<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<title>UTas ePrints - Forest Certification in Developing and Transitioning Countries: Part of a Sustainable Future?</title>
<script type="text/javascript" src="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/javascript/auto.js"><!-- padder --></script>
<style type="text/css" media="screen">@import url(http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/auto.css);</style>
<style type="text/css" media="print">@import url(http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/print.css);</style>
<link rel="icon" href="/images/eprints/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" />
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="/images/eprints/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" />
<link rel="Top" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/" />
<link rel="Search" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/search" />
<meta content="Cashore, Benjamin" name="eprints.creators_name" />
<meta content="Gale, Fred" name="eprints.creators_name" />
<meta content="Meidinger, Errol" name="eprints.creators_name" />
<meta content="Newsom, Deanna" name="eprints.creators_name" />
<meta content="Benjamin.Cashore@yale.edu" name="eprints.creators_id" />
<meta content="Fred.Gale@utas.edu.au" name="eprints.creators_id" />
<meta content="eemeid@buffalo.edu.au" name="eprints.creators_id" />
<meta content="dnewsom@ra.org" name="eprints.creators_id" />
<meta content="article" name="eprints.type" />
<meta content="2007-10-19 01:41:46" name="eprints.datestamp" />
<meta content="2008-01-08 15:30:00" name="eprints.lastmod" />
<meta content="show" name="eprints.metadata_visibility" />
<meta content="Forest Certification in Developing and Transitioning Countries: Part of a Sustainable Future?" name="eprints.title" />
<meta content="pub" name="eprints.ispublished" />
<meta content="360100" name="eprints.subjects" />
<meta content="public" name="eprints.full_text_status" />
<meta content="In the last quarter century, a growing body of scientific research has revealed
that the world’s forests are under stress. Data collected on biodiversity, species decline,
and deforestation reveal widespread deterioration of forest ecosystem structure and function.
Research on social and community conditions has documented increasing uncertainty about the ability of
forest-dependent communities to rely on forests for their livelihoods." name="eprints.abstract" />
<meta content="2006-11" name="eprints.date" />
<meta content="published" name="eprints.date_type" />
<meta content="Environment" name="eprints.publication" />
<meta content="48" name="eprints.volume" />
<meta content="9" name="eprints.number" />
<meta content="6-25" name="eprints.pagerange" />
<meta content="TRUE" name="eprints.refereed" />
<meta content="0013-9157" name="eprints.issn" />
<meta content="http://www.heldref.org/env.php" name="eprints.official_url" />
<meta content="1. For a more detailed description of how the different
schemes operate, see the book from which this article was excerpted, B. Cashore, F. Gale, E. Meidinger, and D. Newsom, eds., Confronting Sustainability: Forest Certification in Developing and Transitioning Countries (New Haven, CT: Yale School of Forestry & Environmental
Studies, 2006), accessible via http://www.yale
.edu/environment/publications, 11–17. See also L. H. Gulbrandsen, “Mark of Sustainability? Challenges for Fishery and Forestry Eco-labeling,” Environment 47, no. 5 (June 2005): 8–23 at Table 1 on page 18.
2. Unless otherwise noted, specific references for each country come from the case studies in Cashore, Gale, Meidinger, and Newsom, eds., ibid.: D. R. Muhtaman
and F. A. Prasetyo (Indonesia), pages 33–68; M. Shahwahid (Malaysia), pages 69–98; Y. Bun and I. Bewang (Papua New Guinea), pages 99–136; M. Wairiu (the Solomon Islands), pages 137–62; R. Ahas, H. Hain, and P. Mardiste (Estonia), pages 171–202; A. Actins¸ˆ and M. Kore (Latvia), 203–34; P. Paschalis-Jakubowicz (Poland), pages 235–60; M. Tysiachniouk (Russia), pages 261–96; L. Quevedo (Bolivia), pages 303–36; P. May (Brazil), pages 337–62; F. Carrera Gambetta, D. Stoian, J. Campos, J. Morales Cancino, and G. Pinelo (Guatemala), pages 363–406; S. Anta Fonseca (Mexico), pages 407–34; R. Eba’a Atyi (Gabon), 443–76; C. Ham (South Africa), pages 477–506; P. Musimami Mwima G. Eilu, B. Biryahwaho, and W. Gombya Ssembajjwe (Uganda), pages 507–34; and F. Njovu (Zambia), pages 535–60.
