian frogs. Canberra: Environment Australia. pp 23–33.
Berger L, Speare R, Kent A (1999b) Diagnosis of chytridiomycosis in amphibians by histologic examination. Zoos' Print J 15:184–190. Berger L, Speare R, Daszak P, Green DE, Cunningham AA, et al. (1998) Chytridiomycosis causes amphibian mortality associated with population declines in the rain forests of Australia and Central America. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:9031–9036. Berger L, Hyatt AD, Olsen V, Hengstberger SG, Boyle D, et al. (2002) Production of polyclonal antibodies to Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and their use in an immunoperoxidase test for chytridiomycosis in amphibians. Dis Aquat Organ 48:213–220. Berger L, Speare R, Hines HB, Marantelli G, Hyatt AD, et al. (2004) Effect of season and temperature on mortality in amphibians due to chytridiomycosis. Aust Vet J 82:434–439. Campbell A (1999) Declines and disapppearances of Australian frogs. Canberra: Environment Australia. 234 p.
Castanet J, Francillon-Vieillot H, Bruce RC (1996) Age estimation in desmognathine salamanders assessed by skeletochronology. Herpetologica 52:160–171. Cooch E, White G (2002) Using MARK—A gentle introduction. http://www.phidot.org/software/mark/docs/book/. Accessed 25 August 2004.
Couper PJ (1992) Hope for our missing frogs. Wildl Aust 29:11–12. Daszak P, Berger L, Cunningham AA, Hyatt AD, Green DE, et al. (1999) Emerging infectious diseases and amphibian population declines. Emerg Infect Dis 5:735–748. Daszak P, Cunningham AA, Hyatt AD (2003) Infectious disease and amphibian population declines. Divers Distrib 9:141–150. Department of the Environment and Heritage. (2003) National list of threatened fauna Available: <http://www.deh.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicthreatenedlist.pl?wanted=fauna#ENDANGERED%20FROGS>. Accessed 21 August 2004.
Donnellan SC, Mahony MJ (2004) Allozyme, chromosomal and morphological variability in the Litoria lesueuri species group (Anura: Hylidae) including a description of a new species. Aust J Zool 52:1–28. Fenner F, Fantini B (1999) Biological control of vertebrate pests: The history of myxomatosis—An experiment in evolution. Wallingford: CABI Publishing. 352 p.
Hero JM (1989) A simple code for toe clipping anurans. Herpetol Rev 20:66–67. Johnson ML, Speare R (2003) Survival of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in water: Quarantine and disease control implications. Emerg Infect Dis 9:922–925. Johnson M, Berger L, Philips L, Speare R (2003) Fungicidal effects of chemical disinfectants, UV light, desiccation and heat on the amphibian chytrid, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Dis Aquat Organ 57:255–260. Laurance WF, McDonald KR, Speare R (1996) Epidemic disease and the catastrophic decline of Australian rain forest frogs. Conserv Biol 10:1–9. Laurance WF, McDonald KR, Speare R (1997) In defense of the epidemic disease hypothesis. Conserv Biol 11:1030–1034. Longcore JE, Pessier AP, Nichols DK (1999) Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis gen. et sp. nov., a chytrid pathogenic to amphibians. Mycologia 91:219–227. May RM, Anderson RM (1983) Epidemiology and genetics in the coevolution of parasites and hosts. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 219:281–313. McCallum HI, Dobson AP (1995) Detecting disease and parasite threats to endangered species and ecosystems. Trends Ecol Evol 10:190–194. McCallum H, Dobson A (2002) Disease, habitat fragmentation and conservation. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 269:2041–2049. McDonald K, Alford R (1999) A review of declining frogs in Northern Queensland. In: Campbell A, editor. Declines and disappearances of Australian frogs. Canberra: Environment Australia. pp 14–22.
McDonald KR (1990) Rheobatrachus Liem and Taudactylus Straughan and Lee (Anura: Leptodactylidae) in Eungella National Park, Queensland: Distribution and decline. Trans R Soc South Aust 114:187–194. McNellie M, Hero J-M (1994) Mission Amphibian: The search for the missing rainforest frogs of Eungella. Wildl Aust 31:22–23. Morehouse EA, James TY, Ganley ARD, Vilgalys R, Berger L, et al. (2003) Multilocus sequence typing suggests that the chytrid pathogen of amphibians is a recently emerged clone. Mol Ecol 12:395–403. Pessier AP, Nichols DK, Longcore JE, Fuller MS (1999) Cutaneous chytridiomycosis in poison dart frogs (Dendrobates spp.) and White's tree frogs (Litoria caerulea). J Vet Diagn Invest 11:194–199. Piotrowski JS, Annis SL, Longcore JE (2004) Physiology of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis a chytrid pathogen of amphibians. Mycologia 96:9–15. R Development Core Team. (2004) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available: http://www.R-project.org Accessed 22 August 2004.
Retallick R, Hero JM, Alford R (1997) Adult population monitoring and larval ecology of the stream-dwelling frogs at Eungella National Park: ANCA/QDOE. 63 p.
Speare R, Berger L (2004) Chytridiomycosis in amphibians in Australia. Available: http://www.jcu.edu.au/school/phtm/PHTM/frogs/chyspec.htm Accessed 26 Feb 2004.
