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    <title>UTas ePrints - Imbricacy and Stomatal Wax Plugs Reduce Maximum Leaf Conductance in Southern Hemisphere Conifers</title>
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<meta content="Hill, Robert S." name="eprints.creators_name" />
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<meta content="Imbricacy and Stomatal Wax Plugs
Reduce Maximum Leaf Conductance
in Southern Hemisphere Conifers" name="eprints.title" />
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<meta content="An examination of the relationship between theoretical maximum leaf conductance as calculated from
stomatal dimensions, and measured maximum leaf conductance was undertaken in a group of Southern
Hemisphere conifers. The relative effects of stomatal wax plugs, found in most species of conifers in the
Southern Hemisphere, and imbricate leaf arrangement were expressed as a percentage inhibition of
maximum leaf conductance (gmax) calculated from the ratio of measured gmax to theoretical gmax.
Because of the similar stomatal dimensions of all species, measured gmax was proportional to stomatal
density in plugged and unplugged species, with species without wax plugs producing maximum leaf
conductances on average 91% of calculated gmax, while in species with plugged stomata measured gmax
was on average only 35% of theoretical gmax. There was no effect produced by imbricacy in itself, but
when combined with epistomy, gmax was significantly reduced to about 17% of theoretical gmax. This is
clearly illustrated by comparisons of juvenile–adult foliage, and closely related imbricate and nonimbricate
species. The adaptational advantages of imbricacy and wax plugs, and the potential for
inferring gmax of fossil taxa are discussed." name="eprints.abstract" />
<meta content="1997" name="eprints.date" />
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<meta content="Australian Journal of Botany" name="eprints.publication" />
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<meta content="Beerling, D. J., and Chaloner, W. G. (1993). Evolutionary response of stomatal density to global CO2
change. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 48, 343–353.
Blackburn, D. T. (1985). Palaeobotany of the Yallourn and Morwell coal seams. State Electricity
Commission of Victoria, Palaeobotanical Project—Report No. 3, Melbourne.
Blackburn, D. T., and Sluiter, I. R. K. (1994). The Oligo–Miocene coal floras of southeastern Australia.
In ‘History of the Australian Vegetation’. (Ed. R. S. Hill.) pp. 328-367 (Cambridge University Press:
Cambridge.)
Bowman, D. M. J. S., and Harris, S. (1995). Conifers of Australia’s dry forests and open woodlands.
In ‘Ecology of the Southern Conifers’. (Eds N. J. Enright and R. S. Hill.) pp. 252–270. (Melbourne
University Press: Melbourne.)
Brodribb, T. (1996). Dynamics of changing intercellular CO2 concentration (ci) during drought, and
determination of minimum functional ci. Plant Physiology 111, (179–185).
Brodribb, T. J., and Hill, R. S. (1998). The drought physiology of a diverse group of Southern
Hemisphere conifer species is correlated with minimal seasonal rainfall. Functional Ecology
(in press).
Ewers, F. W., and Schmidt, R. (1981). Longevity of needle fascicles of Pinus longaeva (bristlecone
pine) and other North American conifers. Oecologia 51, 107–115.
Giles-Frankle, W., Hopkins, D. L., and Stall, R. E. (1993). Ingress of the watermelon fruit blotch
bacterium into fruit. Plant Disease 77, 1090–1092.
Harden, G. J. (1990). ‘Flora of New South Wales.’ Vol. 1. (New South Wales University Press: Sydney.)
Hill, R. S. (1990). Araucaria (Araucariaceae) species from Australian tertiary sediments—a
micromorphological study. Australian Systematic Botany 3, 203–220.
Hill, R. S., and Carpenter, R. J. (1991). Evolution of Acmopyle and Dacrycarpus (Podocarpaceae)
foliage as inferred from macrofossils in south-eastern Australia. Australian Systematic Botany 4,
449–479.