3. This figure includes schemes endorsed by the Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification
schemes (PEFC) as well as applicant and harmonized
schemes like the Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI), American Tree Farm System (ATFS), Certificação Florestal (CERFLOR, the Brazilian Program of Forest
Certification) and the Malaysian Timber Certification
Council (MTCC). Lembaga Ekolabel Indonesia (LEI, the Indonesian Ecolabeling Institute) is excluded because at the time of writing it had not applied for nor been recognized by PEFC.
4. For a case study of Indonesia, see Elliott, note 3 above.
5. C. Elliott, “Forest Certification: Analysis from a Policy Network Perspective” (PhD thesis, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, Départment de génie rural (Department of Agricultural Engineering), 1999.
6. E. Meidinger, “Forest Certification as a Global Civil Society Regulatory Institution,” in E. Meidinger, C. Elliott, and G. Oesten, eds., Social and Political Dimensions
of Forest Certification (Remagen-Oberwinter, Germany:
Verlag, 2003), http://www.forstbuch.de.
7. V. Haufler, Public Role for the Private Sector: Industry Self-Regulation in a Global Economy (Washington,
DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2001).
8. K. Webb, ed., Voluntary Codes: Private Governance,
the Public Interest and Innovation (Ottawa: Carleton Research Unit for Innovation, Science and Environment, 2004).
9. B. G. Cashore, G. Auld, and D. Newsom, Governing
Through Markets: Forest Certification and the Emergence of Non-state Authority (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004).
10. As recorded by the case study authors in Cashore, Gale, Meidinger, and Newsom, eds., note 1 above.
11. Native Forest Network, et al., “Open Letter Asking for Moratorium on Certification to FSC,” Forest Stewardship Council Newsletter, 3 October 2005.
12. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), FAOSTAT, Forest Production and Export Statistics, 2002, http://apps.fao.org/page/collections?subset= forestry; and FAO, Trends and Current
Status of the Contribution of the Forest Sector to National Economies, Final Draft (Rome: FAO, 2003).
13. P. Glück, Peter, J. Rayner, and B. Cashore, “Change in the Governance of Forest Resources,” in G. Mery, R. Alfaro, M. Kanninen, and M. Labovikov, eds., Forests in the Global Balance—Changing Paradigms, International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO) World Series, Volume 17 (Helsinki: IUFRO, 2005), 51–74.
14. R. Ahas, H. Hain, and P. Mardiste, “Forest Certification
in Estonia,” in Cashore, Gale, Meidinger, and Newsom, eds., note 1 above, page 192.
15. For example, see A. Actins¸ˆ and M. Kore, “Forest Certification in Latvia,” in Cashore, Gale, Meidinger, and Newsom, eds., note 1 above, pages 226–27; L. Quevedo,
“Forest Certification in Bolivia,” pages 328–29; and F. Carrera Gambetta, D. Stoian, J. Campos, J. Morales Cancino, and G. Pinelo, “Forest Certification in Guatemala,” pages 391–92.
16. For example, see P. May, “Forest Certification in Brazil,” in Cashore, Gale, Meidinger, and Newsom, eds., note 1 above, pages 337–62; and C. Ham, “Forest Certification
in South Africa,” note 1 above, pages 477–506.
17. There is no question that certification has been a powerful tool in maintaining and enhancing market access for South Africa’s controversial plantation industry
and for giving it economic advantages following stringent government regulations enacted in the 1990s. See C. Ham, “Forest Certification in South Africa,” in Cashore, Gale, Medinger, and Newsom, eds., note 1 above, pages 477–506.
18. See, for example, R. Ahas, H. Hain, and P. Mardiste,
“Forest Certification in Estonia,” in Cashore, Gale, Meidinger, and Newsom, eds., note 1 above, page 194.
19. D. N. Newsom and D. Hewitt, The Global Impacts of SmartWood Certification (Richmond, VT: Rainforest Alliance, 2005), available at www.rainforest-alliance.org.
20. See M. Tysiachniouk, “Forest Certification in Russia,” in Cashore, Gale, Meidinger, and Newsom, eds., note 1 above, pages 261–96.
21. A. White, et al., China and the Global Market for Forest Products: Transforming Trade to Benefit Forests
and Livelihoods (Washington, DC: Forest Trends, 2006).
