<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<title>UTas ePrints - Volcano deformation monitoring using GPS</title>
<script type="text/javascript" src="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/javascript/auto.js"><!-- padder --></script>
<style type="text/css" media="screen">@import url(http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/auto.css);</style>
<style type="text/css" media="print">@import url(http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/print.css);</style>
<link rel="icon" href="/images/eprints/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" />
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="/images/eprints/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" />
<link rel="Top" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/" />
<link rel="Search" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/search" />
<meta content="Janssen, Volker" name="eprints.creators_name" />
<meta content="Volker.Janssen@utas.edu.au" name="eprints.creators_id" />
<meta content="article" name="eprints.type" />
<meta content="2007-03-07" name="eprints.datestamp" />
<meta content="2008-02-04T00:49:21Z" name="eprints.lastmod" />
<meta content="show" name="eprints.metadata_visibility" />
<meta content="Volcano deformation monitoring using GPS" name="eprints.title" />
<meta content="pub" name="eprints.ispublished" />
<meta content="291002" name="eprints.subjects" />
<meta content="260103" name="eprints.subjects" />
<meta content="291001" name="eprints.subjects" />
<meta content="public" name="eprints.full_text_status" />
<meta content="volcano, deformation monitoring, GPS" name="eprints.keywords" />
<meta content="Volcanic eruptions are often very destructive events, having a massive impact on the natural and human environment. In order to mitigate the effect of volcanic hazards such as pyroclastic flows, lahars and tsunamis it is necessary to closely monitor volcanoes. Ground surface deformation is recognised as a reliable indicator of an impending eruption and can give clues to magmatic processes at depth. This paper gives a brief overview of the techniques employed for volcano deformation monitoring and then reviews advances in the use of GPS for this purpose. Recommendations on the ideal GPS system infrastructure are made." name="eprints.abstract" />
<meta content="2007-06" name="eprints.date" />
<meta content="published" name="eprints.date_type" />
<meta content="Journal of Spatial Science" name="eprints.publication" />
<meta content="52" name="eprints.volume" />
<meta content="1" name="eprints.number" />
<meta content="43-56" name="eprints.pagerange" />
<meta content="UNSPECIFIED" name="eprints.thesis_type" />
<meta content="TRUE" name="eprints.refereed" />
<meta content="1449-8596" name="eprints.issn" />
<meta content="http://www.mappingsciences.org.au/journal.htm" name="eprints.official_url" />
<meta content="Abidin, H.Z. (1998) Monitoring the volcano deformation using repeated GPS surveys: Experiences and plans, Proc. Int. Workshop on Advances in GPS Deformation Monitoring, Perth, Australia, 24-25 September, paper 18, 27pp.
Abidin, H.Z., Meilano, I., Suganda, O.K., Kusuma, M.A., Muhardi, D., Yolanda, O., Setyadji, B., Sukhyar, R., Kahar, J. and Tanaka, T. (1998) Monitoring the deformation of Guntur volcano using repeated GPS survey method, Proc. XXI Int. Congress of FIG, Commission 5: Positioning and Measurements, Brighton, UK, 19-25 July, pp. 153-169.
Abidin, H.Z., Andreas, H., Gamal, M., Hendrasto, M., Suganda, O.K., Purbawinata, M.A., Meilano, I. and Kimata, F. (2004) The deformation of Bromo volcano as detected by GPS surveys method, Proc. Int. Symp. on GNSS/GPS (GNSS2004), Sydney, Australia, 6-8 December, 11pp.
Abidin, H.Z., Andreas, H., Gamal, M., Suganda, O.K., Meilano, I., Hendrasto, M., Kusuma, M.A., Darmawan, D., Purbawinata, M.A., Wirakusumah, A.D. and Kimata, F. (2006) Ground deformation of Papandayan volcano before, during, and after the 2002 eruption as detected by GPS surveys, GPS Solutions, vol. 10, pp. 75-84.
