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<title>UTas ePrints - A Basin System and Fluid-Flow Analysis of the Zn-Pb-Ag Mount Isa-Type Deposits of Northern Australia: Identifying Metal Source, Basinal Brine Reservoirs, Times of Fluid Expulsion, and Organic Matter Reactions</title>
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<meta content="Southgate, P.N." name="eprints.creators_name" />
<meta content="Kyser, T.K." name="eprints.creators_name" />
<meta content="Scott, D.L." name="eprints.creators_name" />
<meta content="Large, R.R." name="eprints.creators_name" />
<meta content="Golding, S.D." name="eprints.creators_name" />
<meta content="Polito, P.A." name="eprints.creators_name" />
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<meta content="A Basin System and Fluid-Flow Analysis of the Zn-Pb-Ag Mount Isa-Type Deposits of Northern Australia: Identifying Metal Source, Basinal Brine Reservoirs, Times of Fluid Expulsion, and Organic Matter Reactions" name="eprints.title" />
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<meta content="Sedex, Stratiform massive sulfide, sediment-hosted" name="eprints.keywords" />
<meta content="Paleoproterozoic rocks of northern Australia host one of
the worlds largest base metal repositories and are the worlds most important zinc repository. The McArthur-Mount Isa-Cloncurry mineral belt contains several world-class Zn-Pb-Ag, U, Cu, and Cu-Au deposits (Ewers and Fergusson, 1980;
Williams, 1998; Betts et al., 2003; Large et al., 2005; Fig. 1).
The province has the potential to host additional base metal
and uranium reserves. Advances in exploration techniques in
the 1980s led to the discovery of several major new Zn and
Cu-Au deposits, including Cannington, Century, Ernest
Henry, and Osborne. However, recent exploration results
have been disappointing and new exploration strategies are
required if the region is to further its growth potential and if new resources are to be realized beneath shallow cover.
Between 1975 to 1995 geoscientists from Geoscience Australia,
the Geological Survey of Queensland, and the Northern
Territory Geological Survey mapped the Paleoproterozoic
outcrop belt of northern Australia at a scale of 1:100,000.
Subsequently, researchers at Monash University undertook
detailed studies of the deformation history of the Mount Isa
block, placing the ore deposits within a tectonic context (e.g.,ODea et al., 1997; Betts et al., 1998, 2003; Betts and Lister,
2002). Researchers at James Cook University carried out
structural, metamorphic and mineralization studies across the
Mount Isa block, with their principal focus concentrating on
the deposits and their immediate environs (Bell et al., 1988;
Broadbent et al., 1998; Williams, 1998). Between 1990 and
1998 a multidisciplinary research group based at CODES,
University of Tasmania, completed studies aimed at better
understanding the origin of the regions zinc deposits and
their alteration halos in both the McArthur and Mount Isa regions(Cooke et al., 1998, 2000; Large et al., 1998, 2000, 2005;Garven et al., 2001; Yang et al., 2004). Each of the studies outlined above were based on lithostratigraphic concepts in which rock units were subdivided, mapped, and labeled, but the units defined are diachronous and cannot be used for reconstructions of basin shape and sediment architecture at the times of fluid migration. This requires an event-based chronostratigraphic framework.
In 1995 the Australian Geological Survey Organisation
commenced an integrated, multidisciplinary study of the Paleoproterozoic rocks of northern Australia with the aim of
generating an understanding of the chronostratigraphy and evolution of the basin (Scott et al., 1998; Jackson et al., 2000, 2005; Sami et al., 2000; Southgate et al., 2000; Neumann et al., 2006). This new understanding links basin evolution in prospective stratigraphic packages to the underlying basement.
These developments allowed us to (1) better constrain the
shape of the basin through time, (2) define the internal stratigraphic architecture and sedimentary composition of the basin fill, and (3) establish the relationships between basin history, basement, basin faults, and fluid flow. This improved understanding of basin shape and sediment architecture at the times of fluid-flow and base metal deposit formation provides predictive capability in the modeling of the ore-forming system.