Ishibashi, M., and Terashima, I. (1995). Effects of continuous leaf wetness on photosynthesis: adverse
aspects of rainfall. Plant, Cell and Environment 18, 431–438
Jeffree, C. E., Johnson, R. P. C., and Jarvis, P. G. (1971) Epicuticular wax in the stomatal antechamber
and its effects on the diffusion of water vapour and carbon dioxide. Planta 98, 1–10.
Jones, H. G. (1992). ‘Plants and Microclimate.’ (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.)
Jordan, G. (1995). Extinct conifers and conifer diversity in the Early Pleistocene of western Tasmania.
Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 84, 375–387.
Körner, Ch. (1988). Does global increase of CO2 alter stomatal density? Flora 181, 253–257
Körner, C., Neumayer, M., Menendez-Riedl, S. P., and Scheel, A. (1989). Functional morphology of
mountain plants. Flora 182, 353–383
Martin, J. T., and Juniper, B. E. (1970). ‘The Cuticles of Plants.’ (Edward Arnold Publishers. Edinburgh:
Great Britain.)
Meidner, H., and Mansfield, T. A. (1968). ‘Physiology of Stomata.’ (McGraw-Hill: London.)
Meng, F. R., Bourque, C. P. A., Belczewski, R. F., Whitney, N. J., and Arp, P. A. (1995). Foliage
responses of spruce trees to long-term low-grade sulphur dioxide deposition. Environmental
Pollution 90, 143–152.
Mihaich, C. M. (1989) Leaf and epicuticular waxes in the taxonomy of the Epacridaceae. PhD Thesis,
University of Tasmania.
Mott, K. A., Gibson, A. C., and O’Leary, J. W. (1982). The adaptive significance of amphistomatic
leaves. Plant Cell and Environment 5, 455–460.
Parlange, J., and Waggoner, P. E. (1970). Stomatal dimensions and resistance to diffusion. Plant
Physiology 46, 337–342.
Peat, H. J., and Fitter, A. H. (1994). A comparative study of the distribution and density of stomata in
the British flora. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 52, 377–393.
Smith, W. K., and McClean, T. M. (1989). Adaptive relationship between leaf water repellency,
stomatal distribution, and gas exchange. American Journal of Botany 76, 465–469.
Van der Water, P. K., Leavitt, S. W., and Betancourt, J. L. (1994). Trends in stomatal density and
13C/12C ratios in Pinus flexilis needles during the last glacial-interglacial cycle. Science
264, 239–243.
Van Gardingen, P. R., Jeffree, C. E., and Grace, J. (1989). Variation in stomatal aperture in leaves of
Avena fatua L. observed by low-temperature scanning electron microscopy. Plant Cell and
Environment 12, 887–898.
Wells, P.M., and Hill, R.S. (1989a). Leaf morphology of the imbricate-leaved Podocarpaceae.
Australian Systematic Botany 2, 369–386.
Wells, P.M., and Hill, R.S. (1989b). Fossil imbricate-leaved Podocarpaceae from Tertiary sediments in
Tasmania. Australian Systematic Botany 2, 387–423.
Woodward, F. I. (1987) Stomatal numbers are sensitive to increases in CO2 from pre-industrial levels.
Nature 327, 617–618.
Ylimartimo A., Paakkonen E., Halopainen T., and Rita H. (1994). Unbalanced nutrient status and
epicuticular wax deposition of Scots pine. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24, 522–532." name="eprints.referencetext" />
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<meta content="An examination of the relationship between theoretical maximum leaf conductance as calculated from
stomatal dimensions, and measured maximum leaf conductance was undertaken in a group of Southern
Hemisphere conifers. The relative effects of stomatal wax plugs, found in most species of conifers in the
Southern Hemisphere, and imbricate leaf arrangement were expressed as a percentage inhibition of
maximum leaf conductance (gmax) calculated from the ratio of measured gmax to theoretical gmax.