Amelung, F., Jonsson, S., Zebker, H. and Segall, P. (2000) Widespread uplift and âÃÂÃÂtrapdoorâÃÂàfaulting on Galapagos volcanoes observed with radar interferometry, Nature, vol. 407, pp. 993-996.
Amore, M., Bonaccorso, A., Ferrari, F. and Mattia, M. (2002) Eolo: Software for the automatic on-line treatment and analysis of GPS data for environmental monitoring, Computers & Geosciences, vol. 28, pp. 271-280.
Bartel, B.A., Hamburger, M.W., Meertens, C.M., Lowry, A.R. and Corpuz, E. (2003) Dynamics of active magmatic and hydrothermal systems at Taal volcano, Philippines, from continuous GPS measurements, J. Geophys. Res., vol. 108, no. B10, 2475, doi:10.1029/2002JB002194.
BGVN (1991) Unzen (Kyushu), Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network, vol. 16, no. 5, available from http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/bulletin/contents.cfm?issue=1605 (last accessed December 2006).
Blick, G.H., Otway, P.M. and Scott, B.J. (1989) Deformation monitoring of Mt. Erebus, Antarctica, 1980-1985, in: Latter, J.H. (Ed.) Volcanic Hazards: Assessment and Monitoring, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-New York, pp. 554-560.
Bock, Y. (2004) Instantaneous network RTK positioning in regions of active deformation, Proc. ION GNSS 2004, Long Beach, CA, 21-24 September, available from http://www.geodetics.com/WebSite/news.html (last accessed December 2006).
Bonasia, V. and Pingue, F. (1981) Ground deformations on Mt. Vesuvius from 1977 to 1981, Bull. Volcanol., vol. 44, pp. 513-520.
Briole, P., Massonnet, D. and Delacourt, C. (1997) Post-eruptive deformation associated with the 1986-87 and 1989 lava flows of Etna detected by radar interferometry, Geophys. Res. Lett., vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 37-40.
Brunner, F.K., Hartinger, H. and Richter, B. (2000) Continuous monitoring of landslides using GPS: A progress report, in: Bauer, S.J. and Weber, F. (Eds.): Proceedings Geophysical Aspects of Mass Movement, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, pp. 75-88.
Cabral-Cano, E., Dixon, T., Meertens, C. and Correa-Mora, F. (1999) Surface deformation on active volcanoes in central Mexico, paper pres. at 1999 UNAVCO Volcano Geodesy Workshop, Jackson Hole, WY,16-18 September.
Cervelli, P., Segall, P., Amelung, F., Garbeil, H., Meertens, C., Owen, S., Miklius, A. and Lisowski, M. (2002) The 12 September 1999 upper east rift zone dike intrusion at Kilauea volcano, Hawaii, J. Geophys. Res., vol. 107, no. B7, 2150, doi:10.1029/2001JB000602.
Dixon, T.H., Mao, A., Bursik, M., Heflin, M., Langbein, J., Stein, R. and Webb, F. (1997) Continuous monitoring of surface deformation at Long Valley Caldera, California, with GPS, J. Geophys. Res., vol. 102, no. B6, pp. 12017-12034.
Dvorak, J. and Dzurisin, D. (1997) Volcano geodesy: The search for magma reservoirs and the formation of eruptive vents, Rev. Geophys., vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 343-384.
Ewert, J.W. and Swanson, D.A. (Eds.) (1992) United States Geological Survey Bulletin 1966, Monitoring Volcanoes: Techniques and Strategies Used by Staff of the Cascades Volcano Observatory 1980-90, United States Government Printing Office, Washington DC.
Foulger, G.R., Bilham, R., Morgan, J. and Einarsson, P. (1987) The Iceland geodetic field campaign 1986, Eos, vol. 68, pp. 1801-1818.
Furuya, M. (2004) Localized deformation at Miyakejima volcano based on JERS-1 radar interferometry: 1992-1998, Geophys. Res. Lett., vol. 31, L05605, doi:10.1029/2003GL019364.