The data and interpretations presented in this thematic
issue of Economic Geology summarize the principal results of
Australian Minerals Industry and Research Association
(AMIRA) International Project P552: Fluid flow modeling in
the Mount Isa and McArthur basins. This project aimed to
develop an ore-forming, basin system understanding of the
Zn-Pb-Ag and U deposits of northern Australia and was a collaborative program between Geoscience Australia, Queens
University in Canada, CODES, University of Tasmania, University of Queensland, Commonwealth Industrial Scientific
and Research Organization, and the Geological Survey of
Queensland. Five fundamental questions were addressed: (1)
which parts of the stratigraphy provided the source rocks for the base metals? (2) at what burial depths or temperatures did the basinal brine(s) become enriched in base metals? (3) what was the timing of brine expulsion and sulfide precipitation? (4) where in the basin did the metal-rich brines reside and along which pathways did they migrate? (5) what are the relationships between metal-bearing brine and organic matter at the site(s) of metal precipitation? To address these issues three integrated approaches were adopted:
1. Regional geometric models were constructed to depict
sediment architecture and basin shape at the time(s) of metalbearing fluid migration. The models were built using the results of the earlier chronostratigraphic basin analysis studies (Figs. 2, 3; Tables 1, 2).
2. Mineral paragenesis and associated geochemical studies
were undertaken at the regional scale to determine the relationships between early and late fluid evolution in siliciclastic, carbonate, and volcanic rocks to establish the links between the deep basinal brines and the deposits (Polito et al., 2006ac)and to characterize the thermal history and organic matter evolution in sediments that host the ore deposits (Glikson et al., 2006; Golding et al., 2006). 3. The geometric basin models were digitized and imported into fluid-flow modeling software packages so that scenario-based simulations could be run to test concepts for the origin of the deposits. The results of the mineral paragenetic and geochemical studies were used to constrain thermal gradients and physical properties used in the models (Yang et al., 2006; Zhang et al., 2006)." name="eprints.abstract" />
<meta content="2006-09" name="eprints.date" />
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<meta content="Economic Geology" name="eprints.publication" />
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<meta content="http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.101.6.1103" name="eprints.official_url" />
<meta content="Bell, T.H., Perkins, W.G. and Swager, C.P., 1988, Structural controls on development and localization of syntectonic mineralization at Mount Isa, Queensland: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 83, p. 69-85.
Betts, P.G., and Lister, G.S., 2002, Geodynamically indicated targeting strategy for shale-hosted massive sulfide Pb-Zn-Ag mineralisation in the Western
fold belt, Mount Isa terrane: Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 49, p. 985-1010.
Betts, P.G., Lister, G.S., and ODea, M.G., 1998, Asymmetric extension of the Middle Proterozoic lithosphere, Mount Isa inlier, Queensland, Australia: Tectonophysics, v. 296, p. 293-316.
Betts, P.G., Giles, D., and Lister, G.S., 2003, Tectonic environment of shalehosted massive sulfide Pb-Zn-Ag deposits of Proterozoic northeastern Australia:
ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 98, p. 557-576.
Bradshaw, B.E., and Scott, D.L., 1999, Integrated basin analysis of the Isa superbasin using seismic, well-log and geopotential data: An evaluation of the economic potential of the Northern Lawn Hill platform: Australian Geological
Survey Organisation Record 1999/19, p. 1-173.
Bradshaw, B.E., Lindsay, J.F., Krassay, A.A., and Wells, A.T., 2000, Attenuated basin-margin sequence stratigraphy of the Palaeoproterozoic Calvert and Isa superbasins: the Fickling Group, southern Murphy inlier, Queensland,
Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 47, p. 599-624.
Broadbent, G.C., Myers, R.E., and Wright, J.V., 1998, Geology and origin of shale hosted Zn-Pb-Ag mineralization at the Century deposit, northwest Queensland, Australia: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 93, p. 1264-1294.
Carr, G.R., Sun, S-S., Page, R.W., and Hinman, M., 1996, Recent developments in the use of lead isotope model ages in Proterozoic terrains [ext. abs.]: James Cook University of North Queensland Economic Geology Research
Unit Contribution 55, p. 28-32.
Carr, G.R., Denton, G.J., Korsch, M.J., Gardner, B.L., Parr, J.M., Andrew, A.S., Whitford, D.J., Wyborn, L.A.I., and Sun, S-S., 2003, Pb isotope discrimination
of geochemical anomalies using terrain-specific models-the
Proterozoic of northern Australia [abs.]: Intergrated Geotechnical and Environmental Services 2003 Conference, 21st, Dublin, Ireland, Proceedings, p. 47-48.