22. Ibid." name="eprints.referencetext" />
<meta content="Cashore, Benjamin and Gale, Fred and Meidinger, Errol and Newsom, Deanna (2006) Forest Certification in Developing and Transitioning Countries: Part of a Sustainable Future? Environment, 48 (9). pp. 6-25. ISSN 0013-9157" name="eprints.citation" />
<meta content="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2208/1/Environment-Nov-06-Gale.pdf" name="eprints.document_url" />
<link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/" />
<meta content="Forest Certification in Developing and Transitioning Countries: Part of a Sustainable Future?" name="DC.title" />
<meta content="Cashore, Benjamin" name="DC.creator" />
<meta content="Gale, Fred" name="DC.creator" />
<meta content="Meidinger, Errol" name="DC.creator" />
<meta content="Newsom, Deanna" name="DC.creator" />
<meta content="360100 Political Science" name="DC.subject" />
<meta content="In the last quarter century, a growing body of scientific research has revealed
that the world’s forests are under stress. Data collected on biodiversity, species decline,
and deforestation reveal widespread deterioration of forest ecosystem structure and function.
Research on social and community conditions has documented increasing uncertainty about the ability of
forest-dependent communities to rely on forests for their livelihoods." name="DC.description" />
<meta content="2006-11" name="DC.date" />
<meta content="Article" name="DC.type" />
<meta content="PeerReviewed" name="DC.type" />
<meta content="application/pdf" name="DC.format" />
<meta content="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2208/1/Environment-Nov-06-Gale.pdf" name="DC.identifier" />
<meta content="http://www.heldref.org/env.php" name="DC.relation" />
<meta content="Cashore, Benjamin and Gale, Fred and Meidinger, Errol and Newsom, Deanna (2006) Forest Certification in Developing and Transitioning Countries: Part of a Sustainable Future? Environment, 48 (9). pp. 6-25. ISSN 0013-9157" name="DC.identifier" />
<meta content="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2208/" name="DC.relation" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2208/BibTeX/epprod-eprint-2208.bib" title="BibTeX" type="text/plain" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2208/ContextObject/epprod-eprint-2208.xml" title="OpenURL ContextObject" type="text/xml" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2208/ContextObject::Dissertation/epprod-eprint-2208.xml" title="OpenURL Dissertation" type="text/xml" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2208/ContextObject::Journal/epprod-eprint-2208.xml" title="OpenURL Journal" type="text/xml" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2208/DC/epprod-eprint-2208.txt" title="Dublin Core" type="text/plain" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2208/DIDL/epprod-eprint-2208.xml" title="DIDL" type="text/xml" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2208/EndNote/epprod-eprint-2208.enw" title="EndNote" type="text/plain" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2208/HTML/epprod-eprint-2208.html" title="HTML Citation" type="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2208/METS/epprod-eprint-2208.xml" title="METS" type="text/xml" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2208/MODS/epprod-eprint-2208.xml" title="MODS" type="text/xml" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2208/RIS/epprod-eprint-2208.ris" title="Reference Manager" type="text/plain" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2208/Refer/epprod-eprint-2208.refer" title="Refer" type="text/plain" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2208/Simple/epprod-eprint-2208text" title="Simple Metadata" type="text/plain" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2208/Text/epprod-eprint-2208.txt" title="ASCII Citation" type="text/plain; charset=utf-8" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2208/XML/epprod-eprint-2208.xml" title="EP3 XML" type="text/xml" />
</head>
<body bgcolor="#ffffff" text="#000000" onLoad="loadRoutine(); MM_preloadImages('images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c5_f2.gif','images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c7_f2.gif','images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c8_f2.gif','images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c9_f2.gif','images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c10_f2.gif','images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c11_f2.gif','images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r6_c4_f2.gif')">
<div class="ep_noprint"><noscript><style type="text/css">@import url(http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/nojs.css);</style></noscript></div>
<table width="795" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td><script language="JavaScript1.2">mmLoadMenus();</script>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="795">
<!-- fwtable fwsrc="eprints_banner_final2.png" fwbase="ePrints_banner.gif" fwstyle="Dreamweaver" fwdocid = "1249563342" fwnested="0" -->
<tr>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="32" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="104" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="44" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="105" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="41" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="16" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="68" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="68" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="68" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="82" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="69" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="98" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="12"><img name="ePrints_banner_r1_c1" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r1_c1.gif" width="795" height="10" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="10" border="0" alt="" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="6"><img name="ePrints_banner_r2_c1" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r2_c1.gif" width="32" height="118" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td rowspan="5"><a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/"><img name="ePrints_banner_r2_c2" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r2_c2.gif" width="104" height="103" border="0" alt="" /></a></td>