Geodetics, Inc. (2006) http://www.geodetics.com (last accessed December 2006).
GOCA (2006) http://www.goca.info/index_e.html (last accessed December 2006).
Irwan, M., Kimata, F., Fujii, N., Nakao, S., Watanabe, H., Sakai, S., Ukawa, M., Fujita, E. and Kawai, K. (2003) Rapid ground deformation of the Miyakejima volcano on 26-27 June 2000 detected by kinematic GPS analysis, Earth Planets Space, vol. 55, pp. e13-e16.
Janssen, V. (2003) A Mixed-Mode GPS Network Processing Approach for Volcano Deformation Monitoring, PhD Dissertation, UNISURV S-74, School of Surveying and Spatial Information Systems, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
Janssen, V. and Rizos, C. (2003) Processing mixed-mode GPS networks for deformation monitoring applications, zfv âÃÂàZeitschrift fÃÂür GeodÃÂäsie, Geoinformation und Landmanagement, vol. 128, no. 2, pp. 87-96.
Janssen, V., Roberts, C., Rizos, C. and Abidin, H.Z. (2002) Low-cost GPS-based volcano deformation monitoring at Mt. Papandayan, Indonesia, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., vol. 115, no. 1-2, pp. 139-151.
KÃÂälber, S. and JÃÂäger, R. (2001) GPS-based online control and alarm system (GOCA), Proc. 10th FIG Int. Symp. on Deformation Measurements, Orange, CA, 19-22 March, pp. 164-174.
KÃÂälber, S., JÃÂäger, R. and SchwÃÂäble, R. (2000) A GPS-based online control and alarm system, GPS Solutions, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 18-25.
King, R.W. and Bock, Y. (1995) Documentation of the GAMIT GPS Analysis Software Version 9.3, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge.
Larson, K.M., Cervelli, P., Lisowski, M., Miklius, A., Segall, P. and Owen, S. (2001) Volcano monitoring using the Global Positioning System: Filtering strategies, J. Geophys. Res., vol. 106, no. B9, pp. 19453-19464.
Lowry, A. and MacLeod, R. (1997) PMoS âÃÂàA real time precise DGPS continuous deformation monitoring system, Proc. ION GPS-97, Kansas City, MO, 16-19 September, pp. 923-927.
Lowry, A.R., Hamburger, M.W., Meertens, C.M. and Ramos, E.G. (2001) GPS monitoring of crustal deformation at Taal volcano, Philippines, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., vol. 105, pp. 35-47.
Lu, Z., Fatland, R., Wyss, M., Li, S., Eichelberger, J., Dean, K. and Freymueller, J. (1997) Deformation of New Trident volcano measured by ERS-1 SAR interferometry, Katmai National Park, Alaska, Geophys. Res. Lett., vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 695-698.
Lu, Z., Masterlark, T., Dzurisin, D., Rykhus, R. and Wicks Jr., C. (2003) Magma supply dynamics at Westdahl volcano, Alaska, modeled from satellite radar interferometry, J. Geophys. Res., vol. 108, no. B7, 2354, doi:10.1029/2002JB002311.
Marshall, G.A., Langbein, J., Stein, R.S., Lisowski, M. and Svarc, J. (1997) Inflation of Long Valley Caldera, California, basin and range strain, and possible Mono Craters dike opening from 1990-94 GPS surveys, Geophys. Res. Lett., vol. 24, no. 9, pp. 1003-1006.
Matsushima, T. and Takagi, A. (2000) GPS and EDM monitoring of Unzen volcano ground deformation, Earth Planets Space, vol. 52, pp. 1015-1018.
Mattioli, G.S., Dixon, T.H., Farina, F., Howell, E.S., Jansma, P.E. and Smith, A.L. (1998) GPS measurement of surface deformation around Soufriere Hills volcano, Montserrat, from October 1995 to July 1996, Geophys. Res. Lett., vol. 25, no. 18, pp. 3417-3420.
