<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html> <head> <title>UTas ePrints - Persistence of the exotic kelp Undaria pinnatifida does not depend on sea urchin grazing</title> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/javascript/auto.js"><!-- padder --></script> <style type="text/css" media="screen">@import url(http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/auto.css);</style> <style type="text/css" media="print">@import url(http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/print.css);</style> <link rel="icon" href="/images/eprints/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/images/eprints/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" /> <link rel="Top" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/" /> <link rel="Search" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/search" /> <meta content="Valentine, Joseph P." name="eprints.creators_name" /> <meta content="Johnson, Craig R." name="eprints.creators_name" /> <meta content="Joseph.Valentine@utas.edu.au" name="eprints.creators_id" /> <meta content="Craig.Johnson@utas.edu.au" name="eprints.creators_id" /> <meta content="article" name="eprints.type" /> <meta content="2007-05-17" name="eprints.datestamp" /> <meta content="2008-02-06T12:32:03Z" name="eprints.lastmod" /> <meta content="show" name="eprints.metadata_visibility" /> <meta content="Persistence of the exotic kelp Undaria pinnatifida does not depend on sea urchin grazing" name="eprints.title" /> <meta content="pub" name="eprints.ispublished" /> <meta content="270702" name="eprints.subjects" /> <meta content="restricted" name="eprints.full_text_status" /> <meta content="Invasion processes, introduced macroalgae, persistence, disturbance, sea urchin grazing, canopy-forming algae, Undaria pinnatifida" name="eprints.keywords" /> <meta content="We investigated mechanisms enabling persistence of the introduced Asian kelp Undaria pinnatifida on the sea urchin (Heliocidaris erythrogramma) 'barrens' on the east coast of Tasmania. Development of dense stands of U. pinnatifida requires disturbance to reduce the cover of native algae. Observations of U. pinnatifida occurring abundantly on sea urchin barrens suggests that disturbance in the form of grazing by sea urchins prevents recovery of native canopy-forming species, allowing dense stands of U. pinnatifida to persist. We examined this hypothesis over a 30 mo period in a manipulative experiment in which the response of native algae and U. pinnatifida was examined in treatments comprising all possible combinations of +/- urchins, +/- U. pinnatifida and +/- enhanced native algal spore inoculum. The results demonstrated that the sea urchin H. erythrogramma can have a significant impact on U. pinnatifida abundance. The response was most dramatic in the 2001 sporophyte growth season, when sea urchins destructively grazed U. pinnatifida sporophytes in experimental plots on the urchin barren. In other years, when there was higher recruitment of U. pinnatifida sporophytes, urchins reduced sporophyte abundance but did not prevent development of a U. pinnatifida canopy. Removal of sea urchins resulted in a slow increase in cover of understorey red algae, but only limited recovery of native canopy-forming species. In treatments where both sea urchins and U. pinnatifida were removed, cover of canopy-forming species did not exceed 6% over the duration of the study. Thus, in the absence of sea urchin grazing, there was no evidence of inhibition of U. pinnatifida by native algae. While the intensity of sea urchin grazing may directly influence the extent of the U. pinnatifida canopy, recovery of native canopyforming species was apparently influenced by a combination of factors including seaurchin grazing, depth and, most importantly, the degree of sediment accumulation on the rocky substratum. The manipulations showed that removal of the factor (i.e. sea urchin grazing) that ostensibly facilitated replacement of native canopy-forming algae by U. pinnatifida did not realise recovery of native canopy-forming species." name="eprints.abstract" /> <meta content="2005-01-19" name="eprints.date" /> <meta content="published" name="eprints.date_type" /> <meta content="Marine Ecology Progress Series" name="eprints.publication" /> <meta content="285" name="eprints.volume" /> <meta content="43-55" name="eprints.pagerange" /> <meta content="UNSPECIFIED" name="eprints.thesis_type" /> <meta content="TRUE" name="eprints.refereed" /> <meta content="http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v285/p43-55/" name="eprints.official_url" /> <meta content="Agatsuma Y, Matsuyama K, Nakata A, Kawai T, Nishikawa N (1997) Marine algal succession on coralline flats after removal of sea urchins in Suttsu Bay on the Japan Sea coast of Hokkaido, Japan. