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<title>UTas ePrints - Pollen analysis of mangrove sediments as a sea level indicator: Assessment from Tongatapu, Tonga</title>
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<meta content="Ellison, J.C." name="eprints.creators_name" />
<meta content="Joanna.Ellison@utas.edu.au" name="eprints.creators_id" />
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<meta content="Increasing necessity for precision in Holocene sea-level records calls for definitive sea-level indicators to be assessed. These are reviewed by use of examples from the S.W. Pacific, and the technique of pollen analysis of mangrove sediments evaluated as a high resolution sea-level indicator. Example is given how a fully calibrated sea-level reconstruction can be gained from Holocene mangrove peat units from Tongatapu, Tonga, by application of features established from a modern analogue of surface samples to interpret fossil pollen patterns.
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<meta content="1989-11" name="eprints.date" />
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<meta content="Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology" name="eprints.publication" />
<meta content="74" name="eprints.volume" />
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<meta content="327-341" name="eprints.pagerange" />
<meta content="10.1016/0031-0182(89)90068-0" name="eprints.id_number" />
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<meta content="Ash, W. and Ash, J., 1984. Freshwater wetland vegetation of Viti Levu, Fiji. N. Z. J. Bot., 22: 377-391.
Bartlett, A. S., and Barghoorn, E. S., 1973. Phytogeographic history of the isthmus of Panama during the past 12 000 years (A history of vegetation, climate and sea level change). In: Graham, A., (Editor), Vegetation and Vegetational History of Northern Latin America. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 203-299.
Belperio, A. P., 1979. Negative evidence for a mid-Holocene high sea level along the coastal plain of the Great Barrier Reef Province. Mar. Geol., 32: M1-M9.
Belz, L. H., 1985. Nuku,alofa: Sanitation and Reclamation. Ministry of Health, Nuku'alofa, 57 pp.
Benninghoff, W. S., 1962. Calculation of pollen and spores density in sediments by addition of exotic pollen in known quantities. Pollen Spores, 4: 332-333.
Bourrouilh, J. F. G., and Hoang, C. T., 1976. Uranium-Thorium age of some corals from Tongatabu, Tonga- S.W. Pacific. International Symposium on Geodynamics in the S.W. Pacific, Noumea, New Caledonia, Abstract 5.
Bourrouilh, J. F. G., 1985. An attempt at datation by isotopic stratigraphy of Holocene and Pleistocene notches of some so-called uplifted atolls (high carbonate islands). Proc. 5th. Int. Coral Reef Congr., 3: 125-130, Tahiti.
Bruun, P., 1962. Sea level rise as a cause of shore erosion. Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of the Waterways and Harbours Division, 88: 117-130.
Buddemeier, R. W., Smith, S. V., and Kinzie, R. A., 1975. Holocene windward reef- flat history, Enewetak Atoll. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 86: 1581-1584.
Bunt, J. S., Williams, W. T. and Duke, N. C., 1982. Mangrove distributions in north- east Australia. J. Biogeogr., 9: 111-120.
Caratini, C., Blasco, F. and Thanikaimoni, G., 1973. Relation between the pollen spectra and the vegetation of a south Indian mangrove. Pollen Spores, 15: 281-292.
Chappell, J., Thom, B. G. and Polach, H. A., 1978. Radiometric dating of coral reefs. In: Stoddart, D. R. and Johannes, R. E. (Editors), Coral Reefs: Research Methods. UNESCO, Paris, pp. 81-91.
Chappell, J., Chivas, A., Wallensky, E., Polach, H. A. and Aharon, P., 1983. Holocene palaeo-environmental changes, central to north Great Barrier Reef inner zone. BMR J. Austr. Geol. Geophys., 8: 223-235.
Chappell, J. and Grindrod, J., 1985. Pollen analysis: A key to past mangrove communities and successional changes in North Australian coastal environments. In: Bardsley, K. N., Davie, J. D. S. and Woodroffe, C. D. (Editors), Coasts and Tidal Wetlands of the Australian Monsoon Region. Mangrove Monograph no.1, North Australia Research Unit, Australian National University, pp. 225-236.
Curray, J. R., Shepard, F. P. and Veeh, H. H., 1970. Late Quaternary sea level studies in Micronesia- CARMASEL Expedition. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 81: 1865-1880.