Cooke, D.R., Bull, S.W., Donovan, S., and Rogers, J.R., 1998, K-metasomatism and base metal depletion in volcanic rocks from the McArthur basin, Northern Territory-implications for the base metal mineralization: ECONOMIC
GEOLOGY, v. 93, p. 1237-1263.
Cooke, D.R., Bull, S.W., Large, R.R., and McGoldrick, P.J., 2000, The importance of oxidized brines for the formation of Australian Proterozoic stratiform sediment-hosted Pb-Zn (SEDEX) deposits: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY,
v. 95, p. 1-18.
Domagala, J., Southgate, P.N., McConachie, B.A., and Pidgeon, A., 2000, Evolution of the lower Palaeoproterozoic Prize, Gun and lower Loretta supersequences of the Surprise Creek Formation and lower Mt. Isa Group: Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 47, p. 485-508.
Ewers, G.R., and Fergusson, J., 1980, Mineralisation of the Jabiluka, Ranger, Koongarra and Nabarlek uranium deposits, in Ferguson, J., and Goleby, A.B., eds., Uranium in the Pine Creek geosyncline: Vienna, International
Atomic Energy Agency, p. 363-374.
Garven, G., Bull, S.W., and Large, R.R., 2001, Hydrologic models of stratiform ore genesis in the McArthur basin, Northern Territory, Australia: Geofluids,
v. 1, p. 289-311.
Glikson, M., Golding, S.D., and Southgate, P.N., 2006, Thermal evolution of the ore-hosting Isa superbasin: Central and northern Lawn Hill platform:
ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 101, p. 211-1229.
Golding, S.D., Uysal, I.T., Glikson, M., Baublys, K.A., and Southgate, P.N., 2006, Timing and chemistry of fluid-flow events in the Lawn Hill platform, Northern Australia: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 101, p.1231-1250.
Hone, I.G., Carberry, V.P., and Reith, H.G., 1987, Physical property measurements on rock samples from the Mount Isa inlier, Northwest Queensland: Australian Government Publishing Service, Bureau of Mineral Resources,
Geology and Geophysics Report 265, 30 p.
Huston, D.L., Stevens, B., Southgate, P.N., Muhling, P., and Wyborn, L., 2006, Australian Zn-Pb-Ag ore-forming systems: A review and analysis: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 101, p. 1117-1157.
Idnurm, M., 2000, Towards a high resolution Late Palaeoproterozoic-earliest Mesoproterozoic apparent polar wander path for northern Australia: Australian
Journal Earth Sciences, v. 47, p. 405-429.
Jackson, M.J., Scott, D.L., and Rawlings, D.J., 2000, Stratigraphic framework for the Leichhardt and Calvert superbasins: Review and correlations of the
pre-1700 Ma successions between Mt. Isa and McArthur River: Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 47, p. 381-403.
Jackson, M.J., Southgate, P.N., Blake, P.R., Domagala, J., Retter, A.J., and Barnett, K., 2002, Measured sections and sequence stratigraphic interpretations:
Surprise Creek Formation, Torpedo Creek and Warrina Park
Quartzites: Geoscience Australia Record 2002/3, p. 1-29.
Jackson M.J., Southgate P.N., Black L.P., Blake P.R., and Domagala, J., 2005, Overcoming the problem of Proterozoic quartzite correlations: Sequence stratigraphy and SHRIMP U-Pb dating of the Surprise Creek Formation,
Mt. Isa inlier: Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 52, p. 1-25.
Krassay, A.A., Bradshaw, B.E., Domagala, J., McConachie, B.A., Lindsay, J.F., Jackson, M.J., Southgate, P.N., Barnett, K.W., and Zeilinger, I., 1999,
Measured sections and sequence stratigraphic interpretations: Upper Mc-Namara and Fickling Groups-preliminary edition data release: Australian
Geological Survey Organisation. AGSO Record 1999/15, p. 1-19.
Krassay, A.A., Bradshaw, B.E., Domagala, J., and Jackson, M.J., 2000a, Siliciclastic shoreline to growth faulted turbiditic sub-basins: the Proterozoic River supersequence of the upper McNamara Group on the Lawn Hill
platform, northern Australia: Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 47, p.