Woodhams DC, Alford RA, Marantelli G (2003) Emerging disease of amphibians cured by elevated body temperature. Dis Aquat Organ 55:65–67. " name="eprints.referencetext" />
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<meta content="The chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis has been implicated in the decline and extinction of numerous frog
species worldwide. In Queensland, Australia, it has been proposed as the cause of the decline or apparent extinction of at least 14 high-elevation rainforest frog species. One of these, Taudactylus eungellensis, disappeared from rainforest streams in Eungella National Park in 1985–1986, but a few remnant populations were subsequently discovered. Here, we report the analysis of B. dendrobatidis infections in toe tips of T. eungellensis and sympatric species collected in a mark-recapture study between 1994 and 1998. This longitudinal study of the fungus in individually marked frogs sheds new light on the effect of this threatening infectious process in field, as distinct from laboratory, conditions. We found a seasonal peak of infection in the cooler months, with no evidence of interannual variation. The overall prevalence of infection was 18% in T. eungellensis and 28% in Litoria wilcoxii/jungguy, a sympatric frog that appeared not to decline in 1985–1986. No infection was found in any of the other sympatric species. Most importantly, we found no consistent evidence of lower survival in T. eungellensis that were infected at the time of first capture, compared with uninfected individuals. These results refute the hypothesis that remnant populations of T. eungellensis recovered after a B. dendrobatidis epidemic because the pathogen had disappeared. They show that populations of T. eungellensis now persist with stable, endemic infections of B. dendrobatidis." name="DC.description" />
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<h1 class="ep_tm_pagetitle">Endemic infection of the amphibian chytrid fungus in a frog community post-decline</h1>
<p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><span class="person_name">Retallick, Richard W.</span> and <span class="person_name">McCallum, Hamish I.</span> and <span class="person_name">Speare, Richard</span> (2004) <xhtml:em>Endemic infection of the amphibian chytrid fungus in a frog community post-decline.</xhtml:em> Plos Biology, 2 (11). pp. 1965-1971. ISSN 1544-9173</p><p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"></p><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><tr><td valign="top" style="text-align:center"><a onmouseover="EPJS_ShowPreview( event, 'doc_preview_2997' );" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2340/1/plos_frogs.pdf" onmouseout="EPJS_HidePreview( event, 'doc_preview_2997' );"><img alt="[img]" src="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/images/fileicons/application_pdf.png" class="ep_doc_icon" border="0" /></a><div class="ep_preview" id="doc_preview_2997"><table><tr><td><img alt="" src="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2340/thumbnails/1/preview.png" class="ep_preview_image" border="0" /><div class="ep_preview_title">Preview</div></td></tr></table></div></td><td valign="top"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2340/1/plos_frogs.pdf"><span class="ep_document_citation">PDF</span></a> - Requires a PDF viewer<br />470Kb</td></tr></table><p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block">Official URL: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0020351">http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0020351</a></p><div class="not_ep_block"><h2>Abstract</h2><p style="padding-bottom: 16px; text-align: left; margin: 1em auto 0em auto">The chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis has been implicated in the decline and extinction of numerous frog
species worldwide. In Queensland, Australia, it has been proposed as the cause of the decline or apparent extinction of at least 14 high-elevation rainforest frog species. One of these, Taudactylus eungellensis, disappeared from rainforest streams in Eungella National Park in 1985–1986, but a few remnant populations were subsequently discovered. Here, we report the analysis of B. dendrobatidis infections in toe tips of T. eungellensis and sympatric species collected in a mark-recapture study between 1994 and 1998. This longitudinal study of the fungus in individually marked frogs sheds new light on the effect of this threatening infectious process in field, as distinct from laboratory, conditions. We found a seasonal peak of infection in the cooler months, with no evidence of interannual variation. The overall prevalence of infection was 18% in T. eungellensis and 28% in Litoria wilcoxii/jungguy, a sympatric frog that appeared not to decline in 1985–1986. No infection was found in any of the other sympatric species. Most importantly, we found no consistent evidence of lower survival in T. eungellensis that were infected at the time of first capture, compared with uninfected individuals. These results refute the hypothesis that remnant populations of T. eungellensis recovered after a B. dendrobatidis epidemic because the pathogen had disappeared. They show that populations of T. eungellensis now persist with stable, endemic infections of B. dendrobatidis.</p></div><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" cellpadding="3" class="not_ep_block" border="0"><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Item Type:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">Article</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Subjects:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/view/subjects/270708.html">270000 Biological Sciences > 270700 Ecology and Evolution > 270708 Conservation and Biodiversity</a></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ID Code:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">2340</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited By:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><span class="ep_name_citation"><span class="person_name">Prof Hamish McCallum</span></span></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited On:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">31 Oct 2007 12:49</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Last Modified:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">09 Jan 2008 02:30</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ePrint Statistics:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a target="ePrintStats" href="/es/index.php?action=show_detail_eprint;id=2340;">View statistics for this ePrint</a></td></tr></table><p align="right">Repository Staff Only: <a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/users/home?screen=EPrint::View&eprintid=2340">item control page</a></p>
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