Erdtman, G., 1969. Handbook of Palynology. Morphology, taxonomy, ecology. An introduction to the study of pollen grains and spores. Kbenhavn, Munksgaard, 486 pp.
Faegri, K. and Iverson, J., 1975. Textbook of pollen analysis. Hafner, New York, 295 pp.
Geyh, M. A., Kudrass, H. -R. and Streif, H., 1979. Sea level changes during the late Pleistocene and Holocene in the Straight of Malacca. Nature, 278: 441-443.
Grindrod, J., 1983. Holocene history of mangroves on a prograded tropical coast. Unpublished M.Sc. dissertation, Australian National University, Canberra, 250 pp.
Grindrod, J., 1985. The palynology of mangroves on a prograded shore, Princess Charlotte Bay, N. Queensland, Australia. J. Biogeogr., 12: 323-348.
Grindrod, J., 1988a. The palynology of mangrove and saltmarsh sediments, particularly in Northern Australia. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol., 55: 229-245.
Grindrod, J., 1988b. Holocene mangrove history of the South Alligator River Estuary, Northern Territory, Australia. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Australian National University, Canberra, 332 pp.
Grindrod, J. and Rhodes, E. G., 1984. Holocene sea level history of a tropical estuary: Missionary Bay, north Queensland. In: Thom B.G. (Editor), Coastal Geomorphology in Australia. Academic Press, New York, N.Y., pp. 151-178.
Hammen T., van der, 1963. A palynological study on the Quaternary of British Guiana. Leidse Geologische Medelingent, 29: 125-180.
Havanodn, S., 1987. Effects of mud lobsters (Thalassina anomala Herbst.) on plant succession in mangrove forests, Thailand. Bull. Mar. Sci., 41: 635-636.
Heath, G. P. for Capt. Sir E. Home, Bt. H. M. S., Calliope. 1855. Tongataboo, 1852. Admiralty Chart, London.
Hopley, D., 1984. The Holocene "high energy window" on the central Great Barrier Reef. In: Thom, B. G. (Editor), Coastal Geomorphology in Australia. Academic Press, New York, N.Y., pp. 135-150.
Hopley, D., 1986. Corals and reefs as indicators of paleo-sea levels, with special reference to the Great Barrier Reef. In: Van de Plassche, O. (Editor), Sea-Level Research: A Manual for the Collection and Evaluation of Data. Galliard, Great Yarmouth, pp. 157-174.
Kidson, C., 1982. Sea level changes in the Holocene. Quat. Sci. Rev., 1: 121-151.
Kohlmeyer, J. and Kohlmeyer, E., 1979. Marine Mycology: The Higher Fungi. Academic, New York, N.Y., 690 pp.
Ladd, H. S. and Hoffmeister, J. E., 1927. Recent negative shift in the strand line of Fiji and Tonga. J. Geol., 53: 542-556.
Lister, J. J., 1891. Notes on the geology of the Tonga Islands. Quart. J. Geol. Soc. London, 47: 590-617.
Lowe, D. J. and Gunn, J., 1986. Caves and limestones of the islands of Tongatapu and 'Eua, Kingdom of Tonga. Cave Science, 13: 105-130.
Muller, J., 1959. Paleontology of recent Orinoco Delta and shelf sediments: Reports of the Orinoco Shelf Expedition vol. 5. Micropaleontology, 5: 1-32.
Neumann, A. C. and MacIntyre, I., 1985. Reef response to sea level rise: keep up, catch up or give up? Proc. 5th. Int. Coral Reef Congr., 3: 105-109, Tahiti.
Paris, M. E., 1827. Plan de l'Ile Tonga-Tabou, Expedition de la Corvette de S.M. l'Astrolabe. Hyd. Fr. 759, no.22, Paris.
Pirazzoli, P. A., 1986. Marine notches. In: Van de Plassche, O. (Editor), Sea-Level Research: A Manual for the Collection and Evaluation of Data. Galliard, Great Yarmouth, pp. 361-400.
Pirazzoli, P. A. and Montaggioni, L. F., 1986. Late Holocene sea level changes in the north- west Tuamotu Islands, French Polynesia. Quat. Res., 25: 350-368.