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 63: 672-680 Airoldi L (1998) Roles of disturbance, sediment stress, and substratum retention on spatial dominance in algal turf. Ecology 79:2759-2770 Airoldi L, Rindi F, Cinelli F (1995) Structure, seasonal dynamics and reproductive phenology of a filamentous turf assemblage on a sediment influenced, rocky subtidal shore. Bot Mar 38:227-237 Ambrose RF, Nelson BV (1982) Inhibition of giant kelp recruitment by an introduced brown alga. Bot Mar 15: 265-267 Amsler CD, Searles RB (1980) Vertical distribution of seaweed spores in a water column offshore of North Carolina. J Phycol 16:617-619 Anderson EK, North WJ (1966) In situ studies of spore production and dispersal in the giant kelp, Macrocystis. Proc Int Seaweed Symp 5:73-86 Andrew NL (1993) Spatial heterogeneity, sea urchin grazing, and habitat structure on reefs in temperate Australia. Ecology 74:292-302 Andrew NL (1994) Survival of kelp adjacent to areas grazed by sea urchins in New South Wales, Australia. 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Science 261:78-82 Chapman ARO (1981) Stability of sea urchin dominated barren grounds following destructive grazing of kelp in St. Margaret's Bay, eastern Canada. Mar Biol 62:307-311 Chapman ARO, Johnson CR (1990) Disturbance and organization of macroalgal assemblages in the Northwest Atlantic. Hydrobiologia 192:77-121 Chapman AS, Scheibling RE, Chapman ARO (2002) Species introductions and changes in the marine vegetation of Atlantic Canada. In: Claudi R, Nantel P, Muckle-Jeffs E (eds) Alien invaders in Canada's waters, wetlands, and forests. Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, p 133-148 Connolly R (1986) Behaviour and ecology of the sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma (Valenciennes). Honours thesis, University of Adelaide Constable AJ (1989) An investigation of resource allocation in the sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma (Valenciennes). PhD thesis, University of Melbourne Dayton PK (1985) Ecology of kelp communities. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 16:215-245 Dayton PK, Currie V, Gerrodette T, Keller BD, Rosenthal R, Ven Tresca D (1984) Patch dynamics and stability of some Californian kelp communities. Ecol Monogr 54:253-289 Dethier MN, Graham ES, Cohen S, Tear LM (1993) Visual versus random-point percentage cover estimations: 'objective' is not always better. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 96: 93-100 Devinny JS, Volse IA (1978) The effects of sediments on the development of Macrocystis pyrifera gametophytes. Mar Biol 48:343-348 Deysher L, Norton TA (1982) Dispersal and colonisation in Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 56:179-196 Draper N, Smith H (1981) Applied regression analysis. Wiley, New York Fletcher RL, Callow M (1992) The settlement, attachment and establishment of marine algal spores. Br Phycol J 27: 303-329 Fletcher WJ (1987) Interactions among subtidal Australian sea urchins, gastropods, and algae: Effects of experimental removals. Ecol Monogr 57:89-109 Foster MS, Harrold C, Hardin DD (1991) Point vs. photo quadrat estimates of the cover of sessile marine organisms. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 146:193-203 Gaylord B, Reed DC, Raimondi PT, Washburn L, McClean SR (2002) A physically based model of macroalgal spore dispersal in the wave and current-dominated nearshore. Ecology 83:1239-1251 Hagen NT (1995) Recurrent destructive grazing of successionally immature kelp forests by green sea urchins in Vestfjorden, Northern Norway. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 123: 95-106 Hiebert RD (1997) Prioritizing invasive plants and planning for management. In: Luken JO, Thieret JW (eds) Assessment and management of plant invasions. Springer-Verlag, New York, p 195-212 Johnson CR, Mann KH (1988) Diversity, patterns of adaptation and stability of Novia Scotion kelp beds. Ecol Monogr 58:129-154 Johnson CR, Mann KH (1993) Rapid succession in subtidal understorey seaweeds during recovery from overgrazing by sea urchins in eastern Canada. Bot Mar 36:63-77 Johnson CR, Valentine JP, Pederson HG (2004) A most unusual barrens: Complex interactions between lobsters, sea urchins and algae facilitates spread of an exotic kelp in eastern Tasmania. In: Heinzeller T, Nebelsick JH (eds) Proceedings of the 11th International Echinoderm Conference, Munich, 6-10 October 2003, Rotterdam. Balkema, Leiden Jones GP, Andrew NL (1990) Herbivory and patch dynamics on rocky reefs in temperate Australasia: the roles of fish and sea urchins. Aust J Ecol 15:505-520 Keats DW, Robin South G, Steele DH (1990) Effects of experi- mental reduction in grazing by green sea urchins on a benthic macroalgal community in eastern Newfoundland. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 68:181-193 Kendrick GA (1991) Recruitment of coralline crusts and filamentous turf algae in the Galapagos archipelago: effect of simulated scour, erosion and accretion. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 147:47-63 Kennelly SJ (1987) Physical disturbances in an Australian kelp community. I. Temporal effects. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 40: 145-153 Leinnas HP, Christie H (1996) Effects of removing sea urchins (Stronglyocentrotus droebachiensis): stability of the barren state and succession of kelp forest recovery in the east Atlantic. Oecologia 105:524-536 Mann KH (1977) Destruction of kelp beds by sea urchins: a cyclical phenomenon or irreversible degradation? Helgol Wiss Meeresunters 30:455-467 Meese RJ, Tomich PA (1992) Dots on the rocks: a comparison of percent cover estimation methods. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 165:59-73 Meinesz A, de Vaugelas J, Hesse B, Mari X (1993) Spread of the introduced tropical green alga Caulerpa taxifolia in northern Mediterranean waters. J Appl Phycol 5:141-147 Melville AJ, Connell SD (2001) Experimental effects of kelp canopies on subtidal coralline algae. Austral Ecol 26:102-108 Nichols FH, Thompson JK, Schemel L (1990) Remarkable invasion of San Francisco Bay (California, USA) by the Asian clam Potamocorbula amurensis. II. Displacement of a former community. 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Biopress Ltd, Marine Environmental Systems, Hobart, p 217-268 Sanderson JC (1997) Survey of Undaria pinnatifida in Tasmanian coastal waters, January-February 1997. Report to Tasmanian Department of Marine Resources. Marine Environmental Systems, Hobart Sanderson JC, Barrett N (1989) A survey of the distribution of the introduced Japanese macroalga Undaria pinnatifida (Harvey) Suringer in Tasmania, December 1988. Report No. 38, Department of Sea Fisheries, Hobart Sanderson JC, Le Rossignol M, James W (1996) A pilot program to maximise Tasmania's sea urchin (Heliocidaris erythrogramma) resource. Marine Environmental Systems, Hobart Santelices B (1990) Patterns of reproduction, dispersal and recruitment in seaweeds. Oceanogr Mar Biol Annu Rev 28:177-276 Scheffé H (1959) The analysis of variance, Wiley, New York Scheibling RE (1986) Increased macroalgal doundance following mass mortalities of sea urchins (Stronglyocentrotus droebachiensis) along the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia. Oecologia 68:186-198 Scheibling RE, Anthony SX (2001) Feeding, growth and reproduction of sea urchins (Stronglyocentrotus droebachiensis) on single and mixed diets of kelp (Laminaria spp.) and the invasive alga Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides. Mar Biol 139:139-146 Schiel DR, Foster MS (1986) The structure of subtidal algal stands in temperate waters. Oceanogr Mar Biol Annu Rev 24:265-307 Umar MJ, McCook LJ, Price IR (1998) Effects of sediment deposition on the seaweed Sargassum on a fringing coral reef. Coral Reefs 17:169-177 Valentine JP, Johnson CR (2003) Establishment of the introduced kelp Undaria pinnatifida in Tasmania depends on disturbance to native algal assemblages. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 265:63-90 Valentine JP, Johnson CR (2004) Establishment of the introduced kelp Undaria pinnatifida following dieback of the native macroalga Phyllospora comosa in Tasmania, Australia. Mar Freshw Res 55:1-8 Villouta E, Chadderton WL, Pugsley CW, Hay CH (2001) Effects of sea urchin (Evechinus chloroticus) grazing in Dusky Sound, Fiordland, New Zealand. NZ J Mar Freshw Res 35:1007-1024" name="eprints.referencetext" /> <meta content="Valentine, Joseph P. and Johnson, Craig R. (2005) Persistence of the exotic kelp Undaria pinnatifida does not depend on sea urchin grazing. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 285 . pp. 43-55." name="eprints.citation" /> <meta content="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/1047/1/2005_Valentine_Johnson_MEPS.pdf" name="eprints.document_url" /> <link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/" /> <meta content="Persistence of the exotic kelp Undaria pinnatifida does not depend on sea urchin grazing" name="DC.title" /> <meta content="Valentine, Joseph P." name="DC.creator" /> <meta content="Johnson, Craig R." name="DC.creator" /> <meta content="270702 Marine and Estuarine Ecology (incl. Marine Ichthyology)" name="DC.subject" /> <meta content="We investigated mechanisms enabling persistence of the introduced Asian kelp Undaria pinnatifida on the sea urchin (Heliocidaris erythrogramma) 'barrens' on the east coast of Tasmania. Development of dense stands of U. pinnatifida requires disturbance to reduce the cover of native algae. Observations of U. pinnatifida occurring abundantly on sea urchin barrens suggests that disturbance in the form of grazing by sea urchins prevents recovery of native canopy-forming species, allowing dense stands of U. pinnatifida to persist. We examined this hypothesis over a 30 mo period in a manipulative experiment in which the response of native algae and U. pinnatifida was examined in treatments comprising all possible combinations of +/- urchins, +/- U. pinnatifida and +/- enhanced native algal spore inoculum. The results demonstrated that the sea urchin H. erythrogramma can have a significant impact on U. pinnatifida abundance. The response was most dramatic in the 2001 sporophyte growth season, when sea urchins destructively grazed U. pinnatifida sporophytes in experimental plots on the urchin barren. In other years, when there was higher recruitment of U. pinnatifida sporophytes, urchins reduced sporophyte abundance but did not prevent development of a U. pinnatifida canopy. Removal of sea urchins resulted in a slow increase in cover of understorey red algae, but only limited recovery of native canopy-forming species. In treatments where both sea urchins and U. pinnatifida were removed, cover of canopy-forming species did not exceed 6% over the duration