Because of the similar stomatal dimensions of all species, measured gmax was proportional to stomatal
density in plugged and unplugged species, with species without wax plugs producing maximum leaf
conductances on average 91% of calculated gmax, while in species with plugged stomata measured gmax
was on average only 35% of theoretical gmax. There was no effect produced by imbricacy in itself, but
when combined with epistomy, gmax was significantly reduced to about 17% of theoretical gmax. This is
clearly illustrated by comparisons of juvenile–adult foliage, and closely related imbricate and nonimbricate
species. The adaptational advantages of imbricacy and wax plugs, and the potential for
inferring gmax of fossil taxa are discussed." name="DC.description" />
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    <h1 class="ep_tm_pagetitle">Imbricacy and Stomatal Wax Plugs Reduce Maximum Leaf Conductance in Southern Hemisphere Conifers</h1>
    <p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><span class="person_name">Brodribb, Tim J.</span> and <span class="person_name">Hill, Robert S.</span> (1997) <xhtml:em>Imbricacy and Stomatal Wax Plugs Reduce Maximum Leaf Conductance in Southern Hemisphere Conifers.</xhtml:em> Australian Journal of Botany, 45 (4). pp. 657-668. ISSN 0067-1924</p><p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"></p><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><tr><td valign="top" style="text-align:center"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2649/1/stomatal_plugs.pdf"><img alt="[img]" src="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/images/fileicons/application_pdf.png" class="ep_doc_icon" border="0" /></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2649/1/stomatal_plugs.pdf"><span class="ep_document_citation">PDF</span></a> - Full text restricted - Requires a PDF viewer<br />481Kb</td><td><form method="get" accept-charset="utf-8" action="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/request_doc"><input accept-charset="utf-8" value="3473" name="docid" type="hidden" /><div class=""><input value="Request a copy" name="_action_null" class="ep_form_action_button" onclick="return EPJS_button_pushed( '_action_null' )" type="submit" /> </div></form></td></tr></table><p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block">Official URL: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/BT96060">http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/BT96060</a></p><div class="not_ep_block"><h2>Abstract</h2><p style="padding-bottom: 16px; text-align: left; margin: 1em auto 0em auto">An examination of the relationship between theoretical maximum leaf conductance as calculated from&#13;
stomatal dimensions, and measured maximum leaf conductance was undertaken in a group of Southern&#13;
Hemisphere conifers. The relative effects of stomatal wax plugs, found in most species of conifers in the&#13;
Southern Hemisphere, and imbricate leaf arrangement were expressed as a percentage inhibition of&#13;
maximum leaf conductance (gmax) calculated from the ratio of measured gmax to theoretical gmax.&#13;
Because of the similar stomatal dimensions of all species, measured gmax was proportional to stomatal&#13;
density in plugged and unplugged species, with species without wax plugs producing maximum leaf&#13;
conductances on average 91% of calculated gmax, while in species with plugged stomata measured gmax&#13;
was on average only 35% of theoretical gmax. There was no effect produced by imbricacy in itself, but&#13;
when combined with epistomy, gmax was significantly reduced to about 17% of theoretical gmax. This is&#13;
clearly illustrated by comparisons of juvenile–adult foliage, and closely related imbricate and nonimbricate&#13;
species. The adaptational advantages of imbricacy and wax plugs, and the potential for&#13;
inferring gmax of fossil taxa are discussed.</p></div><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" cellpadding="3" class="not_ep_block" border="0"><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Item Type:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">Article</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Subjects:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">UNSPECIFIED</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ID Code:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">2649</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited By:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><span class="ep_name_citation"><span class="person_name">Scholarly Publications Librarian</span></span></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited On:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">11 Dec 2007 08:52</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Last Modified:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">09 Jan 2008 02:30</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ePrint Statistics:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a target="ePrintStats" href="/es/index.php?action=show_detail_eprint;id=2649;">View statistics for this ePrint</a></td></tr></table><p align="right">Repository Staff Only: <a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/users/home?screen=EPrint::View&amp;eprintid=2649">item control page</a></p>
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