Roy, P. S. and Richmond, B. M., in press. The morphology and surface geology of the islands of Tongatapu and Vava'u, Kingdom of Tonga. Technical Report TR62, CCOP/SOPAC.
Sawkins, J. G., 1856. On the movement of land in the South Sea Islands. Quart. J. Geol. Soc. London, 12: 383-384.
Schofield, J. C., 1960. Sea level fluctuations during the last 4000 years as recorded by a chenier plain, Firth of Thames, New Zealand. N. Z. J. Geol. Geophys., 3: 467- 485.
Schofield, J. C., 1973. Post- glacial sea levels of Northland and Auckland. N. Z. J. Geol. Geophys., 16: 359-366.
Schofield, J. C., 1977. Late Holocene sea level, Gilbert and Ellice Islands, West Central Pacific Ocean. N. Z. J. Geol. Geophys., 20: 503-529.
Schofield, J. C., 1980. Post glacial transgressive maxima and second-order transgressions of the southwest Pacific Ocean. In: Morner, N. -A. (Editor), Earth Rheology, Isostasy and Eustacy. John Wiley, Chichester, pp. 517-521.
Scholl, D. W., 1963. Recent sedimentatary record in mangrove swamps and rise in sea level over the south-west coast of Florida. Mar. Geol., 1: 344-366.
Schwartz, M. L., 1968. The scale of shore erosion. J. Geol., 76, 508-517.
Scoffin, T. P., Stoddart, D. R., Tudhope, A. W. and Woodroffe, C. D., 1985. Exposed limestones of Suwarrow Atoll, Cook Is., S.W. Pacific. Proc. 5th. Int. Coral Reef Congr., 3: 137-140, Tahiti.
Semeniuk, V., 1980. Quaternary stratigraphy of the tidal flats, King Sound, Western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, 63: 65-78.
Smith, A. C., 1985. Flora Vitiensis Nova: A new flora of Fiji., Volume 3. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Hawaii, 758 pp.
Snedaker, S. C., 1982. Mangrove species zonation: why? In: Sen D.N. and Rajpurohit K.S. (Editors), Tasks for Vegetation Science, Volume 2, W. Junk., The Hague, pp. 111- 126.
Spackman, W., Dolsen, C. P. and Riegel, R. W., 1966. Phytogenic organic sediments and sedimentary environments in the Everglades- mangrove complex. Part I: Evidence of a transgressing sea and its effects on environments of the Shark River area of south-west Florida. Palaeontographica, 117B: 135-152.
Spenceley, A. P., 1982. Sedimentation patterns in a mangal on Magnetic Island, nr. Townsville, North Queensland, Australia. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 3: 100-107.
Spennemann, D. H. R., 1986. Archaeological fieldwork in Tonga 1985-1986. Tongan Dark Ages Research Programme Report no. 7, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, 106 pp.
Sukardjo, S., 1987. Natural regeneration of commercial mangrove species (Rhizophora apiculata and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza) in the mangrove forest of Tanjung Bungin, Banyuasin, South Sumutra. Forest Ecology and Management, 20: 233-252.
Taylor, F. W., 1978. Quaternary tectonic and sea level history, Tonga and Fiji, S.W. Pacific. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Cornell University, 366 pp.
Taylor, F. W. and Bloom, A. L., 1977. Coral reefs on tectonic blocks, Tonga Island arc. Third International Coral Reef Symposium, Proceedings, 275-281, Miami.
Taylor, F. W., Isacks, B. L., Jouannic, C., Bloom, A. L. and Dubois, J., 1980. Coseismic and Quaternary vertical tectonic movements, Santo and Malekula Islands, New Hebrides Island arc. J. Geophys. Res., 85: 5367-5381.
Taylor, F. W., Isacks, B. L., Jouannic, C., Bloom, A. L. and Dubois, J., 1981. Coral colonies as moniters of change in relative level of the land and sea: applications to vertical tectonism. Fourth International Coral Reef Symposium, Proceedings, 1: 485-492.
Thompson, C. S., 1986. The climate and weather of Tonga. New Zealand Meteorological Service Miscellaneous Publication 188(5). Wellington, 60 pp.
Trudgill, S. T., 1976. The marine erosion of limestone on Aldabra Atoll, Indian Ocean. Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie: Supplementband, 26: 164-200.