533-562.
Krassay, A.A., Domagala, J., Bradshaw, B.E., and Southgate P.N., 2000b, Lowstand ramps, fans and deep-water Palaeoproterozoic and Mesoproterozoic facies of the Lawn Hill platform: the Term, Lawn, Wide and Doom
supersequences of the Isa superbasin, northern Australia: Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 47, p. 563-598.
Kyser, K.T., Hiatt, E., Renac, C., Durocher, K., Holk, G., and Deckart, K., 2000, Diagenetic fluids in Paleo- and Meso-Proterozoic sedimentary basins and their implications for long protracted fluid histories: Mineralogical Association
of Canada Short Course Series 28, p. 225-258.
Large, R.R., Bull, S.W., Cooke, D.R., and McGoldrick, P., 1998, A genetic model for the HYC deposit, Australia: Based on regional sedimentology, geochemistry, and sulfide-sediment relationships: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v.
93, p. 1345-1368.
Large, R.R., Bull, S.W., and McGoldrick, P.J., 2000, Lithogeochemical halos and geochemical vectors to stratiform sediment hosted Zn-Pb-Ag deposits.
Part 2: HYC deposit, Northern Territory: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 64, nos. 1-2, p. 105-126.
Large, R.R., Bull S.W., McGoldrick, P.J., Derrick, G., Carr, G., and Walters, S., 2005, Stratiform and strata-bound Zn-Pb-Ag ñ Cu deposits of the Proterozoic
sedimentary basins of northern Australia: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY
100TH ANNIVERSARY VOLUME, p.931-963.
Magoon, L.B., and Dow, W.G., 1994, The petroleum system: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 60 p. 3-24.
Neumann N.L., Southgate P.N., Gibson, G.M., and McIntyre, A., 2006, New SHRIMP geochronology for the western fold belt of the Mt. Isa inlier: Developing a 1800-1650 Ma event framework: Australian Journal of Earth Sciences. v. 53, p. 1023-1039.
ODea, M.G., Lister, G.S., Betts, P.G., and Pound, K.S., 1997, A shortened intraplate rift system in the Proterozoic Mount Isa terrain, NW Queensland, Australia: Tectonics, v. 16, p. 425-441.
Page, R.W., Stevens, B.P.J., and Gibson, G.M., 2005a, Geochronology of the sequence hosting the Broken Hill Pb-Zn-Ag orebody, Australia: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 100, p. 633-661.
Page, R.W., Conor, C.H.H., Stevens, B.P.J., Gibson, G.M., Preiss, W.V., and Southgate, P.N., 2005b, Correlation of Olary and Broken Hill domains, Curnamona province: Possible relationship to Mount Isa and other north
Australian Pb-Zn-Ag-bearing successions: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 100, p. 663-676.
Perkins, W.G., and Bell, T.H., 1998, Stratiform replacement lead-zinc deposits: A comparison between Mount Isa, Hilton, and McArthur River: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 93, p. 1190-1212.
Polito, P.A., Kyser, T.K, Southgate, P.N., and Jackson, M.J., 2006a, Sandstone diagenesis in the Mount Isa basin: An isotopic and fluid inclusion perspective in relationship to district-wide Zn, Pb, and Cu mineralization: ECONOMIC
GEOLOGY, v. 101, p. 1159-1188.
Polito, P.A., Kyser, T.K., and Jackson, M.J., 2006b, The role of sandstone diagenesis and aquifer evolution in the formation of uranium and zinc-lead deposits, southern McArthur basin, Northern Territory, Australia: ECONOMIC
GEOLOGY, v. 101, p. 1189-1209.
Polito, P.A., Kyser, T.K., Golding, S.D., and Southgate, P.N., 2006c, Zinc deposits and related mineralization of the Burketown mineral field, including the world-class Century deposit, northern Australia: Fluid inclusion and
stable isotope evidence for basin fluid sources: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 101, p. 1251-1273.
Sami, T.T., James, N.P., Kyser, T.K., Southgate, P.N., Jackson, M.J., and Page, R.W., 2000, Evolution of late Paleoproterozoic ramp systems, lower Mc-Namara Group, northeastern Australia: Society for Sedimentary Geology Special Publication 67, p. 243-274.