of the study. Thus, in the absence of sea urchin grazing, there was no evidence of inhibition of U. pinnatifida by native algae. While the intensity of sea urchin grazing may directly influence the extent of the U. pinnatifida canopy, recovery of native canopyforming species was apparently influenced by a combination of factors including seaurchin grazing, depth and, most importantly, the degree of sediment accumulation on the rocky substratum. The manipulations showed that removal of the factor (i.e. sea urchin grazing) that ostensibly facilitated replacement of native canopy-forming algae by U. pinnatifida did not realise recovery of native canopy-forming species." name="DC.description" /> <meta content="2005-01-19" name="DC.date" /> <meta content="Article" name="DC.type" /> <meta content="PeerReviewed" name="DC.type" /> <meta content="application/pdf" name="DC.format" /> <meta content="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/1047/1/2005_Valentine_Johnson_MEPS.pdf" name="DC.identifier" /> <meta content="http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v285/p43-55/" name="DC.relation" /> <meta content="Valentine, Joseph P. and Johnson, Craig R. (2005) Persistence of the exotic kelp Undaria pinnatifida does not depend on sea urchin grazing. 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border: solid 1px #ccc; padding: 3px"><tr> <td align="left"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/users/home">Login</a> | <a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/register">Create Account</a></td> <td align="right" style="white-space: nowrap"> <form method="get" accept-charset="utf-8" action="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/search" style="display:inline"> <input class="ep_tm_searchbarbox" size="20" type="text" name="q" /> <input class="ep_tm_searchbarbutton" value="Search" type="submit" name="_action_search" /> <input type="hidden" name="_order" value="bytitle" /> <input type="hidden" name="basic_srchtype" value="ALL" /> <input type="hidden" name="_satisfyall" value="ALL" /> </form> </td> </tr></table></td></tr> <tr> <td class="toplinks"><!-- InstanceBeginEditable name="content" --> <div align="center"> <table width="720" class="ep_tm_main"><tr><td align="left"> <h1 class="ep_tm_pagetitle">Persistence of the exotic kelp Undaria pinnatifida does not depend on sea urchin grazing</h1> <p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><span class="person_name">Valentine, Joseph P.</span> and <span class="person_name">Johnson, Craig R.</span> (2005) <xhtml:em>Persistence of the exotic kelp Undaria pinnatifida does not depend on sea urchin grazing.</xhtml:em> Marine Ecology Progress Series, 285 . pp. 43-55.</p><p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"></p><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><tr><td valign="top" style="text-align:center"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/1047/1/2005_Valentine_Johnson_MEPS.pdf"><img alt="[img]" src="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/images/fileicons/application_pdf.png" class="ep_doc_icon" border="0" /></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/1047/1/2005_Valentine_Johnson_MEPS.pdf"><span class="ep_document_citation">PDF</span></a> - Full text restricted - Requires a PDF viewer<br />155Kb</td><td><form method="get" accept-charset="utf-8" action="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/request_doc"><input accept-charset="utf-8" value="1227" name="docid" type="hidden" /><div class=""><input value="Request a copy" name="_action_null" class="ep_form_action_button" onclick="return EPJS_button_pushed( '_action_null' )" type="submit" /> </div></form></td></tr></table><p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block">Official URL: <a href="http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v285/p43-55/">http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v285/p43-55/</a></p><div class="not_ep_block"><h2>Abstract</h2><p style="padding-bottom: 16px; text-align: left; margin: 1em auto 0em auto">We investigated mechanisms enabling persistence of the introduced Asian kelp Undaria pinnatifida on the sea urchin (Heliocidaris erythrogramma) 'barrens' on the east coast of Tasmania. Development of dense stands of U. pinnatifida requires disturbance to reduce the cover of native algae. Observations of U. pinnatifida occurring abundantly on sea urchin barrens suggests that disturbance in the form of grazing by sea urchins prevents recovery of native canopy-forming species, allowing dense stands of U. pinnatifida to persist. We examined this hypothesis over a 30 mo period in a manipulative experiment in which the response of native algae and U. pinnatifida was examined in treatments comprising all possible combinations of +/- urchins, +/- U. pinnatifida and +/- enhanced native algal spore inoculum. The results demonstrated that the sea urchin H. erythrogramma can have a significant impact on U. pinnatifida abundance. The response was most dramatic in the 2001 sporophyte growth season, when sea urchins destructively grazed U. pinnatifida sporophytes in experimental plots on the urchin barren. In other years, when there was higher recruitment