Trudgill, S.,T., 1985. Limestone Geomorphology. Longmans, London, 196 pp.
Underwood, A. J., 1978. A refutation of critical tidal levels as determinants of the structure of intertidal communities on British shore. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology & Ecology, 33: 261-276.
Whistler, W. A., 1983. Weed handbook of Western Polynesia. Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit, Eschborn, 151 pp.
Wijmstra, T. A., 1969. Palynology of the Alliance Well. Geologie en Mijnboun, 48: 125- 134.
Wilson, J., 1799. A missionary voyage to the Southern Pacific Ocean 1796-1798. S. Gosnell for T. Chapman, London.
Woodroffe, C. D., Thom, B. G. and Chappell, J., 1985. Development of widespread mangrove swamps in mid-Holocene times in northern Australia. Nature, 317: 711-713.
Woodroffe, C. D., Thom, B. G., Chappell, J. and Head, J., 1987. Relative sea level in the South Alligator River Region, North Australia, during the Holocene. Search, 18: 198-200.
Yuncker, T. G., 1959. Plants of Tonga. Bishop Museum Bulletin, 220: 1-283.
Zann, L. P., 1984. The corals: A clue to Fanga 'Uta's past. In: Zann, L. P., Kimmerer, W. J. and Brock, R. E. (Editors), The ecology of Fanga 'Uta lagoon, Tongatapu, Tonga. International Sea Grants, Univ. Hawaii / Institute Marine Research, Univ. of the South Pacific, pp. 39-46.
Joanna C. Ellison: "Pollen analysis of mangrove sediments as a sea level indicator: Assessment from Tongatapu, Tonga". References.
Ash W. & Ash J., 1984. Freshwater wetland vegetation of Vitilevu, Fiji. N. Z. J. Bot. 22: 377-391.
Bartlett A.S. and Barghoorn E.S., 1973. Phytogeographic history of the isthmus of Panama during the past 12 000 years (A history of vegetation, climate and sea level change). In: Graham A., (Editor), Vegetation and Vegetational History of Northern Latin America. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 203-299.
Belperio A.P., 1979. Negative evidence for a mid-Holocene high sea level along the coastal plain of the Great Barrier Reef Province. Mar. Geol. 32: M1-M9.
Belz L.H., 1985. Nuku,alofa: Sanitation and Reclamation. Ministry of Health, Nuku'alofa, 57 pp.
Benninghoff W.S., 1962. Calculation of pollen and spores density in sediments by addition of exotic pollen in known quantities. Pollen Spores 4: 332-333.
Bourrouilh J.F.G. and Hoang C.T., 1976. Uranium-Thorium age of some corals from Tongatabu, Tonga- S.W. Pacific. International Symposium on Geodynamics in the S.W. Pacific, Noumea, New Caledonia, Abstract 5.
Bourrouilh J.F.G., 1985. An attempt at datation by isotopic stratigraphy of Holocene and Pleistocene notches of some so-called uplifted atolls (high carbonate islands). Proc. 5th. Int. Coral Reef Congr. 3: 125-130, Tahiti.
Bruun P., 1962. Sea level rise as a cause of shore erosion. Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of the Waterways and Harbours Division 88: 117-130.
Buddemeier R.W., Smith S.V., and Kinzie R.A., 1975. Holocene windward reef- flat history, Enewetak Atoll. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 86: 1581-1584.
Bunt J.S., Williams W.T. and Duke N.C., 1982. Mangrove distributions in north- east Australia. J. Biogeogr. 9: 111-120.
Caratini C., Blasco F. and Thanikaimoni G., 1973. Relation between the pollen spectra and the vegetation of a south Indian mangrove. Pollen Spores 15: 281-292.
Chappell J., Thom B.G. and Polach H.A., 1978. Radiometric dating of coral reefs. In: Stoddart D.R. & Johannes R.E. (Editors), Coral Reefs: Research Methods. UNESCO, Paris, pp. 81-91.
Chappell J., Chivas A., Wallensky E., Polach H.A. and Aharon P., 1983. Holocene palaeo-environmental changes, central to north Great Barrier Reef inner zone. BMR J. of Austr. Geol. & Geophys. 8: 223-235.