Sawkins, F.J., 1989, Anorogenic felsic magmatism, rift sedimentation, and giant Proterozoic Pb-Zn deposits: Geology, v. 17, p. 657-660.
Scott, D.L., Bradshaw, B.E, and Tarlowski, C.Z., 1998, The tectonostratigraphic history of the Proterozoic northern Lawn Hill platform, Australia: An integrated intracontinetal basin analysis: Tectonophysics, v. 300, p.
329-358.
Scott, D.L., Rawlings, D.J., Page, R.W., Tarlowski, C.Z., Idnurm, M., Jackson, M.J., and Southgate, P.N., 2000, Basement framework and geodynamic evolution of the Palaeoproterozoic superbasins of north central
Australia: An integrated review of geochemical, geochronological and geophysical data: Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 47, p.
341-380.
Southgate, P.N., Sami, T.T., Jackson, M.J., Domagala, J., Krassay, A.A., Lindsay, J.F., McConachie, B., Page, R.W., Pidgeon, B., Neudert, M.K., Barnett, K., Rokvic, U., and Zeilinger, I., 1999, Measured sections and sequence
stratigraphic interpretations: Lower McNamara, Mount Isa and Fickling Groups: Australian Geological Survey Organisation Record 1999/10, p.1-21.
Southgate, P.N., Bradshaw, B.E., Domagala, J., Jackson, M.J., Idnurm, M., Krassay, A.A., Page, R.W, Sami, T.T., Scott, D.L., Lindsay, J.F., Mcconachie, B.A., and Tarlowski, C., 2000, Chronostratigraphic framework for
Palaeoproterozoic rocks 1730-1575 Ma) in northern Australia and implications for base-metal mineralisation: Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 47, p. 461-483.
Williams, P.J., 1998, An introduction to the metallogeny of the McArthur River-Mount Isa-Cloncurry minerals province: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 93, p.1120-1131.
Yang, J., Bull, S.W., and Large, R.R., 2004, Numerical investigations of salinity in controlling ore-forming fluid transport in sedimentary basins: Example of the HYC Zn-Pb-Ag deposit, northern Australia: Mineralium Deposita,
v. 39, p. 622-631.
Yang, J., Large, R.R., Bull, S., and Scott, D.L., 2006, Basin-scale numerical modeling to test the role of buoyancy-driven fluid flow and heat transport in the formation of stratiform Zn-Pb-Ag deposits in the northern Mount Isa
basin: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 101, p.1275-1292.
Zhang, Y., Sorjonen-Ward, P., Ord, A., and Southgate, P.N., 2006, Fluid flow during deformation associated with structural closure of the Isa superbasin
at 1575 Ma in the central and northern Lawn Hill platform, northern Austrlaia: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 101, p. 1293-1312." name="eprints.referencetext" />
<meta content="Southgate, P.N. and Kyser, T.K. and Scott, D.L. and Large, R.R. and Golding, S.D. and Polito, P.A. (2006) A Basin System and Fluid-Flow Analysis of the Zn-Pb-Ag Mount Isa-Type Deposits of Northern Australia: Identifying Metal Source, Basinal Brine Reservoirs, Times of Fluid Expulsion, and Organic Matter Reactions. Economic Geology, 101 (6). pp. 1103-1115. ISSN 0361-0128" name="eprints.citation" />
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<meta content="A Basin System and Fluid-Flow Analysis of the Zn-Pb-Ag Mount Isa-Type Deposits of Northern Australia: Identifying Metal Source, Basinal Brine Reservoirs, Times of Fluid Expulsion, and Organic Matter Reactions" name="DC.title" />
<meta content="Southgate, P.N." name="DC.creator" />
<meta content="Kyser, T.K." name="DC.creator" />
<meta content="Scott, D.L." name="DC.creator" />
<meta content="Large, R.R." name="DC.creator" />
<meta content="Golding, S.D." name="DC.creator" />
<meta content="Polito, P.A." name="DC.creator" />
<meta content="260100 Geology" name="DC.subject" />
<meta content="Paleoproterozoic rocks of northern Australia host one of
the worlds largest base metal repositories and are the worlds most important zinc repository. The McArthur-Mount Isa-Cloncurry mineral belt contains several world-class Zn-Pb-Ag, U, Cu, and Cu-Au deposits (Ewers and Fergusson, 1980;
Williams, 1998; Betts et al., 2003; Large et al., 2005; Fig. 1).