<td colspan="10"><img name="ePrints_banner_r2_c3" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r2_c3.gif" width="659" height="41" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="41" border="0" alt="" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/"><img name="ePrints_banner_r3_c3" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r3_c3.gif" width="190" height="31" border="0" alt="" /></a></td>
<td rowspan="2" colspan="7"><img name="ePrints_banner_r3_c6" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r3_c6.gif" width="469" height="37" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="31" border="0" alt="" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3"><img name="ePrints_banner_r4_c3" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r4_c3.gif" width="190" height="6" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="6" border="0" alt="" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c3" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c3.gif" width="149" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/information.html" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0821132634_0,0,25,null,'ePrints_banner_r5_c5');MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r5_c5','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c5_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c5" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c5.gif" width="57" height="25" border="0" alt="About" /></a></td>
<td rowspan="2"><a href="/view/" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0821133021_1,0,25,null,'ePrints_banner_r5_c7');MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r5_c7','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c7_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c7" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c7.gif" width="68" height="25" border="0" alt="Browse" /></a></td>
<td rowspan="2"><a href="/perl/search/simple" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0821133201_2,0,25,null,'ePrints_banner_r5_c8');MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r5_c8','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c8_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c8" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c8.gif" width="68" height="25" border="0" alt="Search" /></a></td>
<td rowspan="2"><a href="/perl/register" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout();" onMouseOver="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_1018171924_3,0,25,null,'ePrints_banner_r5_c9');MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r5_c9','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c9_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c9" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c9.gif" width="68" height="25" border="0" alt="register" /></a></td>
<td rowspan="2"><a href="/perl/users/home" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0821133422_4,0,25,null,'ePrints_banner_r5_c10');MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r5_c10','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c10_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c10" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c10.gif" width="82" height="25" border="0" alt="user area" /></a></td>
<td rowspan="2"><a href="/help/" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0821133514_5,0,25,null,'ePrints_banner_r5_c11');MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r5_c11','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c11_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c11" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c11.gif" width="69" height="25" border="0" alt="Help" /></a></td>
<td rowspan="3" colspan="4"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c12" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c12.gif" width="98" height="40" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2"><img name="ePrints_banner_r6_c3" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r6_c3.gif" width="44" height="39" border="0" alt="ePrints home" /></td>
<td><a href="/" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore()" onMouseOver="MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r6_c4','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r6_c4_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r6_c4" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r6_c4.gif" width="105" height="24" border="0" alt="ePrints home" /></a></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="24" border="0" alt="" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><img name="ePrints_banner_r7_c2" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r7_c2.gif" width="104" height="15" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td colspan="8"><img name="ePrints_banner_r7_c4" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r7_c4.gif" width="517" height="15" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="15" border="0" alt="" /></td>
</tr>
</table></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><table width="100%" style="font-size: 90%; border: solid 1px #ccc; padding: 3px"><tr>
<td align="left"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/users/home">Login</a> | <a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/register">Create Account</a></td>
<td align="right" style="white-space: nowrap">
<form method="get" accept-charset="utf-8" action="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/search" style="display:inline">
<input class="ep_tm_searchbarbox" size="20" type="text" name="q" />
<input class="ep_tm_searchbarbutton" value="Search" type="submit" name="_action_search" />
<input type="hidden" name="_order" value="bytitle" />
<input type="hidden" name="basic_srchtype" value="ALL" />
<input type="hidden" name="_satisfyall" value="ALL" />
</form>
</td>