Chappell J. and Grindrod J., 1985. Pollen analysis: A key to past mangrove communities and successional changes in North Australian coastal environments. In: Bardsley K.N., Davie J.D.S. and Woodroffe C.D. (Editors), Coasts and Tidal Wetlands of the Australian Monsoon Region. Mangrove Monograph no.1, North Australia Research Unit, Australian National University, pp. 225-236.
Curray J.R., Shepard F.P. and Veeh H.H., 1970. Late Quaternary sea level studies in Micronesia- CARMASEL Expedition. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 81: 1865-1880.
Erdtman G., 1969. Handbook of Palynology. Morphology, taxonomy, ecology. An introduction to the study of pollen grains and spores. Kbenhavn, Munksgaard, 486 pp.
Faegri K. and Iverson J., 1975. Textbook of pollen analysis. Hafner, New York, 295 pp.
Geyh M.A., Kudrass H.-R. and Streif H., 1979. Sea level changes during the late Pleistocene and Holocene in the Straight of Malacca. Nature 278: 441-443.
Grindrod J., 1983. Holocene history of mangroves on a prograded tropical coast. Unpublished M.Sc. dissertation, Australian National University, Canberra, 250 pp.
Grindrod J., 1985. The palynology of mangroves on a prograded shore, Princess Charlotte Bay, N. Queensland, Australia. J. Biogeogr. 12, 323-348.
Grindrod J., 1988a. The palynology of mangrove and saltmarsh sediments, particularly in Northern Australia. Review of Palaeobotany & Palynology 55: 229-245.
Grindrod J., 1988b. Holocene mangrove history of the South Alligator River Estuary, Northern Territory, Australia. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Australian National University, Canberra, 332 pp.
Grindrod J. and Rhodes E.G., (1984). Holocene sea level history of a tropical estuary: Missionary Bay, north Queensland. In: Thom B.G. (Editor), Coastal Geomorphology in Australia. Academic Press, New York, N.Y., pp. 151-178.
Hammen T. van der, 1963. A palynological study on the Quaternary of British Guiana. Leidse Geologische Medelingent 29, 125-180.
Havanodn S., 1987. Effects of mud lobsters (Thalassina anomala Herbst.) on plant succession in mangrove forests, Thailand. Bull. Mar. Sci. 41: 635-636.
Heath G.P. for Capt. Sir E. Home, Bt. H.M.S., Calliope. 1855. Tongataboo, 1852. Admiralty Chart, London.
Hopley D., 1984. The Holocene "high energy window" on the central Great Barrier Reef. In: Thom B.G. (Editor), Coastal Geomorphology in Australia. Academic Press, New York, N.Y., pp. 135-150.
Hopley D., 1986. Corals and reefs as indicators of paleo-sea levels, with special reference to the Great Barrier Reef. In: Van de Plassche O. (Editor), Sea-Level Research: A Manual for the Collection and Evaluation of Data. Galliard, Great Yarmouth, pp. 157-174.
Kidson C., 1982. Sea level changes in the Holocene. Quat. Sci. Rev. 1: 121-151.
Kohlmeyer J. and Kohlmeyer E., 1979. Marine mycology: The higher fungi. Academic, New York, N.Y., 690 pp.
Ladd H.S. and Hoffmeister J.E., 1927. Recent negative shift in the strand line of Fiji and Tonga. J. Geol. 53: 542-556.
Lister J.J., 1891. Notes on the geology of the Tonga Islands. Geological Society of London Quarterly Journal 47: 590-617.
Lowe D.J. & Gunn J., 1986. Caves and limestones of the islands of Tongatapu and 'Eua, Kingdom of Tonga. Cave Science 13: 105-130.
Muller J., 1959. Paleontology of recent Orinoco Delta and shelf sediments: Reports of the Orinoco Shelf Expedition vol. 5. Micropaleontology 5: 1-32.
Neumann A.C. and MacIntyre I., 1985. Reef response to sea level rise: keep up, catch up or give up? Proceedings 5th. International Coral Reef Congress 3: 105-109, Tahiti.
Paris M.E., 1827. Plan de l'Ile Tonga-Tabou, Expedition de la Corvette de S.M. l'Astrolabe. Hyd. Fr. 759, no.22, Paris.
Pirazzoli P.A., 1986. Marine notches. In: Van de Plassche O. (Editor), Sea-Level Research: A Manual for the Collection and Evaluation of Data. Galliard, Great Yarmouth, pp. 361-400.