The province has the potential to host additional base metal
and uranium reserves. Advances in exploration techniques in
the 1980s led to the discovery of several major new Zn and
Cu-Au deposits, including Cannington, Century, Ernest
Henry, and Osborne. However, recent exploration results
have been disappointing and new exploration strategies are
required if the region is to further its growth potential and if new resources are to be realized beneath shallow cover.
Between 1975 to 1995 geoscientists from Geoscience Australia,
the Geological Survey of Queensland, and the Northern
Territory Geological Survey mapped the Paleoproterozoic
outcrop belt of northern Australia at a scale of 1:100,000.
Subsequently, researchers at Monash University undertook
detailed studies of the deformation history of the Mount Isa
block, placing the ore deposits within a tectonic context (e.g.,ODea et al., 1997; Betts et al., 1998, 2003; Betts and Lister,
2002). Researchers at James Cook University carried out
structural, metamorphic and mineralization studies across the
Mount Isa block, with their principal focus concentrating on
the deposits and their immediate environs (Bell et al., 1988;
Broadbent et al., 1998; Williams, 1998). Between 1990 and
1998 a multidisciplinary research group based at CODES,
University of Tasmania, completed studies aimed at better
understanding the origin of the regions zinc deposits and
their alteration halos in both the McArthur and Mount Isa regions(Cooke et al., 1998, 2000; Large et al., 1998, 2000, 2005;Garven et al., 2001; Yang et al., 2004). Each of the studies outlined above were based on lithostratigraphic concepts in which rock units were subdivided, mapped, and labeled, but the units defined are diachronous and cannot be used for reconstructions of basin shape and sediment architecture at the times of fluid migration. This requires an event-based chronostratigraphic framework.
In 1995 the Australian Geological Survey Organisation
commenced an integrated, multidisciplinary study of the Paleoproterozoic rocks of northern Australia with the aim of
generating an understanding of the chronostratigraphy and evolution of the basin (Scott et al., 1998; Jackson et al., 2000, 2005; Sami et al., 2000; Southgate et al., 2000; Neumann et al., 2006). This new understanding links basin evolution in prospective stratigraphic packages to the underlying basement.
These developments allowed us to (1) better constrain the
shape of the basin through time, (2) define the internal stratigraphic architecture and sedimentary composition of the basin fill, and (3) establish the relationships between basin history, basement, basin faults, and fluid flow. This improved understanding of basin shape and sediment architecture at the times of fluid-flow and base metal deposit formation provides predictive capability in the modeling of the ore-forming system.
The data and interpretations presented in this thematic
issue of Economic Geology summarize the principal results of
Australian Minerals Industry and Research Association
(AMIRA) International Project P552: Fluid flow modeling in
the Mount Isa and McArthur basins. This project aimed to
develop an ore-forming, basin system understanding of the
Zn-Pb-Ag and U deposits of northern Australia and was a collaborative program between Geoscience Australia, Queens
University in Canada, CODES, University of Tasmania, University of Queensland, Commonwealth Industrial Scientific
and Research Organization, and the Geological Survey of
Queensland. Five fundamental questions were addressed: (1)
which parts of the stratigraphy provided the source rocks for the base metals? (2) at what burial depths or temperatures did the basinal brine(s) become enriched in base metals? (3) what was the timing of brine expulsion and sulfide precipitation? (4) where in the basin did the metal-rich brines reside and along which pathways did they migrate? (5) what are the relationships between metal-bearing brine and organic matter at the site(s) of metal precipitation? To address these issues three integrated approaches were adopted:
1. Regional geometric models were constructed to depict
sediment architecture and basin shape at the time(s) of metalbearing fluid migration. The models were built using the results of the earlier chronostratigraphic basin analysis studies (Figs. 2, 3; Tables 1, 2).