Meertens, C.M., Braun, J., Mencin, D., Conquest, C. and Estey, L. (1999) Development of a low-cost single-frequency GPS system for volcano deformation monitoring, paper pres. at 1999 UNAVCO Volcano Geodesy Workshop, Jackson Hole, WY, 16-18 September.
Miura, S., Ueki, S., Sato, T., Tachibana, K. and Hamaguchi, H. (2000) Crustal deformation associated with the 1998 seismo-volcanic crisis of Iwate volcano, Northeastern Japan, as observed by a dense GPS network, Earth Planets Space, vol. 52, no. 11, pp. 1003-1008.
Mogi, K. (1958) Relations between the eruptions of various volcanoes and the deformation of the ground surface around them, Bull. Earthquake Res. Inst. Univ. Tokyo, vol. 36, pp. 99-134.
Newhall, C.G. and Punongbayan, R.S. (Eds.) (1996) Fire and Mud: Eruptions and Lahars of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines, University of Washington Press, Seattle.
Nishi, K., Ono, H. and Mori, H. (1999) Global Positioning System measurements of ground deformation caused by magma intrusion and lava discharge: The 1990-1995 eruption at Unzendake volcano, Kyushu, Japan, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., vol. 89, pp. 23-34.
Nunnari, G. and Puglisi, G. (1994) The Global Positioning System as a useful technique for measuring ground deformations in volcanic areas, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., vol. 61, pp. 267-280.
Omori, F. (1914) The Sakura-jima eruptions and earthquakes, Bulletin of the Imperial Earthquake Investigation Committee 8, nos 1-6, pp. 525.
Owen, S., Segall, P., Lisowski, M., Miklius, A., Denlinger, R. and Sako, M. (2000a) Rapid deformation of Kilauea volcano: Global Positioning System measurements between 1990 and 1996, J. Geophys. Res., vol. 105, no. B8, pp. 18983-18998.
Owen, S., Segall, P., Lisowski, M., Miklius, A., Murray, M., Bevis, M. and Foster, J. (2000b) January 30, 1997 eruptive event on Kilauea volcano, Hawaii, as monitored by continuous GPS, Geophys. Res. Lett., vol. 27, no. 17, pp. 2757-2760.
Pingue, F., Del Gaudio, C., De Natale, G., Obrizzo, F., Sepe, V., Cecere, G., De Martino, P., Malaspina, S., Serio, C., Siniscalchi, V. and Tammaro, U. (2003) Monitoring and deformation analysis in Neapolitan Volcanic Area (Southern Italy), Proc. 11th FIG Int. Symp. on Deformation Measurements, Santorini, Greece, 25-28 May, 105-116.
Puglisi, J., Bonforte, A. and Maugeri, S.R. (2001) Ground deformation patterns on Mount Etna, 1992 to 1994, inferred from GPS data, Bull. Volcanol., vol. 62, pp. 371-384.
Pugliano, G., Obrizzo, F., Pingue, F., Sepe, V., Alves, P. and Lachapelle, G. (2004) Monitoring the Neapolitan Volcanic Area using an advanced multiple reference station RTK DGPS technique, Proc. ION GNSS 2004, Long Beach, CA, 21-24 September, pp. 1703-1712.
Rizos, C. (1997) Principles and Practice of GPS Surveying, Monograph 17, School of Geomatic Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, 555pp.
Rizos, C., Han, S., Roberts, C., Han, X., Abidin, H.Z., Suganda, O.K. and Wirakusumah, A.D. (2000) Continuously operating GPS-based volcano deformation monitoring in Indonesia: The technical and logistical challenges, in: Schwarz, K.-P. (Ed.) Geodesy Beyond 2000: The Challenges of the First Decade, Proc. IAG General Assembly, Birmingham, UK, 19-30 July 1999, Springer-Verlag, pp. 361-366.