Pirazzoli P.A. & Montaggioni L.F., 1986. Late Holocene sea level changes in the north- west Tuamotu Islands, French Polynesia. Quaternary Research 25: 350-368.
Roy P.S. & Richmond B.M., in press. The morphology and surface geology of the islands of Tongatapu and Vava'u, Kingdom of Tonga. Technical Report TR62, CCOP/SOPAC.
Sawkins J.G., 1856. On the movement of land in the South Sea Islands. Geological Society of London Quarterly Journal 12: 383-384.
Schofield J.C., 1960. Sea level fluctuations during the last 4000 years as recorded by a chenier plain, Firth of Thames, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology & Geophysics 3: 467-485.
Schofield J.C., 1973. Post- glacial sea levels of Northland and Auckland. New Zealand Journal of Geology & Geophysics 16: 359-366.
Schofield J.C., 1977. Late Holocene sea level, Gilbert and Ellice Islands, West Central Pacific Ocean. New Zealand Journal of Geology & Geophysics 20: 503-529.
Schofield J.C., 1980. Post glacial transgressive maxima and second-order transgressions of the southwest Pacific Ocean. In: Morner N.-A. (Editor), Earth Rheology, Isostasy and Eustacy. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, pp. 517-521.
Scholl D.W., 1963. Recent sedimentatary record in mangrove swamps and rise in sea level over the south- west coast of Florida. Mar. Geol. 1: 344-366.
Schwartz M.L., 1968. The scale of shore erosion. Journal of Geology 76, 508-517.
Scoffin T.P., Stoddart D.R., Tudhope A.W. and Woodroffe C.D., (1985). Exposed limestones of Suwarrow Atoll, Cook Is., S.W. Pacific. Proceedings 5th. International Coral Reef Congress 3: 137-140, Tahiti.
Semeniuk V., 1980. Quaternary stratigraphy of the tidal flats, King Sound, Western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 63: 65-78.
Smith A.C., 1985. Flora Vitiensis Nova: A new flora of Fiji., Volume 3. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Hawaii, 758 pp.
Snedaker S.C., 1982. Mangrove species zonation: why? In: Sen D.N. & Rajpurohit K.S. (Editors), Tasks for Vegetation Science, Volume 2, W. Junk., The Hague, pp. 111-126.
Spackman W., Dolsen C.P. and Riegel R.W., 1966. Phytogenic organic sediments and sedimentary environments in the Everglades- mangrove complex. Part I: Evidence of a transgressing sea and its effects on environments of the Shark River area of south- west Florida. Palaeontographica 117B: 135-152.
Spenceley A.P., 1982. Sedimentation patterns in a mangal on Magnetic Island, nr. Townsville, North Queensland, Australia. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 3: 100-107.
Spennemann D.H.R., 1986. Archaeological fieldwork in Tonga 1985-1986. Tongan Dark Ages Research Programme Report no. 7, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, 106 pp.
Sukardjo S., 1987. Natural regeneration of commercial mangrove species (Rhizophora apiculata and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza) in the mangrove forest of Tanjung Bungin, Banyuasin, South Sumutra. Forest Ecology and Management 20: 233-252.
Taylor F.W., 1978. "Quaternary tectonic and sea level history, Tonga and Fiji, S.W. Pacific". Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Cornell University, 366 pp.
Taylor F.W. and Bloom A.L., 1977. Coral reefs on tectonic blocks, Tonga Island arc. Third International Coral Reef Symposium, Proceedings, 275-281, Miami.
Taylor F.W., Isacks B.L., Jouannic C., Bloom A.L. and Dubois J., 1980. Coseismic and Quaternary vertical tectonic movements, Santo and Malekula Islands, New Hebrides Island arc. Journal of Geophysical Research 85: 5367-5381.
Taylor F.W., Isacks B.L., Jouannic C., Bloom A.L. and Dubois J., 1981. Coral colonies as moniters of change in relative level of the land and sea: applications to vertical tectonism. Fourth International Coral Reef Symposium, Proceedings 1: 485-492.
Thompson C.S., 1986. The climate and weather of Tonga. New Zealand Meteorological Service Miscellaneous Publication 188(5). Wellington, 60 pp.