2. Mineral paragenesis and associated geochemical studies
were undertaken at the regional scale to determine the relationships between early and late fluid evolution in siliciclastic, carbonate, and volcanic rocks to establish the links between the deep basinal brines and the deposits (Polito et al., 2006ac)and to characterize the thermal history and organic matter evolution in sediments that host the ore deposits (Glikson et al., 2006; Golding et al., 2006). 3. The geometric basin models were digitized and imported into fluid-flow modeling software packages so that scenario-based simulations could be run to test concepts for the origin of the deposits. The results of the mineral paragenetic and geochemical studies were used to constrain thermal gradients and physical properties used in the models (Yang et al., 2006; Zhang et al., 2006)." name="DC.description" />
<meta content="2006-09" name="DC.date" />
<meta content="Article" name="DC.type" />
<meta content="PeerReviewed" name="DC.type" />
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<h1 class="ep_tm_pagetitle">A Basin System and Fluid-Flow Analysis of the Zn-Pb-Ag Mount Isa-Type Deposits of Northern Australia: Identifying Metal Source, Basinal Brine Reservoirs, Times of Fluid Expulsion, and Organic Matter Reactions</h1>
<p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><span class="person_name">Southgate, P.N.</span> and <span class="person_name">Kyser, T.K.</span> and <span class="person_name">Scott, D.L.</span> and <span class="person_name">Large, R.R.</span> and <span class="person_name">Golding, S.D.</span> and <span class="person_name">Polito, P.A.</span> (2006) <xhtml:em>A Basin System and Fluid-Flow Analysis of the Zn-Pb-Ag Mount Isa-Type Deposits of Northern Australia: Identifying Metal Source, Basinal Brine Reservoirs, Times of Fluid Expulsion, and Organic Matter Reactions.</xhtml:em> Economic Geology, 101 (6). pp. 1103-1115. ISSN 0361-0128</p><p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"></p><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><tr><td valign="top" style="text-align:center"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/1465/1/Southgate%2CKyser%2C_Scott%2C_Large_et_al_2006.pdf"><img alt="[img]" src="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/images/fileicons/application_pdf.png" class="ep_doc_icon" border="0" /></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/1465/1/Southgate%2CKyser%2C_Scott%2C_Large_et_al_2006.pdf"><span class="ep_document_citation">PDF</span></a> - Full text restricted - Requires a PDF viewer<br />290Kb</td><td><form method="get" accept-charset="utf-8" action="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/request_doc"><input accept-charset="utf-8" value="1871" name="docid" type="hidden" /><div class=""><input value="Request a copy" name="_action_null" class="ep_form_action_button" onclick="return EPJS_button_pushed( '_action_null' )" type="submit" /> </div></form></td></tr></table><p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block">Official URL: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.101.6.1103">http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.101.6.1103</a></p><div class="not_ep_block"><h2>Abstract</h2><p style="padding-bottom: 16px; text-align: left; margin: 1em auto 0em auto">Paleoproterozoic rocks of northern Australia host one of
the worlds largest base metal repositories and are the worlds most important zinc repository. The McArthur-Mount Isa-Cloncurry mineral belt contains several world-class Zn-Pb-Ag, U, Cu, and Cu-Au deposits (Ewers and Fergusson, 1980;
Williams, 1998; Betts et al., 2003; Large et al., 2005; Fig. 1).
The province has the potential to host additional base metal
and uranium reserves. Advances in exploration techniques in
the 1980s led to the discovery of several major new Zn and
Cu-Au deposits, including Cannington, Century, Ernest
Henry, and Osborne. However, recent exploration results
have been disappointing and new exploration strategies are
required if the region is to further its growth potential and if new resources are to be realized beneath shallow cover.
Between 1975 to 1995 geoscientists from Geoscience Australia,
the Geological Survey of Queensland, and the Northern
Territory Geological Survey mapped the Paleoproterozoic
outcrop belt of northern Australia at a scale of 1:100,000.