Roberts, C. (2002) A Continuous Low-Cost GPS-Based Volcano Deformation Monitoring System in Indonesia, PhD Dissertation, UNISURV S-73, School of Surveying and Spatial Information Systems, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
Roberts, C. and Rizos, C. (2001) Mitigating differential troposphere effects for GPS-based volcano monitoring, Proc. 5th Int. Symp. on Satellite Navigation Technology & Applications (SatNav), Canberra, Australia, 24-27 July, paper 38, 10pp.
Roberts, C.A., Seynat, C., Rizos, C. and Hooper, G. (2004) Low-cost deformation measurement for volcano monitoring, 3rd FIG Regional Conference "Surveying the Future âÃÂàContributions to Economic, Environmental and Social Development", Jakarta, Indonesia, 3-7 October, paper TS19.2, available from http://www.fig.net/pub/jakarta/programme.htm (last accessed December 2006).
Rosen, P.A., Hensley, S., Zebker, H.A., Webb, F.H. and Fielding, E.J. (1996) Surface deformation and coherence measurements of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii, from SIR-C radar interferometry, J. Geophys. Res., vol. 101, pp. 23109-23125.
Rothacher, M. and Mervart, L. (2001) Bernese GPS Software Version 4.2, Astronomical Institute, University of Berne, Switzerland.
Shepherd, J.B., Herd, R.A., Jackson, P. and Watts, R. (1998) Ground deformation measurements at the Sourfriere Hills volcano, Montserrat: II: Rapid static GPS measurements June 1996 âÃÂàJune 1997, Geophys. Res. Lett., vol. 25, no. 18, pp. 3413-3416.
Shimada, S., Fujinawa, Y., Sekiguchi, S., Ohmi, S., Eguchi, T. and Okada, Y. (1990) Detection of a volcanic fracture opening in Japan using Global Positioning System measurements, Nature, vol. 343, pp. 631-633.
Sigmundsson, F., Einarsson, P. and Bilham, R. (1992) Magma chamber deflation recorded by the Global Positioning System: The Hekla 1991 eruption, Geophys. Res. Lett., vol. 19, no. 14, pp. 1483-1486.
Suganda, O.K. (1993) Analysis of EDM Data in Association with the 1992 Eruption at Merapi Volcano, Indonesia, Masters Thesis, Department of Geophysics, Kyoto University, Japan.
Swanson, D., Casadevall, T.J., Dzurisin, D., Malone, S.D., Newhall, C.G. and Weaver, C.S. (1983) Predicting eruptions at Mount St. Helens, June 1980 through December 1982, Science, vol. 221, pp. 1369-1376.
USGS (2006a): http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Projects/Augustine/augustine_monitoring_intro.html (last accessed December 2006).
USGS (2006b): http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/About/What/Monitor/Deformation/GPSKilauea.html (last accessed December 2006)." name="eprints.referencetext" />
<meta content="Janssen, Volker (2007) Volcano deformation monitoring using GPS. Journal of Spatial Science, 52 (1). pp. 43-56. ISSN 1449-8596" name="eprints.citation" />
<meta content="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/817/1/janssen_JSpSc_2007.pdf" name="eprints.document_url" />
<link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/" />
<meta content="Volcano deformation monitoring using GPS" name="DC.title" />
<meta content="Janssen, Volker" name="DC.creator" />
<meta content="291002 Surveying" name="DC.subject" />
<meta content="260103 Vulcanology" name="DC.subject" />
<meta content="291001 Geodesy" name="DC.subject" />
<meta content="Volcanic eruptions are often very destructive events, having a massive impact on the natural and human environment. In order to mitigate the effect of volcanic hazards such as pyroclastic flows, lahars and tsunamis it is necessary to closely monitor volcanoes. Ground surface deformation is recognised as a reliable indicator of an impending eruption and can give clues to magmatic processes at depth. This paper gives a brief overview of the techniques employed for volcano deformation monitoring and then reviews advances in the use of GPS for this purpose. Recommendations on the ideal GPS system infrastructure are made." name="DC.description" />
<meta content="2007-06" name="DC.date" />
<meta content="Article" name="DC.type" />
<meta content="PeerReviewed" name="DC.type" />
<meta content="application/pdf" name="DC.format" />
<meta content="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/817/1/janssen_JSpSc_2007.pdf" name="DC.identifier" />
<meta content="http://www.mappingsciences.org.au/journal.htm" name="DC.relation" />
<meta content="Janssen, Volker (2007) Volcano deformation monitoring using GPS. Journal of Spatial Science, 52 (1). pp. 43-56. ISSN 1449-8596" name="DC.identifier" />
<meta content="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/817/" name="DC.relation" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/817/BibTeX/epprod-eprint-817.bib" title="BibTeX" type="text/plain" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/817/ContextObject/epprod-eprint-817.xml" title="OpenURL ContextObject" type="text/xml" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/817/ContextObject::Dissertation/epprod-eprint-817.xml" title="OpenURL Dissertation" type="text/xml" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/817/ContextObject::Journal/epprod-eprint-817.xml" title="OpenURL Journal" type="text/xml" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/817/DC/epprod-eprint-817.txt" title="Dublin