Trudgill S.T., 1976. The marine erosion of limestone on Aldabra Atoll, Indian Ocean. Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie: Supplementband 26: 164-200.
Trudgill S.T., 1985. Limestone Geomorphology. Longmans, London, 196 pp.
Underwood A.J., 1978. A refutation of critical tidal levels as determinants of the structure of intertidal communities on British shore. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology & Ecology 33: 261-276.
Whistler W.A., 1983. Weed handbook of Western Polynesia. Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit, Eschborn, 151 pp.
Wijmstra T.A., (1969). Palynology of the Alliance Well. Geologie en Mijnboun 48: 125-134.
Wilson J., 1799. A missionary voyage to the Southern Pacific Ocean 1796-1798. S. Gosnell for T. Chapman, London.
Woodroffe C.D., Thom B.G. and Chappell J., 1985. Development of widespread mangrove swamps in mid- Holocene times in northern Australia. Nature 317: 711-713.
Woodroffe C.D., Thom B.G., Chappell J. and Head J., 1987. Relative sea level in the South Alligator River Region, North Australia, during the Holocene. Search 18: 198-200.
Yuncker T.G., 1959. Plants of Tonga. Bishop Museum Bulletin 220: 1-283.
Zann L.P., 1984. The corals: A clue to Fanga 'Uta's past. In: Zann L.P., Kimmerer W.J. & Brock R.E. (Editors), The ecology of Fanga 'Uta lagoon, Tongatapu, Tonga. International Sea Grants, Univ. Hawaii / Institute Marine Research, Univ. of the South Pacific, pp. 39-46.
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<h1 class="ep_tm_pagetitle">Pollen analysis of mangrove sediments as a sea level indicator: Assessment from Tongatapu, Tonga</h1>
<p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><span class="person_name">Ellison, J.C.</span> (1989) <xhtml:em>Pollen analysis of mangrove sediments as a sea level indicator: Assessment from Tongatapu, Tonga.</xhtml:em> Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 74 (3-4). pp. 327-341.</p><p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"></p><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><tr><td valign="top" style="text-align:center"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2214/1/Ellison_PPP89.pdf"><img alt="[img]" src="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/images/fileicons/application_pdf.png" class="ep_doc_icon" border="0" /></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2214/1/Ellison_PPP89.pdf"><span class="ep_document_citation">PDF</span></a> - Full text restricted - Requires a PDF viewer<br />1093Kb</td><td><form method="get" accept-charset="utf-8" action="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/request_doc"><input accept-charset="utf-8" value="2762" name="docid" type="hidden" /><div class=""><input value="Request a copy" name="_action_null" class="ep_form_action_button" onclick="return EPJS_button_pushed( '_action_null' )" type="submit" /> </div></form></td></tr></table><p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block">Official URL: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(89)90068-0">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(89)90068-0</a></p><div class="not_ep_block"><h2>Abstract</h2><p style="padding-bottom: 16px; text-align: left; margin: 1em auto 0em auto">Increasing necessity for precision in Holocene sea-level records calls for definitive sea-level indicators to be assessed. These are reviewed by use of examples from the S.W. Pacific, and the technique of pollen analysis of mangrove sediments evaluated as a high resolution sea-level indicator. Example is given how a fully calibrated sea-level reconstruction can be gained from Holocene mangrove peat units from Tongatapu, Tonga, by application of features established from a modern analogue of surface samples to interpret fossil pollen patterns.
</p></div><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" cellpadding="3" class="not_ep_block" border="0"><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Item Type:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">Article</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Additional Information:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">Definitive version is available online at http://www.sciencedirect.com/</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Subjects:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/view/subjects/300899.html">300000 Agricultural, Veterinary and Environmental Sciences > 300800 Environmental Sciences > 300899 Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified</a></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ID Code:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">2214</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited By:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><span class="ep_name_citation"><span class="person_name">Dr Joanna Ellison</span></span></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited On:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">18 Oct 2007 14:41</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Last Modified:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">09 Jan 2008 02:30</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ePrint Statistics:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a target="ePrintStats" href="/es/index.php?action=show_detail_eprint;id=2214;">View statistics for this ePrint</a></td></tr></table><p align="right">Repository Staff Only: <a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/users/home?screen=EPrint::View&eprintid=2214">item control page</a></p>
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