of U. pinnatifida sporophytes, urchins reduced sporophyte abundance but did not prevent development of a U. pinnatifida canopy. Removal of sea urchins resulted in a slow increase in cover of understorey red algae, but only limited recovery of native canopy-forming species. In treatments where both sea urchins and U. pinnatifida were removed, cover of canopy-forming species did not exceed 6% over the duration of the study. Thus, in the absence of sea urchin grazing, there was no evidence of inhibition of U. pinnatifida by native algae. While the intensity of sea urchin grazing may directly influence the extent of the U. pinnatifida canopy, recovery of native canopyforming species was apparently influenced by a combination of factors including seaurchin grazing, depth and, most importantly, the degree of sediment accumulation on the rocky substratum. The manipulations showed that removal of the factor (i.e. sea urchin grazing) that ostensibly facilitated replacement of native canopy-forming algae by U. pinnatifida did not realise recovery of native canopy-forming species.</p></div><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" cellpadding="3" class="not_ep_block" border="0"><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Item Type:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">Article</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Keywords:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">Invasion processes, introduced macroalgae, persistence, disturbance, sea urchin grazing, canopy-forming algae, Undaria pinnatifida</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Subjects:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/view/subjects/270702.html">270000 Biological Sciences > 270700 Ecology and Evolution > 270702 Marine and Estuarine Ecology (incl. Marine Ichthyology)</a></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Collections:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">UNSPECIFIED</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ID Code:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">1047</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited By:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><span class="ep_name_citation"><span class="person_name">Professor Craig R. Johnson</span></span></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited On:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">17 May 2007</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Last Modified:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">06 Feb 2008 23:32</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ePrint Statistics:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a target="ePrintStats" href="/es/index.php?action=show_detail_eprint;id=1047;">View statistics for this ePrint</a></td></tr></table><p align="right">Repository Staff Only: <a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/users/home?screen=EPrint::View&eprintid=1047">item control page</a></p> </td></tr></table> </div> <!-- InstanceEndEditable --></td> </tr> <tr> <td><!-- #BeginLibraryItem "/Library/footer_eprints.lbi" --> <table width="795" border="0" align="left" cellpadding="0" class="footer"> <tr valign="top"> <td colspan="2"><div align="center"><a href="http://www.utas.edu.au">UTAS home</a> | <a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/library/">Library home</a> | <a href="/">ePrints home</a> | <a href="/contact.html">contact</a> | <a href="/information.html">about</a> | <a href="/view/">browse</a> | <a href="/perl/search/simple">search</a> | <a href="/perl/register">register</a> | <a href="/perl/users/home">user area</a> | <a href="/help/">help</a></div><br /></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="2"><p><img src="/images/eprints/footerline.gif" width="100%" height="4" /></p></td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td width="68%" class="footer">Authorised by the University Librarian<br /> © University of Tasmania ABN 30 764 374 782<br /> <a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/cricos/">CRICOS Provider Code 00586B</a> | <a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/copyright/copyright_disclaimers.html">Copyright & Disclaimers</a> | <a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/accessibility/index.html">Accessibility</a> | <a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/feedback/">Site Feedback</a> </td> <td width="32%"><div align="right"> <p align="right" class="NoPrint"><a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/"><img src="http://www.utas.edu.au/shared/logos/unioftasstrip.gif" alt="University of Tasmania Home Page" width="260" height="16" border="0" align="right" /></a></p> <p align="right" class="NoPrint"><a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/"><br /> </a></p> </div></td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><p> </p></td> <td><div align="right"><span class="NoPrint"><a href="http://www.eprints.org/software/"><img src="/images/eprintslogo.gif" alt="ePrints logo" width="77" height="29" border="0" align="bottom" /></a></span></div></td> </tr> </table> <!-- #EndLibraryItem --> <div align="center"></div></td> </tr> </table> </body> </html>