Core" type="text/plain" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/817/DIDL/epprod-eprint-817.xml" title="DIDL" type="text/xml" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/817/EndNote/epprod-eprint-817.enw" title="EndNote" type="text/plain" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/817/HTML/epprod-eprint-817.html" title="HTML Citation" type="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/817/METS/epprod-eprint-817.xml" title="METS" type="text/xml" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/817/MODS/epprod-eprint-817.xml" title="MODS" type="text/xml" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/817/RIS/epprod-eprint-817.ris" title="Reference Manager" type="text/plain" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/817/Refer/epprod-eprint-817.refer" title="Refer" type="text/plain" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/817/Simple/epprod-eprint-817text" title="Simple Metadata" type="text/plain" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/817/Text/epprod-eprint-817.txt" title="ASCII Citation" type="text/plain; charset=utf-8" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/817/XML/epprod-eprint-817.xml" title="EP3 XML" type="text/xml" />
</head>
<body bgcolor="#ffffff" text="#000000" onLoad="loadRoutine(); MM_preloadImages('images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c5_f2.gif','images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c7_f2.gif','images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c8_f2.gif','images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c9_f2.gif','images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c10_f2.gif','images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c11_f2.gif','images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r6_c4_f2.gif')">
<div class="ep_noprint"><noscript><style type="text/css">@import url(http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/nojs.css);</style></noscript></div>
<table width="795" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td><script language="JavaScript1.2">mmLoadMenus();</script>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="795">
<!-- fwtable fwsrc="eprints_banner_final2.png" fwbase="ePrints_banner.gif" fwstyle="Dreamweaver" fwdocid = "1249563342" fwnested="0" -->
<tr>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="32" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="104" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="44" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="105" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="41" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="16" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="68" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="68" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="68" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="82" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="69" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="98" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="12"><img name="ePrints_banner_r1_c1" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r1_c1.gif" width="795" height="10" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="10" border="0" alt="" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="6"><img name="ePrints_banner_r2_c1" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r2_c1.gif" width="32" height="118" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td rowspan="5"><a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/"><img name="ePrints_banner_r2_c2" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r2_c2.gif" width="104" height="103" border="0" alt="" /></a></td>
<td colspan="10"><img name="ePrints_banner_r2_c3" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r2_c3.gif" width="659" height="41" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="41" border="0" alt="" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/"><img name="ePrints_banner_r3_c3" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r3_c3.gif" width="190" height="31" border="0" alt="" /></a></td>
<td rowspan="2" colspan="7"><img name="ePrints_banner_r3_c6" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r3_c6.gif" width="469" height="37" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="31" border="0" alt="" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3"><img name="ePrints_banner_r4_c3" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r4_c3.gif" width="190" height="6" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="6" border="0" alt="" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c3" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c3.gif" width="149" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/information.html" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0821132634_0,0,25,null,'ePrints_banner_r5_c5');MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r5_c5','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c5_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c5" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c5.gif" width="57" height="25" border="0" alt="About" /></a></td>
<td rowspan="2"><a href="/view/" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0821133021_1,0,25,null,'ePrints_banner_r5_c7');MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r5_c7','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c7_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c7" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c7.gif" width="68" height="25" border="0" alt="Browse" /></a></td>