Subsequently, researchers at Monash University undertook
detailed studies of the deformation history of the Mount Isa
block, placing the ore deposits within a tectonic context (e.g.,ODea et al., 1997; Betts et al., 1998, 2003; Betts and Lister,
2002). Researchers at James Cook University carried out
structural, metamorphic and mineralization studies across the
Mount Isa block, with their principal focus concentrating on
the deposits and their immediate environs (Bell et al., 1988;
Broadbent et al., 1998; Williams, 1998). Between 1990 and
1998 a multidisciplinary research group based at CODES,
University of Tasmania, completed studies aimed at better
understanding the origin of the regions zinc deposits and
their alteration halos in both the McArthur and Mount Isa regions(Cooke et al., 1998, 2000; Large et al., 1998, 2000, 2005;Garven et al., 2001; Yang et al., 2004). Each of the studies outlined above were based on lithostratigraphic concepts in which rock units were subdivided, mapped, and labeled, but the units defined are diachronous and cannot be used for reconstructions of basin shape and sediment architecture at the times of fluid migration. This requires an event-based chronostratigraphic framework.
In 1995 the Australian Geological Survey Organisation
commenced an integrated, multidisciplinary study of the Paleoproterozoic rocks of northern Australia with the aim of
generating an understanding of the chronostratigraphy and evolution of the basin (Scott et al., 1998; Jackson et al., 2000, 2005; Sami et al., 2000; Southgate et al., 2000; Neumann et al., 2006). This new understanding links basin evolution in prospective stratigraphic packages to the underlying basement.
These developments allowed us to (1) better constrain the
shape of the basin through time, (2) define the internal stratigraphic architecture and sedimentary composition of the basin fill, and (3) establish the relationships between basin history, basement, basin faults, and fluid flow. This improved understanding of basin shape and sediment architecture at the times of fluid-flow and base metal deposit formation provides predictive capability in the modeling of the ore-forming system.
The data and interpretations presented in this thematic
issue of Economic Geology summarize the principal results of
Australian Minerals Industry and Research Association
(AMIRA) International Project P552: Fluid flow modeling in
the Mount Isa and McArthur basins. This project aimed to
develop an ore-forming, basin system understanding of the
Zn-Pb-Ag and U deposits of northern Australia and was a collaborative program between Geoscience Australia, Queens
University in Canada, CODES, University of Tasmania, University of Queensland, Commonwealth Industrial Scientific
and Research Organization, and the Geological Survey of
Queensland. Five fundamental questions were addressed: (1)
which parts of the stratigraphy provided the source rocks for the base metals? (2) at what burial depths or temperatures did the basinal brine(s) become enriched in base metals? (3) what was the timing of brine expulsion and sulfide precipitation? (4) where in the basin did the metal-rich brines reside and along which pathways did they migrate? (5) what are the relationships between metal-bearing brine and organic matter at the site(s) of metal precipitation? To address these issues three integrated approaches were adopted:
1. Regional geometric models were constructed to depict
sediment architecture and basin shape at the time(s) of metalbearing fluid migration. The models were built using the results of the earlier chronostratigraphic basin analysis studies (Figs. 2, 3; Tables 1, 2).
2. Mineral paragenesis and associated geochemical studies
were undertaken at the regional scale to determine the relationships between early and late fluid evolution in siliciclastic, carbonate, and volcanic rocks to establish the links between the deep basinal brines and the deposits (Polito et al., 2006ac)and to characterize the thermal history and organic matter evolution in sediments that host the ore deposits (Glikson et al., 2006; Golding et al., 2006). 3. The geometric basin models were digitized and imported into fluid-flow modeling software packages so that scenario-based simulations could be run to test concepts for the origin of the deposits. The results of the mineral paragenetic and geochemical studies were used to constrain thermal gradients and physical properties used in the models (Yang et al., 2006; Zhang et al., 2006).</p></div><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" cellpadding="3" class="not_ep_block" border="0"><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Item Type:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">Article</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Keywords:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">Sedex, Stratiform massive sulfide, sediment-hosted</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Subjects:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/view/subjects/260100.html">260000 Earth Sciences > 260100 Geology</a></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Collections:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">UNSPECIFIED</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ID Code:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">1465</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited By:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><span class="ep_name_citation"><span class="person_name">Mrs Katrina Keep</span></span></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited On:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">29 Aug 2007</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Last Modified:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">29 Jan 2008 20:01</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ePrint Statistics:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a target="ePrintStats" href="/es/index.php?action=show_detail_eprint;id=1465;">View statistics for this ePrint</a></td></tr></table><p align="right">Repository Staff Only: <a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/users/home?screen=EPrint::View&eprintid=1465">item control page</a></p>
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