</tr></table></td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="toplinks"><!-- InstanceBeginEditable name="content" -->
<div align="center">
<table width="720" class="ep_tm_main"><tr><td align="left">
<h1 class="ep_tm_pagetitle">Forest Certification in Developing and Transitioning Countries: Part of a Sustainable Future?</h1>
<p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><span class="person_name">Cashore, Benjamin</span> and <span class="person_name">Gale, Fred</span> and <span class="person_name">Meidinger, Errol</span> and <span class="person_name">Newsom, Deanna</span> (2006) <xhtml:em>Forest Certification in Developing and Transitioning Countries: Part of a Sustainable Future?</xhtml:em> Environment, 48 (9). pp. 6-25. ISSN 0013-9157</p><p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"></p><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><tr><td valign="top" style="text-align:center"><a onmouseover="EPJS_ShowPreview( event, 'doc_preview_2753' );" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2208/1/Environment-Nov-06-Gale.pdf" onmouseout="EPJS_HidePreview( event, 'doc_preview_2753' );"><img alt="[img]" src="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/images/fileicons/application_pdf.png" class="ep_doc_icon" border="0" /></a><div class="ep_preview" id="doc_preview_2753"><table><tr><td><img alt="" src="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2208/thumbnails/1/preview.png" class="ep_preview_image" border="0" /><div class="ep_preview_title">Preview</div></td></tr></table></div></td><td valign="top"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2208/1/Environment-Nov-06-Gale.pdf"><span class="ep_document_citation">PDF</span></a> - Requires a PDF viewer<br />715Kb</td></tr></table><p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block">Official URL: <a href="http://www.heldref.org/env.php">http://www.heldref.org/env.php</a></p><div class="not_ep_block"><h2>Abstract</h2><p style="padding-bottom: 16px; text-align: left; margin: 1em auto 0em auto">In the last quarter century, a growing body of scientific research has revealed
that the world’s forests are under stress. Data collected on biodiversity, species decline,
and deforestation reveal widespread deterioration of forest ecosystem structure and function.
Research on social and community conditions has documented increasing uncertainty about the ability of
forest-dependent communities to rely on forests for their livelihoods.</p></div><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" cellpadding="3" class="not_ep_block" border="0"><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Item Type:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">Article</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Subjects:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/view/subjects/360100.html">360000 Policy and Political Science > 360100 Political Science</a></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ID Code:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">2208</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited By:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><span class="ep_name_citation"><span class="person_name">Dr Fred P. Gale</span></span></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited On:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">19 Oct 2007 12:41</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Last Modified:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">09 Jan 2008 02:30</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ePrint Statistics:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a target="ePrintStats" href="/es/index.php?action=show_detail_eprint;id=2208;">View statistics for this ePrint</a></td></tr></table><p align="right">Repository Staff Only: <a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/users/home?screen=EPrint::View&eprintid=2208">item control page</a></p>
</td></tr></table>
</div>
<!-- InstanceEndEditable --></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><!-- #BeginLibraryItem "/Library/footer_eprints.lbi" -->
<table width="795" border="0" align="left" cellpadding="0" class="footer">
<tr valign="top">
<td colspan="2"><div align="center"><a href="http://www.utas.edu.au">UTAS home</a> | <a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/library/">Library home</a> | <a href="/">ePrints home</a> | <a href="/contact.html">contact</a> | <a href="/information.html">about</a> | <a href="/view/">browse</a> | <a href="/perl/search/simple">search</a> | <a href="/perl/register">register</a> | <a href="/perl/users/home">user area</a> | <a href="/help/">help</a></div><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"><p><img src="/images/eprints/footerline.gif" width="100%" height="4" /></p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td width="68%" class="footer">Authorised by the University Librarian<br />
© University of Tasmania ABN 30 764 374 782<br />
<a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/cricos/">CRICOS Provider Code 00586B</a> | <a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/copyright/copyright_disclaimers.html">Copyright & Disclaimers</a> | <a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/accessibility/index.html">Accessibility</a> | <a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/feedback/">Site Feedback</a> </td>
<td width="32%"><div align="right">
<p align="right" class="NoPrint"><a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/"><img src="http://www.utas.edu.au/shared/logos/unioftasstrip.gif" alt="University of Tasmania Home Page" width="260" height="16" border="0" align="right" /></a></p>
<p align="right" class="NoPrint"><a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/"><br />
</a></p>
</div></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td><p> </p></td>
<td><div align="right"><span class="NoPrint"><a href="http://www.eprints.org/software/"><img src="/images/eprintslogo.gif" alt="ePrints logo" width="77" height="29" border="0" align="bottom" /></a></span></div></td>
</tr>
</table>
<!-- #EndLibraryItem -->
<div align="center"></div></td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