<td rowspan="2"><a href="/perl/search/simple" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0821133201_2,0,25,null,'ePrints_banner_r5_c8');MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r5_c8','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c8_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c8" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c8.gif" width="68" height="25" border="0" alt="Search" /></a></td>
<td rowspan="2"><a href="/perl/register" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout();" onMouseOver="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_1018171924_3,0,25,null,'ePrints_banner_r5_c9');MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r5_c9','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c9_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c9" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c9.gif" width="68" height="25" border="0" alt="register" /></a></td>
<td rowspan="2"><a href="/perl/users/home" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0821133422_4,0,25,null,'ePrints_banner_r5_c10');MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r5_c10','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c10_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c10" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c10.gif" width="82" height="25" border="0" alt="user area" /></a></td>
<td rowspan="2"><a href="/help/" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0821133514_5,0,25,null,'ePrints_banner_r5_c11');MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r5_c11','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c11_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c11" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c11.gif" width="69" height="25" border="0" alt="Help" /></a></td>
<td rowspan="3" colspan="4"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c12" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c12.gif" width="98" height="40" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2"><img name="ePrints_banner_r6_c3" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r6_c3.gif" width="44" height="39" border="0" alt="ePrints home" /></td>
<td><a href="/" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore()" onMouseOver="MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r6_c4','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r6_c4_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r6_c4" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r6_c4.gif" width="105" height="24" border="0" alt="ePrints home" /></a></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="24" border="0" alt="" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><img name="ePrints_banner_r7_c2" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r7_c2.gif" width="104" height="15" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td colspan="8"><img name="ePrints_banner_r7_c4" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r7_c4.gif" width="517" height="15" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="15" border="0" alt="" /></td>
</tr>
</table></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><table width="100%" style="font-size: 90%; border: solid 1px #ccc; padding: 3px"><tr>
<td align="left"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/users/home">Login</a> | <a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/register">Create Account</a></td>
<td align="right" style="white-space: nowrap">
<form method="get" accept-charset="utf-8" action="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/search" style="display:inline">
<input class="ep_tm_searchbarbox" size="20" type="text" name="q" />
<input class="ep_tm_searchbarbutton" value="Search" type="submit" name="_action_search" />
<input type="hidden" name="_order" value="bytitle" />
<input type="hidden" name="basic_srchtype" value="ALL" />
<input type="hidden" name="_satisfyall" value="ALL" />
</form>
</td>
</tr></table></td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="toplinks"><!-- InstanceBeginEditable name="content" -->
<div align="center">
<table width="720" class="ep_tm_main"><tr><td align="left">
<h1 class="ep_tm_pagetitle">Volcano deformation monitoring using GPS</h1>
<p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><span class="person_name">Janssen, Volker</span> (2007) <xhtml:em>Volcano deformation monitoring using GPS.</xhtml:em> Journal of Spatial Science, 52 (1). pp. 43-56. ISSN 1449-8596</p><p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"></p><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><tr><td valign="top" style="text-align:center"><a onmouseover="EPJS_ShowPreview( event, 'doc_preview_818' );" onmouseout="EPJS_HidePreview( event, 'doc_preview_818' );" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/817/1/janssen_JSpSc_2007.pdf"><img alt="[img]" src="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/images/fileicons/application_pdf.png" border="0" class="ep_doc_icon" /></a><div class="ep_preview" id="doc_preview_818"><table><tr><td><img alt="" src="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/817/thumbnails/1/preview.png" border="0" class="ep_preview_image" /><div class="ep_preview_title">Preview</div></td></tr></table></div></td><td valign="top"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/817/1/janssen_JSpSc_2007.pdf"><span class="ep_document_citation">PDF</span></a> - Requires a PDF viewer<br />753Kb</td></tr></table><p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block">Official URL: <a href="http://www.mappingsciences.org.au/journal.htm">http://www.mappingsciences.org.au/journal.htm</a></p><div class="not_ep_block"><h2>Abstract</h2><p style="padding-bottom: 16px; text-align: left; margin: 1em auto 0em auto">Volcanic eruptions are often very destructive events, having a massive impact on the natural and human environment. In order to mitigate the effect of volcanic hazards such as pyroclastic flows, lahars and tsunamis it is necessary to closely monitor volcanoes. Ground surface deformation is recognised as a reliable indicator of an impending eruption and can give clues to magmatic processes at depth. This paper gives a brief overview of the techniques employed for volcano deformation monitoring and then reviews advances in the use of GPS for this purpose. Recommendations on the ideal GPS system infrastructure are made.</p></div><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" border="0" cellpadding="3" class="not_ep_block"><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Item Type:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">Article</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Keywords:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">volcano, deformation monitoring, GPS</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Subjects:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/view/subjects/291002.html">290000 Engineering and Technology > 291000 Geomatic Engineering > 291002 Surveying</a><br /><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/view/subjects/260103.html">260000 Earth Sciences > 260100 Geology > 260103 Vulcanology</a><br /><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/view/subjects/291001.html">290000 Engineering and Technology > 291000 Geomatic Engineering > 291001 Geodesy</a></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Collections:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">UNSPECIFIED</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ID Code:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">817</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited By:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><span class="ep_name_citation"><span class="person_name">Dr Volker Janssen</span></span></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited On:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">07 Mar 2007</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Last Modified:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">04 Feb 2008 11:49</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ePrint Statistics:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a target="ePrintStats" href="/es/index.php?action=show_detail_eprint;id=817;">View statistics for this ePrint</a></td></tr></table><p align="right">Repository Staff Only: <a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/users/home?screen=EPrint::View&eprintid=817">item control page</a></p>
</td></tr></table>
</div>
<!-- InstanceEndEditable --></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><!-- #BeginLibraryItem "/Library/footer_eprints.lbi" -->
<table width="795" border="0" align="left" cellpadding="0" class="footer">
<tr valign="top">
<td colspan="2"><div align="center"><a href="http://www.utas.edu.au">UTAS home</a> | <a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/library/">Library home</a> | <a href="/">ePrints home</a> | <a href="/contact.html">contact</a> | <a href="/information.html">about</a> | <a href="/view/">browse</a> | <a href="/perl/search/simple">search</a> | <a href="/perl/register">register</a> | <a href="/perl/users/home">user area</a> | <a href="/help/">help</a></div><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"><p><img src="/images/eprints/footerline.gif" width="100%" height="4" /></p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td width="68%" class="footer">Authorised by the University Librarian<br />
© University of Tasmania ABN 30 764 374 782<br />
<a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/cricos/">CRICOS Provider Code 00586B</a> | <a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/copyright/copyright_disclaimers.html">Copyright & Disclaimers</a> | <a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/accessibility/index.html">Accessibility</a> | <a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/feedback/">Site Feedback</a> </td>
<td width="32%"><div align="right">
<p align="right" class="NoPrint"><a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/"><img src="http://www.utas.edu.au/shared/logos/unioftasstrip.gif" alt="University of Tasmania Home Page" width="260" height="16" border="0" align="right" /></a></p>
<p align="right" class="NoPrint"><a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/"><br />
</a></p>
</div></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td><p> </p></td>
<td><div align="right"><span class="NoPrint"><a href="http://www.eprints.org/software/"><img src="/images/eprintslogo.gif" alt="ePrints logo" width="77" height="29" border="0" align="bottom" /></a></span></div></td>
</tr>
</table>
<!-- #EndLibraryItem -->
<div align="center"></div></td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
